Vessel

$
DESIGN CRITERIA
GUIDE TO SELECTING AND PROCESS SIZING VESSELS
PRG.PR.VES.0001
Rev. 3
March 2003
Form code: MDT.GG.QUA.0508 Sht. 01/Rev. 1.94 File code: Normal.dot Data file: PRG_PR_VES_0001_R03_E.doc
CONFIDENTIAL document. Sole property of Snamprogetti. Not to be shown to Third parties or used for purposes other than those for which it has been sent.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003
Sheet 2 (113)
CONTENTS
1. GENERAL 4
1.1 References 4
1.1.1 International Regulations and Standards References 4
1.1.2 Company Standardization References 4
2. VESSEL CLASSIFICATION 5
2.1 Functional definitions 5
2.1.1 Liquid - gas and/or steam separators 5
2.1.2 Feed and/or reflux accumulators 5
2.1.3 Liquid - liquid and liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separators 5
2.1.4 Special vessels 5
2.2 Type definitions 6
2.2.1 External configuration 6
2.2.2 Internal configuration 6
3. SYMBOLS 7
4. SIZING VESSELS 12
4.1 Theoretical basics 12
4.1.1 Liquid - gas and/or steam separation 17
4.1.2 Liquid - liquid separation 22
4.1.3 Demister 25
4.1.4 Weight calculation 26
4.2 Vessel sizing procedures 28
4.2.1 Vertical two-phase liquid - gas and/or steam separator 28
4.2.2 Horizontal two-phase liquid - gas and/or steam separator 36
4.2.3 Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator 44
4.2.4 Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator with pot 56
4.2.5 Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator with dam 63
4.2.6 Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator with skimmer 70
4.3 Steam generation vessel (Steam Drum) 77
4.3.1 General 77
4.3.2 Calculation procedures 77
4.4 Vessels for chemicals 78
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4.5 Process nozzles and other connections 79

4.5.1 Process nozzles 79
4.5.2 Other connections 82
5. CALCULATION OF GEOMETRIC ELEMENTS 85

5.1 Vertical cylindrical shell: lateral surface and volume (partial) 85
5.2 Horizontal cylindrical shell: lateral surface and volume (partial) 85
5.3 Vertical lower hemispherical end: lateral surface and volume (partial) 90
5.4 Vertical upper hemispherical end: lateral surface and volume (partial) 93
5.5 Horizontal hemispherical end: lateral surface and volume (partial) 96
5.6 Vertical lower 2:1 elliptical end: lateral surface and volume (partial) 101
5.7 Vertical upper 2:1 elliptical end: lateral surface and volume (partial) 103
5.8 Horizontal 2:1 elliptical end: lateral surface and volume (partial) 105
6. GUIDE TO FILLING OUT DATA SHEETS 110

6.1 Filling out data sheets 110
6.2 Sketch of vessel 113
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1. GENERAL
The purpose of the present document is to define the process design criteria for vessels,
including internal parts, and the process and service nozzles used for the physical separation of
different phase fluids, in order to guarantee a minimum liquid reserve for the purposes of
facilitating its transfer under instrument control to other equipment, limiting flow fluctuations and
ensuring operational flexibility and safety.
The field of application is that concerning process and auxiliary plants in the oil and chemical
sector.
1.1 References
1.1.1 International Regulations and Standards References
ASME, Sect. VIII, Div. I Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code

API RP 521 Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems
1.1.2 Company Standardization References
OPR.GE.XE.0001 Design engineering for oil and chemical plants

OPR.MO.XE.5011 Process engineering for primary oil and chemical systems
PRG.GG.GEN.0001 Definition and selection of design temperature and pressure
PRG.GG.NRM.0001 Guide to metric (SI) unit of measurement
STD.CR.GEN.7014 Flow straightener plate for level taps
STD.CR.GEN.7015÷7018 Flow straightener
STD.CR.GEN.7030 Entrance with curve and anti-erosion plate on horizontal equipment
STD.CR.GEN.7032 Entrance with open distributor
STD.CR.GEN.7033 Entrance with slotted distributor
STD.CR.GEN.7038 Entrance with curve
STD.CR.GEN.7042 Lateral head vapor outlet
Lateral bottom liquid outlet (rotated 180°)
STD.CR.IN.7051 Demister pack supports for horizontal vessels
STD.CR.IN.7052 Demister pack supports for vertical vessels
STD.CR.IN.7053 Demister pack supports for vertical vessels
STD.CR.GEN.7060 Spillways for vertical vessels
STD.SM.GEN.0001 Overall dimensions and types of installation for instruments on
pressurized and atmospheric vessels
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2. VESSEL CLASSIFICATION
Vessels utilized for the physical separation of fluids are classified by the function they perform
and by type (geometric shape).
2.1 Functional definitions
The following terms are normally used regarding the function for which the separator has been
set up.
2.1.1 Liquid - gas and/or steam separators
These are designed to separate a liquid - gas and/or steam mixture into two homogenous
currents with the minimum quantity of one phase dispersed in the other. Any ratio between the
liquid and gas and/or steam quantities is possible, ranging from cases in which the mixture is
essentially liquid to cases in which it is required to just cut down the drops of liquid in a
predominantly gas phase. In general, one speaks of Flash Drum in the first case and K.O.
Drum in the second.
2.1.2 Feed and/or reflux accumulators
These are designed to contain a fluid essentially composed of hydrocarbons with a small amount
of gas and/or steam and/or water.
They include Surge Drums that serve to ensure continuity of operation for downstream
equipment and Reflux Drums that receive the total or partial condensation product of vapors
originating from the head of a distillation column.
2.1.3 Liquid - liquid and liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separators
These are designed to separate two immiscible liquids in the presence or absence of a gas
and/or steam phase. Typical examples are:
• separation of water or caustic solution from hydrocarbons

• separation of glycol or amine aqueous solutions from hydrocarbons
When three phases are present, the term three-phase separator is used.
2.1.4 Special vessels
Some vessels require special sizing rules for special applications.

Amongst these are the following:
• Blowdown Drum (liquid separator on blowdown manifold) and Blowdown K.O. Drum
(separator upstream of flare).
• Steam Drum (water vapor from condensation separator).
• Slug Catcher, which processes gas currents with large flow variations and at erratic
intervals in the liquid phase.
• Decoking Drum, which separates the particles of unburnt coke from the air/water vapor
mixture exiting from the coils during the decoking operation of oven pipes.
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• Desalter, used for processing crudes in order to drastically reduce the salt content. This
vessel is sized by specialized suppliers on the basis of a Duty Specification.
2.2 Type definitions
Vessels are normally distinguished by their internal and external configuration.
2.2.1 External configuration
The external configuration allows a general subdivision into:

Vertical vessels
These are usually utilized:
• for the separation of currents characterized by a high volume fraction of gas and/or steam
(≥ 0.5)
• when it is wished to pursue the objective of minimizing layout dimensions
• when greater sensitivity is required in controlling the liquid’s level with respect to changes in
its flow
• for small-volume vessels
Horizontal vessels
These are usually utilized:
• for the separation of currents characterized by a low volume fraction of gas and/or steam
(≤ 0.5)
• when the process in which it is inserted requires wide or rapid variations in the flow of the
liquid phase without the need for accurate level control
• when long residence times are required for the liquid phase
Spherical vessels
These are occasionally utilized:
• for high-pressure services.
2.2.2 Internal configuration
The internal configuration completes the identification of the type of vessel. There are many
internals adopted to allow separation or increase the efficiency of separation and they are not
limited to those that are indicated below:
• dams
• flow straighteners
• demisters (wire mesh)
• vane packs (mist extractor)
• swirltubes
• filter candles
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3. SYMBOLS
AB cross-section area of a generic nozzle m2

Adm min minimum cross-section area for demister m2
AL cross-section area reserved for passage of continuous heavy liquid
phase m2
Ap min minimum cross-section area for pot m2
Ap cross-section area of pot and generic partial area m2
Av cross-section area reserved for passage of continuous light gas
phase m2
Av min minimum cross-section area reserved for passage of continuous
light gas phase m2
AZ cross-section area below the lowest liquid level in a horizontal
vessel m2
C entrainment or friction coefficient -
cp specific heat of gas phase at constant pressure kJ/(kg⋅°C)
cv specific heat of gas phase at constant volume kJ/(kg⋅°C)
D internal diameter of vessel and generic diameter mm
DP design gage pressure MPa
DT design temperature °C
Ddm diameter or side of demister with circular or square section mm
Ddm min minimum diameter of demister mm
Din internal diameter of inlet nozzle mm
Dmin minimum internal diameter for vessel mm
Dou internal diameter of outlet nozzle for gas phase mm
Dp internal diameter of pot mm
Dpmin minimum internal diameter for pot mm
Dull internal diameter of outlet nozzle for light liquid phase mm
Dupl internal diameter of outlet nozzle for heavy liquid phase mm
dp diameter of particle (drop or bubble) dispersed in a continuous
phase and diameter of liquid particle (drop) dispersed in a
continuous light gas phase μm
dpl diameter of light liquid particle (drop) dispersed in a continuous
heavy liquid phase μm
dpp diameter of heavy liquid particle (drop) dispersed in a continuous
light liquid phase μm
Fd entrainment force acting in the vertical direction on a particle in
motion relative to a continuous phase, in which it is dispersed N
F’d entrainment force acting in the horizontal direction on a particle in
motion relative to a continuous phase, in which it is dispersed N
Fg force resulting from the force of gravity and Archimedes’ thrust
acting on particle dispersed in a continuous phase N
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g acceleration of gravity (9.806 65) m/s2

H total height of vertical vessel mm
HHLS very high emergency liquid level -
HHILS very high emergency liquid interface level -
HILL high emergency liquid level -
HILS high emergency liquid interface level -
HLL high liquid level -
HLS high emergency liquid level -
Hlh difference in height between HLS and HLL mm
Hlhh difference in height between HHLS and HLS (or HLL) mm
Hlhhi difference in height between HHILS and HILS (or HILL) mm
Hlhi difference in height between HILS and HILL mm
Hll difference in height between LLL and LLS mm
Hlli difference in height between LILL and LILS mm
Hlll difference in height between LLS (or LLL) and LLLS mm
Hllli difference in height between LILS (or LILL) and LLILS mm
Hp height of pot mm
Hrl difference in normal level height (between HLL and LLL) mm
Hrli difference in normal interface level height (between HILL and LILL) mm
H1 difference in height between NLL and lower TL mm
H1i difference in height between NILL and lower TL of pot mm
H2 difference in height between axis of inlet nozzle and highest liquid
level in a vertical vessel mm
H3 difference in height between axis of inlet nozzle and upper TL in a
vertical vessel mm
H’3 difference in height between axis of inlet nozzle and lower base of
the demister in a vertical vessel mm
h generic height mm
hI distance between interface surface and lower generatrix of
cylindrical shell in a three-phase separator with dam mm
hOB distance between lowest upper chord of skimmer and lower
generatrix of cylindrical shell in a three-phase separator with
skimmer mm
hOW difference in height between highest liquid level and interface level in
the liquid phases’ zone of coexistence in a three-phase separator
with dam or skimmer mm
hWB height of dam on side of continuous heavy liquid phase in a three-
phase separator with skimmer mm
hn height of chord of section reserved for passage of continuous light
gas phase in a three-phase separator with dam or skimmer mm
hs height of chord of section reserved for passage of continuous heavy
liquid phase in a three-phase separator with dam or skimmer mm
h1 height of section reserved for passage of continuous light gas phase
in a two-phase or three-phase separator mm
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h2 difference in height between lowest liquid level and lower generatrix

of cylindrical shell in a horizontal vessel mm
h3 difference in height between the top of the suction pipe of the outlet
nozzle for the continuous light liquid phase and the highest liquid
interface level in a three-phase separator mm
I allowable stress at design temperature MPa
K coefficient for critical velocity m/s
KR coefficient for optimal velocity regarding demister m/s
k exponent of adiabatic transformation for gas phase (cp / cv)
L length of horizontal vessel, and generic length mm
3
LCLo low lethal concentration kg/m (substance/air volume)
LC50 fifty-percent lethal concentration kg/m3 (substance/air volume)
LDLo low lethal dose mg/kg (substance/body weight)
LD50 fifty-percent lethal dose mg/kg (substance/body weight)
LILL low liquid interface level -
LILS low emergency liquid interface level -
LLILS very low emergency liquid interface level -
LLL low liquid level -
LLLS very low emergency liquid level -
LLS low emergency liquid level -
LS skimmer width mm
LV useful distance for separation of light liquid phase from gas phase in
a horizontal vessel with skimmer mm
LW length of chord of separator between the liquid phases’ zone of
coexistence and the zone destined to just the continuous heavy
liquid phase in a three-phase separator with dam mm
Lp pot position (distance between the generatrix of the pot’s cylindrical
shell closest to the TL and the TL itself) mm
Ls useful distance for separation of light liquid phase from heavy liquid
phase in a horizontal vessel mm
L0 useful distance for separation of liquid phase from gas phase in a
horizontal vessel mm
L1 distance between axis of outlet nozzle for continuous light gas phase
and the closest TL in a horizontal vessel mm
NILL normal liquid interface level -
NLL normal liquid level -
OPP operating pressure (gage) MPa
P vessel weight kg
P* gage pressure for the calculation of thicknesses MPa
Re Reynolds number -
Scc median lateral surface of cylindrical body m2
Sfe median lateral surface of 2:1 elliptical end m2
Sfem median lateral surface of hemispherical end m2
sc corrosion allowance mm
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scc cylindrical body thickness mm

sccp cylindrical body thickness of pot mm
sfe thickness of 2:1 elliptical end mm
sfem thickness of hemispherical end mm
sfemp thickness of hemispherical end of pot mm
sfep thickness of 2:1 elliptical end of pot mm
TL tangency line -
Vfl volume of liquid contained at the ends of a horizontal vessel
between the highest and the lowest levels m3
Vft volume of liquid contained at the ends of a horizontal vessel m3
Vll volume of light liquid contained in the vessel for satisfying the
residence and/or lockout times m3
Vp generic partial volume m3
Vpl volume of heavy liquid contained in the vessel for satisfying the
residence and/or lockout times m3
VZ volume of liquid contained at the ends of a horizontal vessel below
the lowest liquid level m3
vBg macroscopic velocity of light gas phase in outlet nozzle m/s
vBll macroscopic velocity of light liquid phase in outlet nozzle m/s
vBpl macroscopic velocity of heavy liquid phase in outlet nozzle m/s
vL limit velocity m/s
vc critical velocity m/s
vcm critical velocity of mixed phase (light gas phase, light liquid level and
heavy liquid phase) m/s
vcpl critical velocity of light liquid phase dispersed in continuous heavy
liquid phase m/s
vcpp critical velocity of heavy liquid phase dispersed in continuous light
liquid phase m/s
vlg macroscopic velocity of continuous light gas phase m/s
vll macroscopic velocity of continuous light liquid phase m/s
vlo horizontal macroscopic velocity of light continuous phase m/s
vlv vertical macroscopic velocity of light continuous phase m/s
vm macroscopic velocity of mixed phase (light gas phase, light liquid
level and heavy liquid phase) m/s
vpl macroscopic velocity of continuous heavy liquid phase m/s
vs thermodynamic speed of sound of continuous light gas phase m/s
vtr optimal velocity for design of demister m/s
Wlg mass flow of continuous light gas phase kg/s
Wll mass flow of continuous light liquid phase kg/s
Wpl mass flow of continuous heavy liquid phase kg/s
xg weight fraction of gas phase -
z efficiency of welded joint control -
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Z real gas compressibility factor -

λ vessel slenderness ratio - (L/D) or (H/D) -
μl dynamic viscosity of light continuous phase mPa⋅s (cP)
μlg dynamic viscosity of continuous light gas phase mPa⋅s (cP)
μll dynamic viscosity of continuous light liquid phase mPa⋅s (cP)
μp dynamic viscosity of heavy continuous phase mPa⋅s (cP)
μpl dynamic viscosity of continuous heavy liquid phase mPa⋅s (cP)
θ fall time of light liquid drops in continuous light gas phase s
ρl density of light continuous phase kg/m3
ρlg density of continuous light gas phase kg/m3
ρll density of continuous light liquid phase kg/m3
ρlm density of liquid mixture (light liquid level, heavy liquid phase) kg/m3
ρm density of mixture (light gas phase, light liquid level and heavy liquid
phase) kg/m3
ρp density of heavy continuous phase kg/m3
ρpl density of continuous heavy liquid phase kg/m3
τlh high emergency residence time s
τlhh very high emergency residence time s
τlhhi very high emergency interface residence time s
τlhi high emergency interface residence time s
τll low emergency residence time s
τlli low emergency interface residence time s
τlll very low emergency residence time s
τllli very low emergency interface residence time s
τln normal residence time s
τlni normal interface residence time s
τ0 residence time of light liquid between lowest level light liquid and
highest interface level s
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4. SIZING VESSELS
4.1 Theoretical basics
In general, the sizing of a vessel must satisfy the constructional requirements (geometric
constraints and resistance of shell materials), functional constraints related to the context (plant)
in which it is installed and, lastly, the physical laws that govern the process of separation that it is
intended to implement.
The mixed phase of immiscible liquids, composed of the heavy phase (liquid) and the light phase
(gas and/or steam or liquid) that enters the vessel, tends to become stratified and then separated
under the effect of gravity. The heavy phase will occupy the lower part of the vessel and the light
phase the upper part. The two separate phases will subsequently leave the vessel under the
effect of gravity and the pressure gradient established between the vessel considered and the
other equipment connected to it.
Thus, in a vertical vessel, two mainly vertical flows of material are established, an upward one for
the light phase and a downward one for the heavy phase. Whereas in a horizontal vessel, the
flow is mainly horizontal between the inlet and outlet zone and the two flows of material
considered above are only established close to the outlets.
As will be explained in the following, the vessel dimensions that are mostly conditioned by the
physical process are the diameter for a vertical vessel and the diameter and length for a
horizontal one.
This influence is to be sought in the behavior of the light phase flow in the vessel. In general,
irrespective of the type of motion of the mixed phase that is established in the vessel feed line, it
can be envisaged how localized turbulence around the feed nozzle can cause the formation of
drops of the heavy phase at the inlet that become dispersed in the light continuous phase. The
number of these drops and the distribution of their diameters cannot be determined in a rigorous
manner, not even statistically, because this depends on countless chemical and physical
parameters, in addition to the geometrical ones and the laws of coalescence of the heavy phase.
For these reasons, the quantification of the dispersed phase can only be considered empirically.
The objective of limiting the amount of the dispersed phase can be attempted, however, by
taking into consideration the exact laws that govern relative motion in a stationary regime of
heavy spherical particles with respect to a light continuous phase. This will lead to results, not
contradicted by experience, that are acceptable from the engineering standpoint.
The following model can be associated with a vertical
vessel: Fd
A heavy spherical particle, which to aid conception, is
considered to be initially stationary, is immersed in a
light continuous phase in motion with a certain velocity in
the upward direction. In this situation, the forces acting
on the sphere are:
- The force of gravity, acting downwards.
Fg
- Archimedes’ thrust, acting upwards.
- The entrainment force, acting upwards, due to the
friction that develops on the walls of the sphere due
to the vertical macroscopic motion of the continuous vlv
light phase (Fd).
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The force of gravity and Archimedes’ thrust are represented by a single vector in the downward
direction because the density of heavy phase is greater than the density of light phase (Fg).
The moduli of the vectors Fd and Fg, in the units of measurement specified in the symbols table,
can be obtained from the following relations:
π
Fd = • C • d p2 • ρ l • 10 -12 (1)
8
π
Fg = • g • d p3 • ( ρ p - ρ l ) • 10 -18 (2)
6
The evolution of this system can be studied by making simple considerations regarding the sum
of the vectors considered:
- If the resultant vector (Fd-Fg) is equal to zero, then the sphere will remain in the steady state
(initial condition considered).
- If the resultant vector (Fd-Fg) is less than zero, then the sphere will start to move downwards
with an accelerating motion until a new balance of forces is reached. In practice, due to the
fall velocity, the relative velocity of the particle with respect to the fluid increases and thus the
friction force increases. When the modulus of this force equals the modulus of Fg, a new
equilibrium shall have been reached. When this equilibrium is reached, the fall velocity will no
longer increase and therefore it is said that the particle has reached the settling velocity. It is
obvious that this development shall be interrupted if the particle does not have sufficient
space available.
- If the resultant vector (Fd-Fg) is greater than zero, then the sphere will start to move upwards
with an accelerating motion until a new balance of forces is reached. In practice, due to the
escape velocity, the relative velocity of the particle with respect to the fluid decreases and
thus the friction force decreases. When the modulus of this force equals the modulus of Fg, a
new equilibrium shall have been reached. When this equilibrium is reached, the escape
velocity shall no longer increase and therefore it is said that the particle has reached the
escape velocity limit. It is obvious that this development shall be interrupted if the particle
does not have sufficient space available.
From this description, it is obvious that if it is wished to make all drops with a diameter greater
than a prefixed diameter fall, it is necessary to ensure that Fg is greater than Fd, and this will be
possible if the vertical macroscopic velocity of the light phase vlv is limited, because in this way,
the value of the modulus of the entrainment force is limited. The value of vlv that is obtained by
equalizing equations (1) and (2) is actually the limit velocity vL.
dp ( ρp - ρl )
v L = 2 • 10 - 3 • g• • (3)
3•C ρl
Before proceeding in the development of the above-indicated considerations, it is opportune to

analyze the model associable with a horizontal vessel. From a certain point onwards, the two
models can be developed together.
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The model for a horizontal vessel is

outlined in the adjacent figure.
In this case as well, to aid
conception, a heavy spherical Fd
particle can be considered that is
initially stationary and positioned at
F’d LIGHT PHASE
the highest point of the vessel close Inlet Outlet
to the feed nozzle. zone Fg vlovl zone
Conceptually, the forces acting on
the sphere are those seen for the
vertical vessel. In this case, HEAVY PHASE
however, the horizontal entrainment
force must also be considered and
therefore the evolution of system
differs from that for the vertical
vessel, precisely for the presence of
horizontal motion.
The force Fg will induce an accelerating downward vertical motion on the particle until the
modulus of the friction force, Fd induced by the movement itself and always acting vertically, but
in the upward direction, becomes equal to Fg. From this point (equilibrium of forces achieved)
onwards the particle will move with a constant velocity, i.e. it has reached the settling velocity (a
conceptually similar situation to that analyzed for the vertical vessel). This velocity vL is
calculated in the same way as for a vertical vessel. It is obvious that this development shall be
interrupted if the particle does not have sufficient space available.
The horizontal force Fd will start to move the particle in the horizontal direction and the velocity
will increase until the relative velocity of the particle with respect to the fluid is annulled. At this
point, the horizontal force due to friction will be cancelled and the particle shall have reached the
escape velocity limit, which will precisely equal to the horizontal macroscopic velocity of the light
phase vlo.
From this description, it is obvious that if it is wished to make all drops with a diameter greater
than a prefixed diameter reach the heavy continuous phase, it is necessary to limit the value of
vlo, because in this way the particle is given a sufficiently long residence time to allow it to reach
the heavy phase before it completes the horizontal distance between the inlet and the outlet
zone.
Calculation of the residence time and fall time should be made assuming a fully developed
motion (steady state), i.e. considering that the particle moves with a horizontal velocity vlo and a
vertical velocity vL. In this way, the use of time-dependent equations that, from an engineering
standpoint, would not give significantly better results is avoided.
Experimental research and theoretical considerations have allowed the physical problem of the
motion of a fluid around a spherical particle to be solved. The results obtained show that the
entrainment or friction coefficient C is dependent on the type of motion that establishes itself and
therefore the Reynolds number Re, which is defined by the following relation:
v L • dp • ρl -3
Re = • 10 (4)(4)
μl
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Three possible flow regimes have thus been identified:

- Laminar flow regime. Established for: Re < 2
Stokes’ law is applicable to this regime:
24
C = (5)
Re
and equation (3) becomes:
( ρp - ρl )
vL = 5.44814 • 10-10 • dp2 • (6)
μl
- Transition flow regime. Established for: 2 ≤ Re ≤ 500

The intermediate law is applicable to this regime:
18,5
C = 3
(7)
( )
Re 5
8 5
( ) ( )
dp7 ( ρp - ρl ) 7
v L = 2.09373 • 10 - 6 •
3
•
2
(8)
( ) ( )
μl 7 ρl 7
- Turbulent flow regime. Established for: Re > 500

Newton’s law is applicable to this regime:
C = 0.44 (9)
( ρp - ρl )
v L = 5.45134 • 10 - 3 • dp • (10)
ρl
As can be seen in the previous equations, to determine the limit velocity (design calculation), it is
necessary to identify the flow regime, or rather to calculate the Reynolds number. But this
number depends, in turn, on the limit velocity. The calculation is therefore iterative.
In reality, this is not true as it is sufficient to observe that the product of the entrainment or friction
factor and the square of the Reynolds number (C·Re2) is a quantity that does not depend on
velocity, but only on particle diameter and the chemical-physical properties of the phases:
( ρp - ρl )
C • Re 2 = 1.30755 • 10 -11 • dp3 • ρl • (11)
μl2
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Thus, by fixing dp, it is possible to calculate the product (C·Re2) and use this value to determine the
flow regime that will be established:
- Laminar flow regime established for: C·Re2 < 48
- Transition flow regime established for: 48 ≤ C·Re2 ≤ 1.1·105
- Turbulent flow regime established for: C·Re2 > 1.1·105
With the flow regime known, the limit velocity is then calculated using the corresponding correlation.
By proceeding in a similar manner, it is possible to calculate the diameter of the particle when the
value for the limit velocity is set (verification calculation).
In this case, it is sufficient to observe that the ratio between the entrainment or friction factor and the
Reynolds number (C/Re) is a quantity that does not depend on the diameter of the particle, but only
on the limit velocity and the chemical-physical properties of the phases:
C -2 μl ( ρp - ρl )
= 1.30755 • 10 • • (12)
Re v L3 ρ l2
Thus, by fixing vL, it is possible to calculate the ratio (C/Re) and use this value to determine the flow
regime that will be established and then the diameter of the particle dp, as follows:
- Laminar flow regime established for: C/Re > 6 and hence:
4 vL • μl
d p = 4.28426 • 10 • (13)
(ρ p - ρl)
- Transition flow regime established for: 8.8·10-4 ≤ C/Re ≤ 6 and hence:
3 7 2
( ) ( ) ( )
μl 8 • v L8 • ρl 8
dp = 9.31526 • 10 4 •
5
(14)
( )
( ρp - ρl )8
- Turbulent flow regime established for: C/Re < 8.8·10-4 and hence:
4 v L2
d p = 3.36506 • 10 • ρl • (15)
( ρp - ρl )
All of the above-explained considerations can be applied to studying the motion of light spherical
particles immersed in a heavy continuous phase. In this case, the directions of the forces Fd and Fg
are inverted and the expression for the modulus of force Fg remains unchanged, while in the
expression for the Reynolds number and the modulus of force Fd, the density and velocity of the
light phase are substituted by the same quantities for the heavy phase. All of the expressions found
in the remainder of the exposition must be adjusted in consequence.
To apply this treatment to gas and/or steam separation from the liquid, it is necessary to substitute
subscript “l” with subscript “lg” and subscript “p” with subscript “pl”. Instead, to apply it to the
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 17 (113)
separation of light liquid from heavy liquid, subscript “l” is substituted with subscript “ll” and subscript
“p” with subscript “pl”.
4.1.1 Liquid - gas and/or steam separation
Sizing depends essentially on:

• position of vessel (horizontal or vertical)
• permitted value for quantity of liquid entrained by gas and/or steam
• liquid reserve contained between the low and high levels
4.1.1.1 Position of vessel

The following general conditions are valid:
• Vessels are normally specified as horizontal, unless the service or other considerations
require otherwise.
• Vertical vessels, as a rule, have a smaller layout footprint. In the case of significant liquid
flows, horizontal ones typically have a smaller volume with respect to the vertical ones.
Horizontal vessels are preferred when the separation of two liquid phases is requested or in
cases in which the flow regime in the inlet pipe is "slug" or "bubble".
4.1.1.2 Critical velocity

In a vertical separator, the separation efficiency fundamentally depends on the macroscopic
velocity of the gas in the vessel. The greater this velocity is, and therefore the greater the flow of
gas and/or steam for a given vessel diameter, the greater shall be the diameter of the drops of
liquid that reach the continuous liquid phase.
Equation (3) gives the limit velocity, valid for a spherical particle, which is taken as the critical
velocity for designing the vessel, associating with it the significance of the macroscopic velocity
of the continuous light gas phase. Expressing this more clearly gives:
dp ( ρ pl - ρ lg )
v c = 3.61601 • 10 - 3 • • (16)
C ρ lg
For this separation, the entrainment coefficient C also depends on the shape of the particle as
well as the Reynolds number. Equation (4) becomes:
ρ lg • v c • dp -3
Re = • 10 (17)
μ lg
To also take in to account the dependence on the shape of the particle, use is made of the
diagram in Fig. 4.1.1.2.a, which shows coefficient C as a function of C⋅Re2:
ρ lg • ( ρ pl - ρ lg ) • dp3
C • Re 2 = 1.30755 • 10
-11
• (18)
μ lg2
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 18 (113)
100
C
TRANSITION
MOTION
REGIME
10
LAMINAR
TURBULENT
MOTION
MOTION
REGIME
REGIME
0.1
10 100 1000 10000 100000 C ·R e² 1000000
Fig. 4.1.1.2.a – Entrainment coefficient
Using the diagram in Figure 4.1.1.2.a and Table 4.1.1.2.a, determination of the critical velocity
(design calculation) is immediate. Instead, to calculate the diameter of the particle (verification
calculation) it is necessary to proceed by trial and error. It is thus necessary to choose dp, then
calculate Re with equation (17), C⋅Re2 with equation (18) and read the value of C on the
diagram. This value inserted in equation (18) allows Re to be recalculated. The value of Re
found via equation (18) must be compared with that found via equation (17). Calculation is
concluded when these last two values are sufficiently close to each other.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 19 (113)
The variance encountered in the results of this method with respect to those obtained via the
application of equations (1)÷(15) is negligible from the engineering standpoint.
It should be noted that the above-illustrated calculation methodology must also be applied to the
sizing of horizontal vessels.
Table 4.1.1.2.a – Average drop diameters

Type of separator Diameter of drops, μm
Liquid/gas separator 150
K.O. Drum - compressor suction 150
K.O. Drum - fuel gas 200
K.O. Drum - torch 150
Alternatively, especially if the diameter of the particle of liquid is not known, an empirical method
can be used (R. N. Watkins, Hc. Pr., Nov. '67) that expresses the critical velocity with the
following relation:
( ρpl - ρlg )
vc = K • (19)
ρlg
where the value of K is given by the diagram in Figure 4.1.1.2.b in function of the parameter:
Wpl ρlg
•
Wlg ρpl
In any case, a value of K greater than 0.07 m/s must never be used.
For horizontal vessels, 125% of the value K in Fig. 4.1.1.2.b should be used and, in any case, a
value never exceeding 0.0875 m/s.
Outside the range of the abscissa in Fig. 4.1.1.2.b, a value of 0.032 m/s for K must be used for
vertical vessels when the abscissa value is less than 0.001 and a value of 0.0436 m/s for K when
the abscissa value is greater than 1. For horizontal vessels, 125% of the above-specified values
should be utilized as the extreme values.
It can be noted that in carrying out design work with the above-illustrated rules, the quantity of
liquid entrained by the light phase is approximately 5% by weight and that the drops of liquid
have sizes of roughly 200÷400 μm. Instead, by installing a demister on the vapor outlet,
approximately 99.9% purity of vapors and drop sizes of 5÷10 μm can be achieved.
In the case of a KO Drum on gas (and generally when there is only the gas phase), the
composition of the liquid phase, and thus the definition of its density (ρpl), is estimated
either by calculating the dew point of the gas at the minimum ambient temperature and
operating pressure, or by assuming pentane as the entrained fluid and consequently
calculating the density.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 20 (113)
1
K
0.1
0.01
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
0.5
(Wpl/Wlg)·(ρlg/ρpl)
Fig. 4.1.1.2.b – “K” constant
4.1.1.3 Residence times.

Separators are also sized to guarantee continuity in the flow of liquid to the equipment
downstream or to hold the accumulated liquid for a certain amount of time. Consequently, the
need to balance flow variation in input to and output from the vessel itself must also be taken into
account.
Three positions for liquid levels are normally specified in the vessel:
• High liquid level HLL and high emergency liquid level HILL
• Normal liquid level NLL and normal liquid interface level NILL
• Low liquid level LLL and low liquid interface level HILL
The normal residence time for a liquid in a vessel, τln (τlni), is normally defined as the time
required for the level (or interface level) to go from the HLL (or HILL) position to the LLL (or LILL)
position. This is a function of the service for which the vessel is allocated.
The minimum residence times for the more frequent services are indicated in Table 4.1.1.3.a.
The term “maximum normal flow" is intended as the greatest flow of the normal flows considered
for the various cases of material and heat balance.
In certain cases, to guarantee regular functioning of the downstream equipment (KO Drum
compressor, KO Drum Fuel Gas, etc.) additional level positions are specified respectively above
the high level and below the low level:
• High emergency liquid level (and rarely very high) HLS (HHLS)
• Low emergency liquid level (and rarely very low) LLS (LLLS)
Furthermore, additional level positions can be specified for three-phase separators, respectively
above the high interface level and below the low interface level:
• High emergency liquid interface level (and rarely very high) HILS (HHILS)
• Low emergency liquid interface level (and rarely very low) LILS (LLILS)
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 21 (113)
The low or very low emergency residence time for a liquid in a vessel, τll (τlll), is normally defined
as the time required for the level to go from the LLL position to the LLS (LLLS) position. In the
same manner, the low or very low liquid interface residence time τlli (τllli) can also be defined.
The high or very high emergency residence time for a liquid in a vessel, τlh (τlhh), is normally
defined as the time required for the level to go from the HLL position to the HLS (HHLS) position.
In the same manner, the high or very high liquid interface residence time τlhi (τlhhi) can also be
defined.
Table 4.1.1.3.a – Residence times
Service Residence time

Feed tank Assumed volume corresponds to
plant or column 600 s of maximum normal flow of liquid.
Feed tank Assumed volume corresponds to
plant or column with oven 900 s of maximum normal flow of liquid.
Reflux accumulator Assumed volume is the greater of:
- 240 s of product flow to storage
- 300 s of maximum normal flow of reflux
Water/Condensate to Sour Water 120 s of maximum normal flow of product
Stripper/Waste Water Treatment
KO Drum Assumed volume corresponds to
compressor suction/expander 600 s of maximum flow of liquid produced in the
KO Drum Fuel Gas individual upstream unit.
If the vessel is located downstream of an absorber,
the volume corresponding to 300 s of the total
flow of lean oil is assumed.
In the absence of liquid, a volume of
15 m of feed piping is assumed.
Refrigeration-cycle accumulator Assumed volume is the greater of:
- 300 s of liquid coolant flow
- 110% of volume of equipment and lines
constituting the cycle.
Compressor interstage separator Assumed volume equals
600 s of maximum condensate production in the
intermediate stage.
Blowdown separators 900 s of quantity of liquid discharged by the
most demanding PSV.
Vessels for additives/chemicals 3.456⋅105 s (4 days) of maximum normal flow.
(when level is not controlled/
discontinuous make up)
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 22 (113)
4.1.2 Liquid - liquid separation
The greater or lesser ease with which two immiscible liquids separate from each other depends
on a series of factors, but the principle ones are the difference in density, the viscosity of the
continuous phase and the size of the drops.
The rigorous design of separators requires information on the distribution of drop sizes and the
speed of coalescence, as well as the viscosity and density of both phases.
Since this information is not normally available, the sizes used for the drops are based on
experience, which for systems composed of a light hydrocarbon phase - heavy water phase, are
set according to the density of the hydrocarbon phase at 15°C (see Table 4.1.2.a, where the
drop diameters shown regard both the hydrocarbon dispersed phase and the water dispersed
phase).
Table 4.1.2.a – Size of drops
Light liquid phase Heavy liquid phase Diameter of drop

Density @ 15°C ≤ 850 kg/m³ Water 130 μm
Density @ 15°C > 850 kg/m³ Water 90 μm
As the behavior of both the light dispersed phase in the heavy continuous phase and the heavy
dispersed phase in the light continuous phase are of interest for this separation, useful
correlations for design work regarding both situations are provided below.
Light dispersed phase in heavy continuous phase
Equation (4) becomes:

v cpl • dpl • ρ ll -3
Re = • 10 (20)
μll

( ρ pl - ρ ll )
v cpl = 5.44814 • 10 -10 • d pl
2
• (21)
μ ll

8 5
( ) ( )
d pl7 ( ρ pl - ρ ll ) 7
v cpl = 2.09373 • 10 - 6 •
3
•
2
(22)
( ) ( )
μ ll 7 ρ ll 7
( ρ pl - ρ ll )
v cpl = 5.45134 • 10 -3 • dpl • (23)
ρ ll
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Sheet 23 (113)

( ρ pl - ρ ll )
C • Re 2 = 1.30755 • 10 -11 • dpl
3
• ρ ll • (24)
μll2
C μ ( ρ pl - ρ ll )
= 1.30755 • 10 - 2 • 3ll • (25)
Re v cpl ρ ll2
v cpl • μll
dpl = 4.28426 • 10 4 • (26)
( ρ pl - ρ ll )

3 7 2
( ) ( ) ( )
μll 8 • 8 •ρ 8
v cpl ll
dpl = 9.31526 • 10 4 •
5
(27)
( )
( ρ pl - ρ ll )8

2
v cpl
dpl = 3.36506 • 10 4 • ρ ll • (28)
( ρ pl - ρ ll )
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Sheet 24 (113)
Heavy dispersed phase in light continuous phase

v cpp • dpp • ρ pl -3
Re = • 10 (29)
μpl

( ρ pl - ρ ll )
v cpp = 5.44814 • 10 -10 • dpp
2
• (30)
μpl

8 5
( ) ( )
dpp7 ( ρ pl - ρ ll ) 7
v cpp = 2.09373 • 10 - 6 •
3
•
2
(31)
( ) ( )
μpl7 ρ pl7
( ρ pl - ρ ll )
v cpp = 5.45134 • 10 -3 • dpp • (32)
ρ pl

( ρ pl - ρ ll )
C • Re 2 = 1.30755 • 10 -11 • dpp
3
• ρ pl • (33)
μpl2

C μpl ( ρ pl - ρ ll )
= 1.30755 • 10 - 2 • 3 • (34)
Re v cpp ρ pl2
v cpp • μpl
dpp = 4.28426 • 10 4 • (35)
( ρ pl - ρ ll )

3 7 2
( ) ( ) ( )
μpl8 • 8 •ρ 8
v cpp pl
dpp = 9.31526 • 10 4 •
5
(36)
( )
( ρ pl - ρ ll )8
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Sheet 25 (113)

2
v cpp
dpp = 3.36506 • 10 4 • ρ pl • (37)
( ρ pl - ρ ll )
In any case, the critical velocity must never be greater than 4 mm/s
4.1.3 Demister
In general, the separation of the two phases is never complete. The gas and/or steam will entrain
the liquid in various quantities or a variety of drop sizes. The drops, finely dispersed in the gas
phase, do not separate under the force of gravity, as the entrainment effect is predominant.
Demisters facilitate the separation of drops dispersed in the gas phase. In fact, by colliding with
the surface of the metal mesh, multiple drops agglomerate forming one of greater diameter, in
this way increasing the modulus of the force of gravity and therefore the possibility that they can
fall into the continuous liquid phase.
As for any other equipment, demisters also have an optimal efficiency within certain velocity
limits:
• if the velocity is too low, small diameter drops do not agglomerate because they are unable to
interact with each other on the wall and therefore the beneficial effect due to increasing the
modulus of the force of gravity with respect to that of entrainment fades away.
• if the velocity is too high, the above-indicated effect will be attenuated by the simultaneous
increase of the entrainment force due to the high velocities.
The optimal velocity is given by the equation:
( ρ pl - ρ lg )
v tr = K R • (38)
ρ lg
where KR is given by the diagram in Fig. 4.1.3.a as a function of the operating (gage) pressure
OPP.
For the K.O. Drum in compressor suction, a value for KR equal to 80% of the value from Fig.
4.1.3.a should be adopted.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 26 (113)
0.12
KR
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.01 0.1 1 10
OPP
Fig. 4.1.3.a – KR constant
4.1.4 Weight calculation
For the preliminary calculation of the weight to use, in the design phase, for assessing
alternatives characterized by different vessel slenderness ratios λ = L/D (or λ = H/D), the
formulas specified below are utilized. The calculated pressure is determined with the following
rules:
P*=1.5⋅DP for DP < 1 Mpa
P*=DP + 0.5 for 1 Mpa ≤ DP ≤ 2 Mpa
P*=1.25⋅DP for DP > 2 MPa
The cylindrical body thickness is calculated with:
0,5 • P * • D
s cc = + sc (39)
I • z - 0,6 • P *
However, for vessels in carbon steel and alloy steel, the minimum thickness is assumed to be
the greater of:
scc = 3.5 + sc (40)
scc = 3 + 0.0007⋅D + sc (41)
Whereas for vessels in stainless steel or non-ferrous materials, the minimum thickness is
assumed to be the greater of:
scc = 3.5 + sc (42)
scc = 3.25 + 0.0005⋅D + sc (43)
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Sheet 27 (113)
The thickness of an elliptical end is calculated with:
P* • D
s fe = + sc (44)
2 • I • z - 0,2 • P *
assuming the same minimum thicknesses as for the cylindrical shell.
The thickness of a hemispherical end is calculated with:
0,5 • P * • D
s fem = + sc (45)
2 • I • z - 0,2 • P *
assuming the same minimum thicknesses as for the cylindrical shell.

The permissible stress, I, for a typical carbon steel at the design temperature, according to
ASME Sect. VIII, Div. I, is indicated in Table 4.1.4.a.
Table 4.1.4.a – Permissible stresses as per ASME Sect. VIII, Div. I
DT (°C) 343.3 371.1 398.9 426.7 454.4 482.2 510

l (MPa) 103.421 99.285 89.632 74.463 59.984 44.816 31.026
The multiplication constant z represents the efficiency of welded joint control and is equal to:
for X-rays at intervals z = 0.85
for total X-ray z = 1
The median lateral surface of a cylindrical body is calculated with:
Scc = π ⋅ (D + scc) ⋅ L ⋅ 10-6 or Scc = π ⋅ (D + scc) ⋅ H ⋅ 10-6 (46)
The median lateral surface of 2:1 elliptical ends is calculated with:

Sfe = 2 ⋅ 1.084 ⋅ (D + scc)2 ⋅ 10-6 (47)
The median lateral surface of hemispherical ends is calculated with:

Sfem = π⋅ (D + scc)2 ⋅ 10-6 (48)
The weight of the vessel is calculated with:

P = (Scc ⋅ scc + Sfe ⋅ sfe ) ⋅ 7.85 or P = (Scc ⋅ scc + Sfem ⋅ sfem ) ⋅ 7.85 (49)
where the density of steel is assumed to be 7850 kg/m3.

A more precise value can be obtained by using the effective density of the selected material.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 28 (113)
4.2 Vessel sizing procedures
This section defines the criteria for the process sizing of separators. In detail, the guidelines refer
to following separators:
• Vertical two-phase liquid - gas and/or steam separator
• Horizontal two-phase liquid - gas and/or steam separator
• Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator
• Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator with pot
• Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator with dam
• Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator with skimmer
4.2.1 Vertical two-phase liquid - gas and/or steam separator
4.2.1.1 General
These separators (see Fig. 4.2.2.b) are characterized by the fact that the gas current occupies
the entire cross-sectional area.
• Typical applications:
- Blowdown K.O. Drum
- K.O. Drum compressor suction/expander
- Flash Drum
- Surge Drum
For services in which the entrainment of liquid by gas is permitted for up to 5% by weight, the
separator is sized for a light gas phase velocity equal to the critical velocity.
When liquid entrainment must be lower, a light gas phase velocity less than the critical velocity is
assumed or the installation of a demister provided.
Notes:
1. For vertical separators in compressor suction, the process designer must evaluate the
expediency of installing special separators (vanes, multiple swirltubes, swirltubes for
separating solid particles, etc.).
In these cases, as a rule, a "duty specification" is prepared to send to specialized
constructors, who will define the type of internals and proceed with their sizing.
2. In the case of a Surge Drum for plant charging (liquid charge without gas phase), sizing will
be based just on the normal residence time (required minimum) for the liquid, leaving a height
above the high liquid level that guarantees a further residence time equal to 10% of the
required residence time.
4.2.1.2 Calculation procedure
The dimensions of the separator are defined via an iterative process, which contemplates the
preliminary calculation of sizing parameters and their subsequent optimization.
The diameter of the separator to be looked for will be that which gives:
- the minimum section necessary for separation
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 29 (113)
- the required minimum height for satisfying the control and/or lockout residency times
The calculation is carried out according to the below-indicated sequence:
a) Search for values of quantities to be utilized:

Flow of continuous light gas phase Wlg
Flow of continuous heavy liquid phase Wpl
Density of continuous light gas phase ρlg
Density of continuous heavy liquid phase ρpl
Viscosity of continuous light gas phase μlg
Diameter of drop dp
Normal residence time τln
Low and/or very low emergency residence time τll and/or τlll
High and/or very high emergency residence time τlh and/or τlhh
Corrosion allowance sc
Design temperature DT
Design pressure DP
Operating pressure OPP
Demister yes/no
b) Calculation of critical velocity (vc):

Determine the critical velocity as indicated in section 4.1.1.2.
When the diameter of the drops is known, use equation (16), otherwise equation (19).
c) Calculation of minimum diameter (Dmin):

The minimum vapor section area, which corresponds to the section of the vessel, will be:
Wlg
A V min . = (50)
v c • ρlg
In consequence, the minimum diameter will be:

0.5
⎛ 4 • A V min ⎞
Dmin = ⎜ ⎟ • 103 (51)
⎝ π ⎠
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Sheet 30 (113)
d) Calculation of internal diameter (D):

The unified diameter immediately above the minimum diameter is chosen as the internal
diameter of the vessel, D, as indicated in Table 4.2.2.2.a.
Table 4.2.2.2.a – Unified diameters

Minimum diameter ≤ 900 mm The standard nominal diameters are (in mm): 305,
406, 457, 508, 610, 762 and 914.
Minimum diameter > 900 mm Currently, standards do not exist as the elliptical ends
can be made with any diameter.
However, starting from 900 mm, diameters are chosen
with increments of 50 mm.
With the diameter of the vessel, it is possible to calculate the area of the vessel’s cross-
section AV:
⎛ π • D2 ⎞ -6
AV = ⎜ ⎟ • 10 (52)
⎜ 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
e) Calculation of internal diameter of inlet nozzle (Din):

Use the equations in section 4.5.
f) Calculation of difference in normal level height (Hrl) and selection of standard level
range:
The difference in height between HLL and LLL is called the difference in normal level height
and is calculated as a function of the normal residence time:
Wpl • τln 3
Hrl = • 10 (53)
ρpl • A v
In Table 4.2.2.2.b, locate the standard Hrl row immediately greater than the calculated Hrl.
Table 4.2.2.2.b – Standard level range and other dimensions
Standard level Hrl standard H1 H01

range (in inches) (mm) (mm) (mm)
14 356 800 150
32 813 1 000 100
48 1 219 1 200 120
60 1 524 1 500 250
72 1 829 1 500 100
84 2 134 1 700 150
96 2 438 1 900 150
120 3 048 2 100 100
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 31 (113)
g) Calculation of differences in height of NLL and lower TL (H1):

The difference in height between NLL and the lower TL is indicated by H1. If Hrl is known, H1
can be determined using the values in Table 4.2.2.2.b, in function of the chosen standard
level range.
The values in the table are calculated on the assumption of side-by-side mounting and
overall dimensions of level regulators and/or transmitters and level indicators on the
standpipe as indicated in standard STD.SM.GEN.0001.
To check the validity of the choice made, the process designer must control the correctness
of installation and the relevant overall dimensions.
HLL
NLL
LLL
h0
Essentially, it is necessary to check that the distance h0, obtained using distance H1 and the
overall dimensions of the instrumentation, allows the mounting of the standpipe nozzle and
associated reinforcement plate.
A reliable value for h0 can be calculated by adding 60 mm to the external diameter of the
level tap nozzle (in mm), plus an amount, f0 (in mm), given by the following relation:
f 0 = 6 • s cc + 0.3 • s cc • (D + 2 • s cc ) (54)
h) Calculation of possible differences in height of HLS (and/or HHLS) with respect to

HLL (and HLS) and of LLL (and/or LLS) with respect to LLS (and LLLS) (Hll, Hlll, Hlh,
Hlhh):
The corresponding heights Hll (and/or Hlll) and Hlh (and/or Hlhh) are calculated with equations
similar to (53), based on the required residence times τll (and/or τlll) and τlh (and/or τlhh).
If Hll + Hlll > H01 + ((Hrl)standard-(Hrl)calculated)/2, the height H1 will be increased by amount g0,
given by the following relation:
((Hrl ) standard - (Hrl ) calculated )

g 0 = Hll + Hlll - H 01 - (55)
2
i) Calculation of distance between axis of inlet nozzle and HLL or HLS or HHLS (H2):
This distance is calculated with respect to the highest level and will be equal to a minimum
of 450 mm in the case where (450 - Din/2) is greater or equal to 300 mm. Instead, in the
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 32 (113)
case where (450 - Din/2) is less than 300 mm, it will be equal to a minimum of (300 + Din/2)
(in mm), (see Fig. 4.2.2.a).
l) Calculation of distance between axis of inlet nozzle and the upper tangency line (H3):
Two cases must be distinguished:

• Vessel equipped with demister. In this case, H’3 is used to indicate the distance
between the axis of the feed nozzle and the lower base of the demister. Then the
minimum value of this distance is calculated with the following relations (all quantities
are expressed in mm):
H’3 = 300 0 < D ≤ 400
H’3 = 0.75 ⋅ D 400 < D.
Thus, to calculate H3, the size of the demister, or rather the distance from the lower
base of the mesh to the upper TL (450 mm minimum), is added to H’3.
(See Fig. 4.2.2.2.a).
• Vessel not equipped with demister. In this case, the distance H3 is calculated with the
following relations (all quantities are expressed in mm):
H3 = 900 0 < D ≤ 1200
H3 = 0.75 ⋅ D 1200 < D.
(See Fig. 4.2.2.a).
m) Calculation of demister diameter (Ddm):

Determine the optimal velocity of the continuous gas phase through the demister as
indicated in section 4.1.3.
The minimum cross-section area of the demister will be:
Wlg
A dm min = (56)
v tr • ρ lg
from which the following is obtained:

4 • A dm min
D dmmin = ( )0.5 • 10 3 (57)
π
To obtain the diameter being sought Ddm, the minimum diameter is approximated to the next
highest 50 mm (for example, if Ddmmin = 430 mm, then Ddm = 450 mm).
n) Calculation of total height (H):

The total height of the vessel, or rather the distance between the upper TL and the lower
TL, should be equal to the sum of the following components:
Hrl
H = H1 + + Hlh + Hlhh + H 2 + H 3 (58)
2
with approximation to the next highest 50 mm.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 33 (113)
o) Calculation of thicknesses, surfaces and weight (scc, sfe or sfem, Scc, Sfe and P):
Use the equations in section 4.1.4.
p) Evaluation of alternatives (larger diameter or horizontal vessel):

It should be checked whether increasing the diameter, to the point of having a level range
lower than that chosen, yields a lower weight and hence a lower cost.
It should also be evaluated whether a horizontal vessel, where not advised against for
process or plant reasons, yields a lower estimated weight and hence a lower cost.
4.2.1.3 Data sheet details
Figure 4.2.2.b shows a typical vertical vessel. The dimensions indicated with (here, as in the
subsequent figures) represent the result of the calculation procedure. Height H3 will not be
indicated on equipment data sheets.
A brief description of the various connections is given below. For further details, please refer to
section 4.5.
N1 Fluid inlet
Provide entrance with curve (STD.CR.GEN.7038) or position the nozzle
below the NLL in the case of just a liquid phase.
N2 Liquid outlet
Provide flow straightener (STD.CR.GEN.7015÷7018 / more or less raised
with respect to the base line according to the more or less fouling nature of
the service)
N3 Gas outlet
N4 Ventilation
N5 Steam out
CN1a,b LT/LG Conn.
M1 Manhole
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 34 (113)
2500
H3 & H’3
mm
2000
H3
H3 & H’3 = 0.75⋅D
H2 300 mm 450 mm
1500 min. min.
1000 Without demister (H3)

900 300 mm
min.
150 mm
min.
H’3
450 mm
H2
min.
500
300
With demister (H’3)
0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 D - mm
Fig. 4.2.2.a – Height of inlet nozzle above the high liquid level
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 35 (113)
N4 N3
See detail A for diameter < 900 mm
STD.CR.GEN.7042
TL
300 mm
N3 150 mm
STD.CR.GEN.7053
H’3
Detail A
N1
D
H H2
CN1a HLL M1
NLL =
LLL =
CN1b
H1 STD.CR.GEN.7014
N5
TL Min.
STD.CR.GEN.7015 N2
Fig. 4.2.2.b – Vertical vessel
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 36 (113)
4.2.2 Horizontal two-phase liquid - gas and/or steam separator
4.2.2.1 General
The main characteristic of these separators (see Fig. 4.2.3) is that the cross-section is divided by
the level of the liquid into two sections through which the liquid phase and the gas phase flow.
Sizing must be carried out in a manner that respects the following guidelines:
a. the macroscopic velocity of the continuous light gas phase must allow observance of the
separation requirements (see section 4.1);
b. the volume destined for the liquid must be sufficient to guarantee the requested minimum
residence time.
When it is wished to have liquid entrainment in the gas phase that is less than 5% by weight, a
demister should be installed.
· Production separators
· Accumulators
· Slug catcher
The minimum diameter of the separator is that which gives:
• the minimum section necessary for separation
• the required minimum section for satisfying the control and/or lockout residency times
Diameter of drop dp
Design pressure DP
Demister yes/no
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 37 (113)
b) Calculation of critical velocity (vc):

Determine the critical velocity as indicated in section 4.1.1.2.
When the diameter of the drops is known, use equation (16), otherwise equation (19).
c) Calculation of internal diameter of gas phase outlet nozzle (Dou):

d) Calculation of demister side (Ddm):

The minimum section area of the demister shall be:
Wlg
A dm min . = (59)
v tr • ρ lg
It should be remembered that the section is square, thus giving:
D dm min = A dm min • 10 3 (60)
To obtain the side being sought Ddm, the minimum side is approximated to the next highest
50 mm (for example, if Ddmmin = 430 mm, then Ddm = 450 mm).
Check that distance between the highest liquid level and the lower section of the demister is
greater than 300 mm.
e) Calculation of height, with respect to lower generatrix, of LLL or LLS or LLLS (h2):
This height is determined with the following empirical formula:
W
pl 0.4
( )
ρ
pl
h 2 = 887.7854 • (61)
ρ lg
0.2
(1 - )
ρ pl
f) Calculation of volume of liquid present in the vessel for satisfying control and/or
lockout residency times (Vpl):
Considering the sum of the residence times gives:
Wpl
Vpl = • (τ ln + τ ll + τ lll + τ lh + τ lhh ) (62)
ρ pl
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 38 (113)
L1
L0 h1
HHLS
HLS
HLL
NLL
LLL
LLS
LLLS
h2
g) Calculation of distance of axis of gas phase outlet nozzle from the nearest TL (L1):
Questa distance is calculated with the following relation:
L1 = D ou + 6 • s cc + 0.3 • s cc • (D + 2 • s cc ) (63)
As the internal diameter of the vessel and hence its thickness are not yet known in this
phase, a value for the first attempt of Dou + 150 mm is assumed for L1, on condition that the
correctness of the assumption is checked with equation (63) when the sizing has been
completed. In addition, this distance must be greater than half of Ddm.
From the next point onward, the correlations necessary for carrying out the computational
routines for determining the unknown geometric parameters h1, D and L are prepared.
h) Calculation of cross-section area reserved for passage of the continuous light gas
phase (AV):
The area of the section considered can be expressed as a function of the ratio h1/D (height
of chord of section considered to internal diameter of vessel).
Setting h1/D = x gives:
D2 -6
AV = • (arccos(1 - 2 • x ) - 2 • (1 - 2 • x ) • x•(1 - x ) ) • 10 (64)
4
In any case, the height h1 must not be less than 300 mm and/or 20% of the vessel's internal
diameter.
i) Calculation of macroscopic velocity of the continuous light gas phase (vlg):

The velocity considered shall be:
Wg
v lg = (65)
A V • ρg
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 39 (113)
l) Calculation of useful distance for separation (L0):

This distance can be expressed as a function of the vessel’s total length (L):
L0 = L – L1 – Ddm/2 (66)
m) Calculation of fall time for drop (θ):

This is the time that the drop employs to reach the continuous heavy liquid phase (see
section 4.1):
h1
θ= • 10 - 3 (67)
vc
n) Calculation of cross-section area below the lowest liquid level (AZ):

The area of the section considered can be expressed as a function of the ratio h2/D. Setting
h2/D = y:
D2 -6
AZ = • (arccos(1 - 2 • y) - 2 • (1 - 2 • y) • y • (1 - y) ) • 10 (68)
4
o) Calculation of volume of liquid at the ends (2) below the lowest liquid level and the
volume of liquid at the ends between the highest and the lowest levels (VZ) and (Vfl):
The volume VZ can be calculated using the correlations and/or tables specified in Section 5,
based on the ratio h2/D. With the same correlations and/or tables and based on the ratio (D-
h1)/ D, it is possible to calculate the total volume Vft of the liquid contained at the ends. The
volume of the liquid contained at the ends between the lowest and the highest levels Vfl is
given by the difference:
Vfl = Vft - VZ (69)
p) Calculation of cross-section area reserved for passage of the continuous heavy liquid
phase (AL):
h1/D = x, gives:
D2 -6
AL = • (arccos( 2 • x - 1) + 2 • (1 - 2 • x ) • x•(1 - x ) ) • 10 - A Z (70)
4
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 40 (113)
q) Calculation of unknown parameters (h1, L, D):

Considering the situation of the liquid phase, it can be noted that the length of the vessel
must be such as to satisfy relation (62). Therefore, with the aid of equations (69) and (70)
and the vessel slenderness ratio λ = L/D, the following can be written:
Vpl 3 h1
D= • 10 = f1(D, ) (71)
V D
A L • λ + fl • 10 3
D
For the situation of the gas phase, it can be observed that the particle’s fall time θ must be
equal to the residence time, and using equations (64), (65) and (66) with the vessel
slenderness ratio, the following can be written:
1 3 D dm h
D= • (v lg • θ • 10 + L1 + ) = f2 (D, 1 , h1 ) (72)
λ 2 D
As can be easily noted, it is sufficient to set the slenderness ratio to be able to resolve the
systematized equations (71) and (72) numerically. However, it must be pointed out that the
search for this solution is not simple. To render it almost immediate, it is sufficient to ignore
the volumetric component of the ends in equation (71).
r) Calculation of thicknesses, surfaces and weight (scc, sfe or sfem, Scc, Sfe and P):
s) Calculation of possible differences in height of HLS (and/or HHLS) with respect to

Hlhh), and the difference in normal level height (Hrl):
To calculate the above-indicated quantities, it is necessary to define the following function:
D2 -6
f(z) = • (arccos(1 - 2 • z) - 2 • (1 - 2 • z) • z • (1 - z) ) • 10 (73)
4
• The LLLS position is identified by h2;

• The LLS position is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
lower generatrix, which ignoring the volumetric component of the ends becomes:
Wpl • τ lll 3
A lll = • 10 (74)
ρ pl • L
Placing the value of (Alll + AZ) in equation (73) with z = (h2 + Hlll) / D, (h2 + Hlll) can be
calculated numerically and hence Hlll.
• The LLL position is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
Wpl • τ ll 3
A ll = • 10 (75)
ρ pl • L
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 41 (113)
Placing the value of (All + Alll + AZ) in equation (73) with z = (h2 + Hlll + Hll) / D,
(h2 + Hlll + Hll) can be calculated numerically and hence Hll.
• The HLL position is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
Wpl • τ ln 3
A rl = • 10 (76)
ρ pl • L
Placing the value of (Arl + All + Alll + AZ) in equation (73) with z = (h2 + Hlll + Hll + Hln) / D,
(h2 + Hlll + Hll + Hln) can be calculated numerically and hence Hln.
• The HLS position is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
Wpl • τ lh 3
A lh = • 10 (77)
ρ pl • L
Placing the value of (Alh + Arl + All + Alll + AZ) in equation (73) with
z = (h2 + Hlll + Hll + Hln + Hlh) / D, (h2 + Hlll + Hll + Hln + Hlh) can be calculated numerically
and hence Hlh.
• The HHLS position is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
Wpl • τ lhh 3
A lhh = • 10 (78)
ρ pl • L
Placing the value of (Alhh + Alh + Arl + All + Alll + AZ) in equation (73) with
z = (h2 + Hlll + Hll + Hln + Hlh + Hlhh) / D, (h2 + Hlll + Hll + Hln + Hlh + Hlhh) can be calculated
numerically and hence Hlhh.
The adaptation of the above-indicated correlations to the situation in which some or all of
the locking levels are missing is immediate.
Alternatively, the above-indicated heights can be found by using the correlations and/or
tables specified in Section 5.
t) Sizing finalization:
From the standard level, normal height, difference values listed in Table 4.2.2.2.b, the one
closest to the above-calculated value for Hrl is chosen. The slenderness ratio λ of the vessel
is then varied in order to obtain, by resuming processing from point g), a calculated value of
Hrl equal to that selected from the table.
The values obtained for D and L are approximated to the next highest 50 mm.
At this point, with the solution that has been found, it is possible to check equation (63), the
limitation imposed on h1 in point h) and the limitation imposed on the distance between the
lower section of the demister and the highest liquid level (300 mm). If these checks are
successful, the sizing can be considered finished.
Instead, if the imposed limitations fail verification, a solution corresponding to the standard
level, normal height difference immediately above that previously found should be looked
for, always by varying the vessel’s slenderness ratio and always resuming processing from
point g).
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 42 (113)
u) Dimension optimization:
With regards to the considerations made in the previous point and the limitations indicated
therein, the vessel’s slenderness ratio λ is altered to obtain a new solution. The objective is
achieved if a vessel with a lower estimated weight is obtained.
If designing the vessel configuration with two lateral inlet nozzles and a central outlet nozzle
for the gas phase, it should also be verified that a solution of lower weight (and therefore a
more economic one) is obtained.
For this last case, if half the vessel is taken into consideration with the input flow halved, the
proposed calculations do not change.
Note:
In the case of a plant charge surge drum (liquid charge without gas phase), sizing should be
based on just the minimum residence time required for the liquid, leaving a height above the high
liquid level that guarantees a further residence time of 10% of the required residence time.

Figure 4.2.3.1.a shows a typical horizontal vessel.
section 4.5.
N1 Fluid inlet
Provide entrance with curve (STD.CR.GEN.7038) or open or slotted
distributor (STD.CR.GEN.7032/7033)
N2 Liquid outlet
the service)
N3 Gas outlet
N4 Ventilation
N5 Steam out
N6 Drain
CN1a,b LT/LG Conn.
M1 Manhole
To facilitate the complete draining of the liquid it contains when emptying, it is advisable to have
the vessel sloping towards the outlet nozzle (normally 1%).
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 43 (113)
Min. Min.
N1 N4 CN1b N3
STD.CR.IN.7051
STD.CR.GEN.7030
150 mm
h1 300 mm
HLL min.
D = M1
NLL
= STD.CR.GEN.7015
LLL
N5 h2
Min.
N6 CN1a N2
SADDLE SADDLE
TL Min. Min. TL
L
Fig. 4.2.3 – Horizontal vessel
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 44 (113)
4.2.3 Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator
4.2.3.1 General
In practice, with this vessel the separation of water (continuous heavy liquid phase) from liquid
hydrocarbons (oil) (continuous light liquid phase), and these from gaseous hydrocarbons and/or
water vapor (continuous light gas phase) is achieved (see Fig. 4.2.4).
The use of this vessel can be considered when the volume (linked to residence time) of the
heavy liquid Vpl is greater than ten percent of the volume (linked to residence time) of the light
liquid Vll (Vpl > 0.1⋅Vll)
· production separators
· bulk separators
· slug catcher
Note:
In the absence of entrainment data, the following assumptions are made:
Oil entrained by water:
When not known, a quantity of oil equal to 0.1% by weight with respect to water is assumed.
(See Table 4.1.2.a for average diameter of drops to take into consideration).
Water entrained by oil:
In the absence of other data, a quantity double that of saturation should be assumed.
At 40°C, the molar fraction of water at saturation for mainly paraffinic hydrocarbons can be
assumed as equal to 0.001% mol. and, in the case of mainly aromatic hydrocarbons, equal
to 0.01% mol.
The minimum diameter of the separator is that which gives:
• the minimum section necessary for separation
• the required minimum section for satisfying the control and/or lockout residency times of both
oil and water

Flow of continuous light liquid phase Wll
Density of continuous light liquid phase ρll
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 45 (113)

Viscosity of continuous light liquid phase μll
Viscosity of continuous heavy liquid phase μpl
Diameter of light liquid drop that falls in the continuous
light gas phase dp
Diameter of drop of heavy liquid that falls in the
continuous light liquid phase dpp
Diameter of light liquid drop that rises in the
continuous heavy liquid phase dpl
Normal interface residence time τlni
Low and/or very low emergency interface residence
time τlli and/or τllli
High and/or very high emergency interface residence
time τlhi and/or τlhhi
Residence time del light liquid between lowest level
light liquid and highest interface level τ0
Design pressure DP
Demister yes/no
b) Calculation of critical velocities (vc, vcpp, vcpl):

Determine critical velocity vc as indicated in section 4.1.1.2.
When the diameter of the drops is known, use equation (16), otherwise equation (19). This
velocity regards the fall of light liquid drops in the continuous light gas phase.
Determine critical velocity vcpp as indicated in section 4.1.2.
Use equation (30) or equation (31) or equation (32). This velocity regards the fall of drops of
heavy liquid in the continuous light liquid phase.
Determine critical velocity vcpl as indicated in section 4.1.2.
Use equation (21) or equation (22) or equation (23). This velocity regards the rise of light
liquid drops in the continuous heavy liquid phase.

$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 46 (113)
d) Calculation of internal diameter of outlet nozzle for light liquid phase (Dull):
e) Calculation of demister side (Ddm):

The minimum section area of the demister shall be:
Wlg
A dm min . = (78)
v tr • ρlg
It should be remembered that the section is square, thus giving:
D dm min = A dm min • 10 3 (79)
To obtain the side being sought Ddm, the minimum side is approximated to the next highest
50 mm (for example, if Ddmmin = 430 mm, then Ddm = 450 mm).
Check that distance between the highest liquid level and the lower section of the demister is
greater than 300 mm.
f) Calculation of height, with respect to lower generatrix, of LILL or LILS or LLILS (h2):
Wpl
( ) 0. 4
ρ pl
h 2 = 1585 .2838 • (80)
ρ
(1 - ll ) 0.2
ρ pl
g) Calculation of volumes of light liquid and heavy liquid present in the vessel for
satisfying control and/or lockout residency times (Vpl, Vll):
Wll
Vll = • (τ ln + τ ll + τ lll + τ lh + τ lhh + τ 0 ) (81)
ρ ll
Wpl
Vpl = • (τ ln i + τ lli + τ llli + τ lhi + τ lhhi ) (82)
ρ pl
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 47 (113)
L1
L0
h1
HHLS
HLS
HLL
NLL
LLL
LLS
LLLS
HHILS h3
HILS
HILL
NILL
LILL
LILS
LLILS
h2
h) Calculation of distance of axis of gas phase outlet nozzle from the nearest TL (L1):
This distance is calculated with the following relation:
L1 = Dou + 6 • scc + 0.3 • scc • ( D + 2 • scc ) (83)
As the internal diameter of the vessel and hence its thickness are not yet known at this
stage, a first tentative value of Dou + 150 mm is assumed for L1, on condition that the
correctness of the assumption is checked with equation (83) when the sizing has been
completed.
From the next point onward, the correlations necessary for carrying out the computational
routines for determining the unknown geometric parameters h1, D, and L are prepared.
i) Calculation of cross-section area reserved for passage of the continuous light gas
phase (AV):
The area of the section considered can be expressed as a function of the ratio h1/D (height
of chord of section considered to internal diameter of vessel).
Setting h1/D = x gives:
D2 -6
AV = • (arccos(1 - 2 • x) - 2 • (1 - 2 • x) • x • (1 - x) ) • 10 (84)
4
In any case, the height h1 must not be less than 300 mm and/or 20% of the vessel's internal
diameter.
l) Calculation of macroscopic velocity of the continuous light gas phase (vlg):

The velocity considered shall be:
Wlg
v lg = (85)
A V • ρlg
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 48 (113)
m) Calculation of useful distance for separation of gas phase from light liquid phase (L0):
This distance can be expressed as a function of the vessel’s total length (L):
L0 = L – L1 – Ddm/2 (86)
n) Calculation of fall time of light liquid drop immersed in the continuous gas phase (θ):
This is the time that the drop employs to reach the continuous light liquid phase (see section
4.1):
h1
θ= • 10 - 3 (87)
vc
o) Calculation of cross-section area below the lowest liquid interface level (AZ):
h2/D = y:
D2 -6
AZ = • (arccos(1 - 2 • y) - 2 • (1 - 2 • y) • y • (1 - y) ) • 10 (88)
4
p) Calculation of volume of liquid at the ends (2) below the lowest liquid interface level
and the volume of liquid at the ends between the highest level and the lowest
interface level (VZ) and (Vfl):
Volume VZ can be calculated using the correlations and/or tables specified in Section 5,
based on the ratio h2/D. With the same correlations and/or tables and based on the ratio (D-
h1)/ D, it is possible to calculate the total volume Vft of the liquid contained at the ends. The
volume of the liquid contained at the ends between the lowest interface level and the
highest level Vfl is given by the difference:
Vfl = Vft - VZ (89)
q) Calculation of cross-section area reserved for passage of continuous heavy liquid

and light liquid phases (AL):
h1/D = x, gives:
D2 -6
AL = • (arccos(2 • x - 1) + 2 • (1 - 2 • x) • x • (1 - x) ) • 10 - A Z (90)
4
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 49 (113)
r) Calculation of unknown parameters (h1, L, D):

Considering the situation of the liquid phase, it can be noted that the length of the vessel
must satisfy relations (81) and (82). Therefore, with the aid of equations (89) and (90) and
the vessel slenderness ratio λ = L/D, the following can be written:
Vll + Vpl 3 h1
D= • 10 = f1(D, ) (91)
V D
A L • λ + fl • 10 3
D
For the situation of the gas phase, it can be observed that the particle’s fall time θ must be
equal to the residence time, and using equations (84), (85) and (86) with the vessel
slenderness ratio, the following can be written:
1 3 D dm h
D= • (v lg • θ • 10 + L1 + ) = f2 (D, 1 , h1 ) (92)
λ 2 D
As can be easily noted, it is sufficient to set the slenderness ratio to be able to resolve the
systematized equations (91) and (92) numerically. However, it must be pointed out that the
search for this solution is not simple. To render it almost immediate, it is sufficient to ignore
the volumetric component of the ends in equation (91).
s) Calculation of thicknesses, surfaces and weight (scc, sfe or sfem, Scc, Sfe and P):
t) Calculation of possible differences in height of HILS (and/or HHILS) with respect to

HILL (and HILS) and of LILL (and/or LILS) with respect to LILS (and LLILS) (Hlli, Hllli,
Hlhi, Hlhhi), and the difference in normal interface level height (Hrli):
To calculate the above-indicated quantities, it is necessary to define the following function:
D2 -6
f ( z) = • (arccos(1 - 2 • z ) - 2 • (1 - 2 • z ) • z•(1 - z ) ) • 10 (93)
4
• The position of LLILS is identified by h2;

• The LILS position is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
Wpl • τ llli 3
A llli = • 10 (94)
ρ pl • L
Placing the value of (Allli + AZ) in equation (93) with z = (h2 + Hllli) / D, (h2 + Hllli) can be
calculated numerically and hence Hllli.
• The LILL position is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
Wpl • τ lli 3
A lli = • 10 (95)
ρ pl • L
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 50 (113)
Placing the value of (Alli + Allli + AZ) in equation (93) with z = (h2 + Hllli + Hlli) / D,
(h2 + Hllli + Hlli) can be calculated numerically and hence Hlli.
• The HILL position is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
Wpl • τ ln i 3
A rli = • 10 (96)
ρ pl • L
Placing the value of (Arli + Alli + Allli + AZ) in equation (93) with
z = (h2 + Hllli + Hlli + Hlni) / D, (h2 + Hllli + Hlli + Hlni) can be calculated numerically and
hence Hlni.
• The HILS position is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
Wpl • τ lhi 3
A lhi = • 10 (97)
ρ pl • L
Placing the value of (Alhi + Arli + Alli + Allli + AZ) in equation (93) with
z = (h2 + Hllli + Hlli + Hlni + Hlhi) / D, (h2 + Hllli + Hlli + Hlni + Hlhi) can be calculated
numerically and hence Hlhi.
• The position of HHILS is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to
the lower generatrix, which ignoring the volumetric component of the ends becomes:
Wpl • τ lhhi 3
A lhhi = • 10 (98)
ρ pl • L
Placing the value of (Alhhi + Alhi + Arli + Alli + Allli + AZ) in equation (93) with
z = (h2 + Hllli + Hlli + Hlni + Hlhi + Hlhhi) / D, (h2 + Hllli + Hlli + Hlni + Hlhi + Hlhhi) can be
calculated numerically and hence Hlhhi.
The adaptation of the above-indicated correlations to the situation in which certain lockout
levels are absent is immediate.
u) Calculation of possible differences in height of HLS (and/or HHLS) with respect to

Hlhh), difference in normal level height of light liquid (Hrl) and the difference in height
between the lowest light liquid level and the highest interface level (hi):
To describe these calculations, it is better to simplify the writing and use the following
abbreviations:
A* = Alhhi + Alhi + Arli + Alli + Allli + AZ and h* = h2 + Hllli + Hlli + Hlni + Hlhi + Hlhhi
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 51 (113)
• The LLLS position is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
Wll • τ 0 3
Aτ 0 = • 10 (99)
ρ ll • L
Placing the value of (Aτ0 + A*) in equation (93) with z = (hi + h*) / D, (hi + h*) can be
calculated numerically and hence hi.
• The LLS position is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
Wpl • τ lll 3
A lll = • 10 (100)
ρ pl • L
Placing the value of (Alll + Aτ0 + A*) in equation (93) with z = (Hlll + hi + h*) / D,
(hi + h + Hlll) can be calculated numerically and hence Hlll.
• The LLL position is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
Wpl • τ ll 3
A ll = • 10 (101)
ρ pl • L
Placing the value of (All + Alll + Aτ0 + A*) in equation (93) with z = (hi + h* + Hlll + Hll) / D,
(hi + h* + Hlll + Hll) can be calculated numerically and hence Hll.
• The HLL position is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
Wpl • τ ln 3
A rl = • 10 (102)
ρ pl • L
Placing the value of (Arl + All + Alll + Aτ0 + A*) in equation (93) with
z = (hi + h* + Hlll + Hll + Hln) / D, (hi + h* + Hlll + Hll + Hln) can be calculated numerically
and hence Hln.
• The HLS position is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
Wpl • τ lh 3
A lh = • 10 (103)
ρ pl • L
Placing the value of (Alh + Arl + All + Alll + Aτ0 + A*) in equation (93) with
z = (hi + h* + Hlll + Hll + Hln + Hlh) / D, (hi + h* + Hlll + Hll + Hln + Hlh) can be calculated
numerically and hence Hlh.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 52 (113)
• The HHLS position is identified by calculating the height of this level with respect to the
Wpl • τ lhh 3
A lhh = • 10 (104)
ρ pl • L
Placing the value of (Alhh + Alh + Arl + All + Alll + Aτ0 + A*) in equation (93) with
z = (hi + h* + Hlll + Hll + Hln + Hlh + Hlhh) / D, (hi + h* + Hlll + Hll + Hln + Hlh + Hlhh) can be
calculated numerically and hence Hlhh.
The adaptation of the above-indicated correlations to the situation in which some or all of
the locking levels are missing is immediate.
v) Sizing finalization:
Having found the value of hi, it is possible to proceed with the following check:
h3 + (hi – h3) ≤ hi
where h3 is the greater of the two following values in mm:

h3 = Dull + 100 (105)
Wll
ρ ll
h 3 = 2186 .4798 • (106)
ρ
(1 - ll ) 0.25 • D ull
0.25
ρ pl
and (hi – h3) has the following value:
Wll
( )0.4
ρll
(hi - h3 ) = 887.7854 • (107)
ρ
(1 - lg )0.2
ρll
If this check fails, the value of the residence time τ0 or the vessel’s slenderness ratio λ is
changed and the calculations repeated, starting from point g).
From the standard level, normal height, difference values listed in Table 4.2.2.2.b, that
closest to the above-calculated values for Hrl and Hrli. The slenderness ratio λ of the vessel
is then varied in order to obtain, by resuming processing from point h), calculated values of
Hrl and Hrli as close as possible to those selected from the table.
The values obtained for D and L are approximated to the next highest 50 mm.
At this point, with the solution that has been found, it is possible to check equation (83), the
limitation imposed on h1 in point h) and the limitation imposed on the distance between the
lower section of the demister and the highest liquid level (300 mm). If these checks are
successful, the sizing can be considered finished.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 53 (113)
Instead, if the imposed limitations fail verification, a solution corresponding to the standard
level, normal height difference immediately above that previously found is looked for, always
by varying the vessel’s slenderness ratio, for one or both of the levels involved and always
resuming processing from point h).
At the end of this phase, it is necessary to carry out entrainment checks. Using the critical
velocities calculated in point b) and the geometric parameters calculated in points t) and u),
it is possible to indicate:
h** = Hlll + Hll + Hln + Hlh + Hlhh (108)
A** = Alhh + Alh + Arl + All + Alll (109)
And then check that:

h**/vcpp ≤ L0⋅ρll⋅A**/Wll (110)
h*/vcpl ≤ L0⋅ρpl⋅A*/Wpl (111)
If these last checks fail, before revising the design work carried out, it is necessary to re-
examine the assumptions made on entrainment and the assumed size of the drops that
form part of the critical velocity calculations. In the case in which these assumptions are
revised, the critical velocities must be re-calculated as indicated in point b) and then the
above-described checks repeated. Otherwise, the design is revised by increasing the length
of the vessel.
z) Dimension optimization:
With regards to the considerations made and the limitations indicated in the previous point,
the vessel’s slenderness ratio λ is altered to obtain a new solution. The objective is
achieved if a vessel with a lower estimated weight is obtained.

La Figure 4.2.4 shows a typical horizontal three-phase separator.
section 4.5.
N1 Fluid inlet
N2 HC liquid outlet (light liquid)
(with suction pipe)
N3 Gas outlet
N4 Ventilation
N5 Steam out
N6 Drain
N7 Water outlet (heavy liquid)
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 54 (113)

the service)
CN1a,b LT/LG Conn.
CN2a,b LT/LG Conn.
M1 Manhole
To facilitate the complete draining of the liquid it contains when emptying, it is advisable to have
the vessel sloping towards the heavy-liquid outlet nozzle (normally 1%).
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 55 (113)
Min. Min.
CN1b
N1 N4 CN1a N3
STD.CR.IN.7051
STD.CR.GEN.7030
150 mm
h1 300 mm
min.
HLL
NLL =
D LLL = M1
HILL STD.CR.GEN.7015
NILL =
LILL =
N5 h2
Min.
N6 CN2a N7 N2
SADDLE CN2b SADDLE

TL Min. Min. TL
L
Fig. 4.2.4 – Horizontal water/hydrocarbon separator
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 56 (113)
4.2.4 Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator with pot
4.2.4.1 General
water vapor (continuous light gas phase) is achieved (see Fig. 4.2.5).
heavy liquid Vpl is less than or equal to ten percent of the volume (linked to residence time) of the
light liquid Vll. (Vpl ≤ 0.1⋅Vll)
Note:
to 0.01% mol.
Noting that in this type of separator, the zone of separation of the continuous light liquid phase
from the continuous heavy liquid phase is clearly separate from the zone of separation of the two
liquid phases from the continuous light gas phase, vessel sizing can conceptually be reduced to
the sizing of the horizontal cylindrical shell and the separate sizing of the pot.
For the sizing of the horizontal cylindrical shell, the calculation procedure seen for the horizontal
two-phase liquid - gas and/or steam separator (section 4.2.2.2) can be used, after having
substituted all occurrences of the “pl” subscript in the physical quantities with the “ll” subscript.
From the conceptual viewpoint, the separation of the two liquid phases is ascribable to the sizing
of the pot and its positioning with respect to the horizontal cylindrical shell.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 57 (113)
SADDLE
Hp
Dp Lp
L

As in point a) of section 4.2.3.2.
b) Calculation of critical velocities (vc, vcpp, vcpl):

As in point b) of section 4.2.3.2.

As in point c) of section 4.2.2.2.
d) Calculation of demister side (Ddm):

As in point d) of section 4.2.2.2.
e) Calculation of height, with respect to lower generatrix, of LLL or LLS or LLLS (h2):
As in point e) of section 4.2.2.2, with the instructions regarding the subscripts of the above-
shown physical quantities involved.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 58 (113)
f) Calculation of volume of liquid present in the vessel for satisfying control and/or
As in point f) of section 4.2.2.2, with the instructions regarding the subscripts of the above-
g) Calculation of distance of axis of gas phase outlet nozzle from the nearest TL (L1):
As in point g) of section 4.2.2.2.
h) Calculation of cross-section area reserved for passage of the continuous light gas
phase (AV):
As in point h) of section 4.2.2.2.
i) Calculation of macroscopic velocity of the continuous light gas phase (vlg):

As in point i) of section 4.2.2.2.
l) Calculation of useful distance for separation of liquid from the continuous gas phase
(L0):
As in point l) of section 4.2.2.2.
m) Calculation of fall time of light liquid drop (θ):

As in point m) of section 4.2.2.2.
n) Calculation of cross-section area below the lowest light liquid level (AZ):
As in point n) of section 4.2.2.2.
o) Calculation of volume of light liquid at the ends (2) below the lowest liquid level and
the volume of light liquid at the ends between the highest and the lowest levels (VZ)
and (Vfl):
As in point o) of section 4.2.2.2.
p) Calculation of cross-section area reserved for passage of the continuous light liquid
phase (AL):
As in point p) of section 4.2.2.2.
q) Calculation of unknown parameters (h1, L, D):

As in point q) of section 4.2.2.2.
r) Calculation of thicknesses, surfaces and weight (scc, sfe or sfem, Scc, Sfe and P):
As in point r) of section 4.2.2.2.
s) Calculation of possible differences in height of HLS (and/or HHLS) with respect to

Hlhh), and the difference in normal level height (Hrl):
As in point s) of section 4.2.2.2, with the instructions regarding the subscripts of the above-
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 59 (113)
t) Sizing finalization:
As in point t) of section 4.2.2.2.
At the end of this phase, it is necessary to carry out a check on the entrainment of drops of
heavy liquid by the continuous light liquid phase. But to do so, it is necessary to size the pot
and position it.
Sizing of the pot is carried out by imposing a macroscopic velocity for the continuous heavy
liquid phase inside it that is lower or equal to the critical velocity of the light liquid drops, vcpl,
calculated in point b) (the maximum value to take into consideration for this parameter is 4
mm/s), and that its height guarantees the control and/or lockout residency of the heavy
liquid, respecting the standard level, normal height differences. The minimum pot cross-
section area and the corresponding diameter are calculated as follows:
Wpl
A p min = (112)
v cpl • ρ pl
4 • A p min 3
Dp min = • 10 (113)
π
The effective diameter of the pot is calculated on the basis of the diameter of the cylindrical
shell as indicated in the following table:
Diameters to select for pot
Cylindrical shell diameter D≤1000 1000<D≤1500 1500<D≤2750 D>2750

D (mm)
Pot diameter Dp (mm) 406 508 914 1/3D
At this point, the thicknesses of the shell and the end of the pot, sccp and sfep or sfemp, can be
calculated with the equations of section 4.1.4.
The difference in height between HILL and LILL is calculated on the basis of the normal
interface residence time:
Wpl • τln i 3
Hrli = • 10 (114)
ρpl • A p
In Table 4.2.2.2.b, locate the standard Hrli row immediately greater than the calculated Hrli.
The difference in height between NILL and the lower TL of the pot is indicated by H1i. If Hrli
is known, H1i can be determined using the values in Table 4.2.2.2.b, in function of the
chosen standard level range.
The values in the table are calculated on the assumption of side-by-side mounting and
overall dimensions of level regulators and/or transmitters and level indicators on the
standpipe as indicated in standard STD.SM.GEN.0001.
To check the validity of the choice made, the process designer must control the correctness
of installation and the relevant overall dimensions.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 60 (113)
HILL
NILL
LILL
h0i
Essentially, it is necessary to check that the distance h0i obtained using distance H1i and the
overall dimensions of the instrumentation, allows the mounting of the standpipe nozzle and
associated reinforcement plate.
A reliable value for h0i can be calculated by adding 60 mm to the external diameter of the
level tap nozzle (in mm), plus an amount, f0i (in mm), given by the following relation:
f 0i = 6 • s ccp + 0.3 • s ccp • (D p + 2 • s ccp ) (115)
The corresponding heights Hlli (and/or Hllli) and Hlhi (and/or Hlhhi) are calculated with
equations similar to (114), based on the required residence times τlli (and/or τllli) and τlhi
(and/or τlhhi).
If Hlli + Hllli > H01i, + ((Hrli)standard-(Hrli)calculated) / 2, the height H1i will be increased by amount
g0i, given by the following relation:
((Hrli ) s tan dard - (Hrli ) calculated )

g 0i = Hlli + Hllli - H 01i - (116)
2
The total height of the pot, or rather the distance between the lower TL of the pot and the
lower generatrix of the cylindrical shell, will be equal to the sum of the following
components:
Hrli
Hp = H1i + + Hlhi + Hlhhi (117)
2
with approximation to the next highest 50 mm.
The position of the pot can be identified if distance Lp is known, which, assuming a saddle
encumbrance of 500 mm, becomes:
L p = 500 + 2 • D ull + 6 • s ccp + 0.3 • s ccp • (D p + 2 • s ccp ) (118)
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 61 (113)
At this point, the check on the entrainment of drops of heavy liquid by the continuous light
liquid phase can be carried out:
(D-h1)/vcpp ≤ (L-Dp-Lp) ⋅ ρll⋅AL/Wll (119)
If this last check fails, before revising the design work carried out, it is necessary to re-
examine the assumptions made on entrainment and the assumed size of the drops that
form part of the critical velocity calculation. In the case in which these assumptions are
revised, the critical velocity must be re-calculated as indicated in point b) and then the
above-described check repeated. Otherwise, the design is revised by increasing the length
of the vessel.
u) Dimension optimization:
As in point u) of section 4.2.2.2.

Figure 4.2.5 shows a typical horizontal three-phase separator with pot.
section 4.5.
N1 Fluid inlet
the service)
N3 Gas outlet
N4 Ventilation
N5 Steam out
N6 Drain
the service)
CN1a,b LT/LG Conn.
CN2a,b LT/LG Conn.
M1 Manhole
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 62 (113)
Min. Min.
CN1b CN2b
N1 N4 CN1a CN2a N3
STD.CR.GEN.7030 STD.CR.IN.7051
150 mm
h1 300 mm
HLL min.
D = M1
NLL
= STD.CR.GEN.7015
LLL
N5 h2
Min.
HILL
NILL =
LILL =
N6 N2
SADDLE SADDLE
TL Min. Min. TL
Min.
STD.CR.GEN.7015
N7
L
Fig. 4.2.5 – Water/hydrocarbon separator with pot
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 63 (113)
4.2.5 Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator with dam
4.2.5.1 General
water vapor (continuous light gas phase) is achieved (see Fig. 4.2.6). As can be seen in the
figure, some ratios for important geometric dimensions are given for sizing purposes.
liquid Vll (Vpl > 0.1⋅Vll). Typical applications are: vacuum unit accumulator, sour water stripper
surge drum and rich amine flash drum.
Note:
to 0.01% mol.
In this type of vessel, three zones for the liquid phase are created for separate purposes with the
aid of internal dams. In the first, central zone, in which the feed nozzle is positioned, there is
coexistence of the two liquid phases, light and heavy, and therefore its sizing will be
characterized by the need to guarantee separation. The second zone is destined for just the light
liquid phase and the third one for just the heavy liquid phase. The sizing of these last two zones
is characterized by the residence times of the respective phases.

$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 64 (113)

Diameter of light liquid drop that falls in the continuous light
gas phase dp
Diameter of drop of heavy liquid that falls in the continuous
light liquid phase dpp
Diameter of light liquid drop that rises in the continuous
heavy liquid phase dpl
Normal residence time of light liquid phase τln
Low and/or very low emergency residence time of light liquid
phase τll and/or τlll
High and/or very high emergency residence time of the light
liquid level τlh and/or τlhh
Normal residence time of heavy liquid phase (1) τlni
Low and/or very low emergency interface residence time of
heavy liquid phase τlli and/or τllli
High and/or very high emergency interface residence time of
heavy liquid phase τlhi and/or τlhhi
Design pressure DP
(1) This time must be 300 s in the case of a rich-amine flash drum for rich amine, 600 s in the
case of a sour-water stripper surge drum for water and 120 s in the case of a vacuum unit
accumulator for condensate.
b) Calculation of critical velocities (vc, vcpl):

c) Calculation of cross-section areas for passage of the gas phase and of the
continuous heavy liquid phase (AV), (AL):
With the aid of the tables or correlations specified in Section 5 and based on the ratios
hn/D = 0.05 and hs/D = 0.15, relations of the following type can be found:
AV = 14.681⋅D2⋅10-9 (120)
AL = 73.875⋅D2⋅10-9 (121)
It must be noted that hs must never be less than 300 mm.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 65 (113)
INTERFACE
INLET
hn
D/4
D/3
hOW LIGHT LIQUID PHASE
NLL
NLL
hI HEAVY LIQUID PHASE hs
Ls
0.1⋅L 0.15⋅L 0.45⋅L 0.25⋅L

0.05⋅L
L
d) Calculation of macroscopic velocities of continuous gas phase and continuous heavy

liquid phase (vlg), (vpl):
If the areas are known, the velocities are given by the following relations:
vlg = Wlg / (ρlg⋅AV) (122)
vpl = Wpl / (ρpl⋅AL) (123)
e) Calculation of vessel length (L):

To guarantee the separation of the liquid phases, it is necessary to ensure that the lengths
Ls and hs are such as to prevent drops of light liquid passing through AL. If the critical
velocity vcpl is known, then:
L ≥ (1/3)⋅(vpl / vcpl)⋅D (124)
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 66 (113)
f) Calculation of height, with respect to lower generatrix, of LLL or LLS or LLLS of the
heavy liquid phase (h2):
Wpl
)0,4 (
ρpl
h2 = 887,7854 • (125)
ρlg 0,2
(1_ )
ρpl
g) Calculation of volume of heavy liquid present in the vessel for satisfying control
and/or lockout residency times (Vpl):
Wpl
ρ pl
h) Calculation of cross-section area below the lowest liquid level of the heavy liquid
phase (AZ):
h2/D = y:
D2 -6
AZ = • (arccos(1 - 2 • y) - 2 • (1 - 2 • y) • y • (1 - y) ) • 10 (127)
4
i) Calculation of volume of liquid at end below the lowest liquid level of the heavy liquid
phase (VZ):
Volume VZ can be calculated using the correlations and/or tables specified in Section 5,
based on the ratio h2/D.
l) Calculation of vessel diameter (D):

The volume that defines the highest liquid level relative to the continuous heavy liquid
phase, indicated as V*, is given by:
V* = VZ + Vpl (128)
Now, remembering that, with the aid of the correlations specified in Section 5, volume V*
can be expressed as the sum of two components (one due to the end and one due to the
cylindrical shell of length 0.25⋅λ⋅D), as a function of h*/D and λ⋅D, where h* is the height of
the highest liquid level with respect to the lower generatrix of the cylindrical shell:
V* = ff(h*/D) + fmc(h*/D, λ⋅D) (129)
Substituting this in (128) yields a function dependent on h*/D and λ⋅D that, coupled with
(124), provides a system that can be resolved numerically by setting a slenderness value
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 67 (113)
(starting perhaps with λ = 3), with the limitation of h* being less than 2⋅D/3 by as much as is
desired. Having found the value of D, it should be immediately checked that hs is greater
than 300 mm; if it is not, hs is set to 300 mm and the calculation performed again.
With the already known methodologies and always with the aid of the correlations specified
in Section 5, it is possible to calculate the difference in normal level height in the solution
that has been found. If this is different from one of those specified in Table 4.2.2.2.b, the
slenderness ratio λ should be varied to find the solution that satisfies this last condition.
After sizing is completed, the distances between the levels and between the individual
levels and the lower generatrix of the shell in the zone regarding the light liquid level should
be checked, with the restriction that the distance of the highest liquid level from the
cylindrical shell’s lower generatrix must be less than 3⋅D/4. If after completing this last
check, it is found that the difference in normal level height is not equal to one of the
standard ones (Table 4.2.2.2.b), design work can be stopped, accepting a standard level
with a difference in normal height higher than that calculated, or the vessel slenderness
ratio changed to find a new solution that shall turn out to be the optimal one.
m) Calculation of position of interface with respect to lower generatrix of cylindrical

shell (hI):
The position of the interface, as can be seen, depends on the densities of the two liquids
(static equilibrium between immiscible phases) and the motion head loss of the continuous
heavy liquid phase that establishes itself between the central zone of the vessel and that
destined for just the heavy liquid phase. To evaluate head loss, an empirical correlation is
used that needs the length of the chord of the separator between the central zone and that
destined for the continuous heavy liquid phase. For the assigned geometry, this length is
given by LW = (2/3)⋅(√2)⋅D:
Therefore:
D W pl
( - 11.044 • 106 • )
12 ρ pl • LW
hOW = (130)
ρ
(1 - ll )
ρ pl
Consequently:
hI = 3⋅D/4 – hOW (131)
n) Final checks:
If necessary, when the design is completed, it should be checked that the positioning of
none of the nozzles interferes with support elements, such as saddles.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 68 (113)

Figure 4.2.6 shows a typical horizontal three-phase separator with dam.
section 4.5.
N1 Fluid inlet
the service)
N3 Gas outlet
N4 Ventilation
N5 Steam out
N6 Drain
the service)
CN1a,b LT/LG Conn.
CN2a,b LT/LG Conn.
M1 Manhole
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 69 (113)
Min.
N4 CN2b N1 N3 CN1b
0.05⋅D
D/4
D/3
HLL
HLL
= D M1
NLL =
NLL
= =
LLL
LLL
0.15⋅D
N5 150
300 mm min.
Min.
STD.CR.GEN.7015 STD.CR.GEN.7015
N2 CN2a N6 CN1a N7
SADDLE SADDLE
TL Min. Min. TL
0.1⋅L 0.15⋅L 0.3÷0.25⋅L

0.05⋅L
L
Fig. 4.2.6 – Water/hydrocarbon separator with separation dams
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 70 (113)
4.2.6 Horizontal three-phase liquid - liquid - gas and/or steam separator with skimmer
4.2.6.1 General
water vapor (continuous light gas phase) is achieved (see Fig. 4.2.7). As can be seen in the
figure, some ratios for important geometric dimensions are given for sizing purposes.
liquid Vll (Vpl > 0.1⋅Vll). Typical applications are: vacuum unit accumulator, sour water stripper
surge drum and rich amine flash drum.
Note:
to 0.01% mol.
In this type of vessel, three zones for the liquid phase are created for separate purposes with the
aid of the skimmer. In the first zone, at the top of which the feed nozzle is positioned, there is
coexistence of the two liquid phases, light and heavy, and therefore its sizing will be
characterized by the need to guarantee separation. The second zone, the skimmer, is destined
for just the light liquid phase and the third one for just the heavy liquid phase. The sizing of these
last two zones is characterized by the residence times of the respective phases.

$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 71 (113)

Diameter of light liquid drop that falls in the continuous
light gas phase dp
Diameter of drop of heavy liquid that falls in the
continuous light liquid phase dpp
Diameter of light liquid drop that rises in the
continuous heavy liquid phase dpl
Normal residence time of light liquid phase τln
Low and/or very low emergency residence time of
light liquid phase τll and/or τlll
High and/or very high emergency residence time of
light liquid level τlh and/or τlhh
Normal residence time of heavy liquid phase (1) τlni
Low and/or very low emergency interface residence
time of heavy liquid phase τlli and/or τllli
High and/or very high emergency interface residence
time of heavy liquid phase τlhi and/or τlhhi
Design pressure DP
(1) This time must be 300 s in the case of a rich-amine flash drum for rich amine, 600 s in the
case of a sour-water stripper surge drum for water and 120 s in the case of a vacuum unit
accumulator for condensate.
b) Calculation of critical velocities (vc, vcpl):

c) Calculation of cross-section areas for passage of the gas phase and of the
continuous heavy liquid phase (AV), (AL):
With the aid of the correlations specified in Section 5 and based on the ratios hn/D and hs/D,
relations of the following type can be found:
AV = fV⋅D2⋅10-9 (132)
AL = fL⋅D2⋅10-9 (133)
It must be noted that hs must never be less than 300 mm.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 72 (113)
INTERFACE
INLET
hn
200 mm
LIGHT LIQUID PHASE hOW
NLL
hOB hWB
HEAVY LIQUID PHASE NLL
hs
LS
LV 0.25⋅L
0.05⋅L
L
d) Calculation of macroscopic velocities of the continuous gas phase and the

continuous heavy liquid phase (vlg), (vpl):
If the areas are known, the velocities are given by the following relations:
vlg = Wlg / (ρlg⋅AV) (134)
vpl = Wpl / (ρpl⋅AL) (135)
e) Calculation of vessel length (L):

To guarantee the separation of the light liquid, it is necessary to ensure that the lengths LV
and hn are such as to prevent drops of light liquid passing through AV. If the critical velocity
vc is known, then:
L ≥ (10/7)⋅(vlg / vc)⋅D (136)
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 73 (113)
f) Calculation of height, with respect to lower generatrix, of LLL or LLS or LLLS of the
heavy liquid phase (h2):
Wpl
)0,4 (
ρpl
h2 = 887,7854 • (137)
ρlg 0,2
(1_ )
ρpl
g) Calculation of volume of liquid present in the vessel for satisfying control and/or
Wpl
ρ pl
h) Calculation of cross-section area below the lowest liquid level of the heavy liquid
phase (AZ):
h2/D = y:
D2 -6
AZ = • (arccos(1 - 2 • y) - 2 • (1 - 2 • y) • y • (1 - y) ) • 10 (139)
4
i) Calculation of volume of liquid at end below the lowest liquid level of the heavy liquid
phase (VZ):
Il volume VZ can be calculated using the correlations and/or tables specified in Section 5,
based on the ratio h2/D.
l) Calculation of dam height on continuous heavy liquid phase side (hWB):

This dimension, as can be seen, depends on the densities of the two liquids (static
equilibrium between immiscible phases) and the motion head loss of the continuous heavy
liquid phase that establishes itself between the central zone of the vessel and that destined
for just the heavy liquid phase. To evaluate head loss, an empirical correlation is used that
needs the length of the chord of the separator between the central zone and that destined
for the continuous heavy liquid phase. For the assigned geometry, this length is given by:
D 2 D2
L W = 2 • (h WB - ) + (140)
2 4
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 74 (113)
and
ρ ll Wpl
h WB = h OB - h OW • (1 - ) - 11.044 • 10 6 • (141)
ρ pl ρ pl • L W
with hOW = 250 mm and hOB = D-hn-200 = D⋅(1-hn/D-200/D).

Inserting (140) in (141) gives hWB as a function of D and hn/D.
m) Calculation of vessel diameter (D):

The volume that defines the highest liquid level relative to the continuous heavy liquid
phase, indicated as V*, is given by:
V* = VZ + Vpl (142)
Now, remembering that, with the aid of the correlations specified in Section 5, volume V*
can be expressed as the sum of two components (one due to the end and one due to the
cylindrical shell of length 0.25⋅λ⋅D), as a function of h*/D and λ⋅D, where h* is the height of
the highest liquid level with respect to the lower generatrix of the cylindrical shell:
V* = ff(h*/D) + fmc(h*/D, λ⋅D) (143)
Substituting this in (142) yields a function dependent on h*/D and λ⋅D that, coupled with
(136), provides a system that can be resolved numerically by setting a slenderness value
(starting perhaps with λ = 3), with the limitation of h* being less than the value of hWB
calculated in point l) by as much as is desired.
With the already known methodologies and always with the aid of the correlation specified
in Section 5, it is possible to calculate the difference in normal level height in the solution
that has been found. If this is different from one of those specified in Table 4.2.2.2.b, the
slenderness ratio λ should be varied to find the solution that satisfies this last condition.
n) Calculation of skimmer width (LS):

By giving hs a value of 300 mm, it is possible to determine the minimum value for length (Lv-
Ls) that guarantees the desired entrainment of the drops of light liquid by the continuous
heavy liquid phase:
(LV-LS)min = 300⋅(vpl / vcpl) (144)
With the above relation, it is possible to calculate the maximum value of LS. This value must
be borne in mind when sizing the skimmer.
The volume of light liquid in the skimmer for satisfying the control and/or lockout residency
times (Vll) can now be determined:
Wll
Vll = • (τ ln + τ ll + τ lll + τ lh + τ lhh ) (145)
ρ ll
With this value, the values of the partial volumes regarding the individual residence times
and with the aid of the correlations and/or tables specified in Section 5, it is possible to find
the distances of the levels from the bottom of the skimmer for a given value of LS less than
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 75 (113)
the maximum LS, and so estimate whether the greater of these heights is lower than (hOB-hs)
by as much as desired and if the difference in normal level height is exactly equal to one of
the standard ones listed in Table 4.2.2.2.b.
o) Final checks:
If necessary, when the design is completed, it should be checked that the positioning of
none of the nozzles interferes with support elements, such as saddles.

Figure 4.2.7 shows a typical horizontal three-phase separator with skimmer.
section 4.5.
N1 Fluid inlet
the service)
N3 Gas outlet
N4 Ventilation
N5 Steam out
N6 Drain
the service)
CN1a,b LT/LG Conn.
CN2a,b LT/LG Conn.
M1 Manhole
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 76 (113)
Min. Min.
CN2b CN1b
N1 N4 CN2a CN1a N3
STD.CR.IN.7051
STD.CR.GEN.7030
150 mm
200 mm
hOW HLL HLL

NLL = =
D NLL M1
hOB LLL =
hWB
=
LLL
N5 hs
STD.CR.GEN.7015
Min.
STD.CR.GEN.7015
N6 N7 N2
SADDLE Ls SADDLE
TL Min. Min. TL
L
Fig. 4.2.7 – Water/hydrocarbon separator with skimmer
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 77 (113)
4.3 Steam generation vessel (Steam Drum)
4.3.1 General
By "Steam Drum", the steam/water separator installed in steam generation systems for heat
recovery from process currents or convection zones of process ovens is intended.
The criteria provided below are not applicable to the cylindrical bodies of Steam Reformer and
Synthesis Gas loop boilers in ammonia plants.
4.3.2 Calculation procedures
The procedures in sections 4.2.2 or 4.2.3 should be followed for vertical or horizontal vessels
respectively.
In addition, the following guidelines are applicable:
Residence time
A normal residence time of 300 s (5 min.) is considered for a boiler feed water flow equal to the
generated steam.
Steam space
Steam space is the space reserved for steam (volume) above highest liquid level. The index
that characterizes this parameter is the ratio between steam generation (converted to mass)
and the volume of the vessel occupied by the steam. After having performed the sizing, it must
be checked that the calculated index is less than that indicated in Table 4.3.2, based on the
OPP.
Inlet nozzle diameter
For this vessel, feeding takes place in the liquid phase. The velocity to use for sizing the nozzle
must not exceed that indicated in Table 4.3.2, based on the OPP.
Table 4.3.2 – Steam space and maximum velocity of BFW in inlet nozzle
OPP MPa 0.79 1.14 1.48 1.83 2.17 2.52 2.86 4.24
Steam space (kg/s)/m3 1.29 1.51 1.74 1.91 2.05 2.18 2.31 2.67
Velocity m/s 9.1 7.3 6.7 5.5 4.9 4.6 4.3 4.1
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 78 (113)
4.4 Vessels for chemicals
Figure 4.4 shows two types of vessel normally used for chemicals (additives).
The first type (with elliptical end) is normally used with mainly hydrocarbon chemicals or when
blanketing is required, while the second is used with water or aqueous solutions.
Fig. 4.4 – Vessels for chemicals
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 79 (113)
4.5 Process nozzles and other connections
4.5.1 Process nozzles
As a rule, process nozzles have the same diameter as the piping to which they are connected.
For vessels in which it process nozzles are planned with diameters greater than the piping, it is
assumed that the piping will have the diameter of the nozzle for a section equal to five diameters
in length.
Basically, the feed nozzle, the outlet nozzle(s) of the gas and/or steam phase and the outlet
nozzles of the liquid phase(s) can be grouped under this definition. Only the feed nozzle is
affected by mixed phase motion, while motion in the others is related to the single phases.
4.5.1.1 Feed nozzle

The following procedure should be followed for sizing the inlet nozzle:
Determination of the thermodynamic speed of sound relative to the gas phase (vs) in the case of
considering the real gas and/or steam with Z constant:
R
vs = k • Z • • ( 273 .15 + OT ) (146)
M
with k = Cp / Cv, exponent of adiabatic transformation for gas phase.
Determination of weight fraction of gas phase (xg):

Wlg
xg = (147)
Wlg + Wll + Wpl
Determination of density of total liquid phase (ρlm):

Wll + Wpl
ρ lm = (148)
Wll Wpl
+
ρ ll ρ pl
Determination of density of mixed phase (ρm):

Wlg + Wll + Wpl
ρm = (149)
Wlg Wll Wpl
+ +
ρ lg ρ ll ρ pl
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 80 (113)
Determination of critical velocity for mixed phase (vcm)

ρ lg
x g + (1 - x g ) •
v cm = ( ρ lm
ρ lg 2
)v
• s (150)
x g + F 2 • (1 - x g ) • ( )
ρ lm
F indicates the ratio between the thermodynamic speed of sound of the gas phase and the
thermodynamic speed of sound of the total liquid phase. In general, this ratio is approximately
1/3.
Determination of velocity of mixture (vm):
If the area of the nozzle’s internal cross-section is indicated by AB, the following is obtained:
Wlg + Wll + Wpl
vm = (151)
A B • ρm
The nominal diameter of the inlet nozzle to select is that for which the following restrictions have
been verified:
vm ≤ 0.8⋅vcm
ρ⋅(vm)2 ≤ 1000 Pa For open inlet without any type of deflector.
ρ⋅(vm)2 ≤ 1500 Pa For inlet with deflector made via half-open pipe.
ρ⋅(vm)2 ≤ 2000 Pa For inlet with 90° flow deflector plate.
ρ⋅(vm)2 ≤ 2500 Pa For inlet with 90° flow deflector with curve and plate.
ρ⋅(vm)2 ≤ 3750 Pa For tangential inlet.
ρ⋅(vm)3 ≤ 100,000 Pa⋅m/s
The type of connection or distributor in input depends on the service for which it is set up, the
type of motion of the mixed phase and the positioning of vessel.
As a rule, inlet connections with a large-radius curve and anti-erosion plate are used for
horizontal vessels that process liquid and gas.
For liquid-only horizontal vessels, connections with an internal stub pipe are used.
In the presence of two liquid phases, the pipe is provided with slits arranged at 180° on the
generatrix, with sizes dependent on the diameter of the connection.
For vertical vessels, septum connections are used with the roof located 150 mm from the center
of the connection.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 81 (113)
4.5.1.2 Outlet nozzle for gas phase

The following procedure should be followed for sizing this nozzle:
Determination of the thermodynamic speed of sound relative to the gas phase (vs), as seen for
the inlet nozzle.
Determination of velocity of gas phase (vBg):
Wlg
v Bg = (152)
A B • ρ lg
The nominal diameter of the gas phase outlet nozzle to select is that for which the following
restrictions have been verified:
vBg ≤ 0.6⋅vs
ρ⋅(vBg)2 ≤ 6000 Pa
ρ⋅(vBg)3 ≤ 100,000 Pa⋅m/s
4.5.1.3 Outlet nozzles for light liquid and heavy liquid phases
The following procedure should be followed for sizing these nozzles:
Determination of velocity of the liquid phases (vBll) and (vBpl):
Wll
v Bll = (153)
A B • ρ ll
Wpl
v Bpl = (154)
A B • ρ pl
The nominal diameters of the liquid phases’ outlet nozzles to select are those for which the
following restrictions have been verified:
vBll ≤ 1 m/s
vBpl ≤ 1 m/s
ρll⋅(vBll)2 ≤ 6000 Pa
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 82 (113)
ρpl⋅(vBpl)2 ≤ 6000 Pa
ρll⋅(vBll)3 ≤ 100,000 Pa⋅m/s
ρpl⋅(vBpl)3 ≤ 100,000 Pa⋅m/s
4.5.2 Other connections
4.5.2.1 Manhole
Generally, every vessel must be fitted with a manhole. The position must be such to facilitate
access to the inside and avoid spillage of liquid due to flange leaks. As a rule, the manhole has a
diameter based on the diameter of the vessel.
Table 4.5.2.1.a – Manhole sizes
Diameter of vessel 900 ≤ D <1500 1500 ≤ D <2500 D ≥ 2500
Nominal diameter for manhole, in 18 20 24
When vessels have a diameter of less than 900 mm, they are designed for a vertical position and
flanged at the top.
A manhole (nominal diameter, NPS equal to 6) should be provided for access to the parts inside.
4.5.2.2 Ventilation, drain and steam-out nozzles

Vessels are normally equipped with ventilation (which can be positioned on the gas line) and
drain nozzles.
In addition, vessels that handle hydrocarbons should be equipped with a steam-out nozzle with
water vapor, unless cleaning is carried out by evacuation and purging with nitrogen (vessels in
catalytic circuits).
Their sizes should be in accordance with that indicated in Table 4.5.2.2.a.
In horizontal vessels, a flanged ventilation nozzle should be provided on the upper part and on
the opposite side from the manhole.
The size should be in accordance with that indicated in Table 4.5.2.2.b.
In vertical vessels, if not flanged at the top, a flanged ventilation nozzle of nominal diameter,
NPS equal to 6 (if D ≤ 2000 mm) or 8 (if D > 2000 mm), should be provided.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 83 (113)
Table 4.5.2.2.a – Size of steam-out, ventilation and drain nozzles

Vessel volume, m3 Blanketing, NPS Ventilation, NPS Drain, NPS
<2 1 1 1
2÷10 1 1 1½
10÷20 1½ 1 2
20÷50 1½ 1½ 3
>50 2 2 3
Table 4.5.2.2.b – Size of flanged ventilation nozzle for horizontal vessels
Length, m <4 4÷7.5 > 7.5

Diameter, NPS 4 6 8
4.5.2.3 Demister
The demister is usually a pack of stainless steel (or a more precious material if required) meshes
150 mm thick.
The various type of mesh are:
Type A general type, specified in the absence of special requests.
surface area: 267 m2/m3 free volume: 98%
Indicate: VICO-Tex 280
Type B specified in services that foul (possibility of coking or entrainment of solids)
surface area: 152 m2/m3 free volume: 99%
Indicate: VICO-Tex 160 rp
Type C specified in services in which high separation efficiency is requested
surface area: 360 m2/m3 free volume: 97.5%
Indicate: VICO-Tex 380
4.5.2.4 Separator instrumentation
Vessels can be equipped with the following instruments:

- Pressure indicator (often on the outlet line)
- Glass level indicator
- Level controller
- High and low level alarms
- Optional high and low level switches
- Safety valve (often on the outlet line)
Normally, it is better to install a standpipe to which the level indicator and controller are
connected.
Separate connections must be provided for high/low level switches, if present.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 84 (113)
Special regulations can require further instrumentation in addition to that required by the
process.
It should always be checked that the dimensions of the vessel and the elevations of level
heights or level switches are compatible with the installation requirements of the
connected instruments.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 85 (113)
5. CALCULATION OF GEOMETRIC ELEMENTS
This information is useful for both vessel sizing and determining the surface exposed to fire (this
is an external lateral surface and therefore to calculate it is necessary to consider the thickness
of vessel), as well as for determining the volumes of liquid present in the plant (risk analysis).
5.1 Vertical cylindrical shell: lateral surface and volume (partial)
A p = π ⋅ D ⋅ h ⋅ 10 −6 (155)
D2 -9
Vp = π • • h • 10 (156)
4
5.2 Horizontal cylindrical shell: lateral surface and volume (partial)
h
A p = L • D • arccos(1 - 2 • )•10 - 6 (157)
D
2
D h h h h
Vp = L • • [arccos(1 - 2 • ) - 2 • (1 - 2 • ) • • (1 - ) ] • 10 -9 (158)
4 D D D D
These functions are tabulated overleaf ( Vp = fV(h/D)⋅L⋅D2⋅10-9 and Ap = fA(h/D)⋅L⋅D⋅10-6 ).
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 86 (113)
h/D fV(h/D) fA(h/D) h/D fV(h/D) fA(h/D)
0.000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.150 0.073874710 0.795398830

0.005 0.000470697 0.141539473 0.155 0.077469703 0.809307274
0.010 0.001329326 0.200334842 0.160 0.081112364 0.823033692
0.015 0.002438437 0.245565518 0.165 0.084801401 0.836587539
0.020 0.003748527 0.283794109 0.170 0.088535568 0.849977566
0.025 0.005230756 0.317560429 0.175 0.092313664 0.863211890
0.030 0.006865511 0.348166021 0.180 0.096134530 0.876298061
0.035 0.008638282 0.376383482 0.185 0.099997045 0.889243115
0.040 0.010537738 0.402715842 0.190 0.103900125 0.902053624
0.045 0.012554690 0.427512265 0.195 0.107842718 0.914735736
0.050 0.014681477 0.451026812 0.200 0.111823805 0.927295218
0.055 0.016911573 0.473451157 0.205 0.115842393 0.939737486
0.060 0.019239321 0.494934126 0.210 0.119897520 0.952067636
0.065 0.021659752 0.515594006 0.215 0.123988249 0.964290472
0.070 0.024168447 0.535526654 0.220 0.128113667 0.976410527
0.075 0.026761437 0.554811033 0.225 0.132272882 0.988432089
0.080 0.029435132 0.573513104 0.230 0.136465027 1.000359217
0.085 0.032186257 0.591688642 0.235 0.140689253 1.012195761
0.090 0.035011805 0.609385308 0.240 0.144944730 1.023945376
0.095 0.037909003 0.626644212 0.245 0.149230648 1.035611537
0.100 0.040875277 0.643501109 0.250 0.153546212 1.047197551
0.105 0.043908231 0.659987329 0.255 0.157890645 1.058706574
0.110 0.047005622 0.676130510 0.260 0.162263185 1.070141614
0.115 0.050165346 0.691955175 0.265 0.166663083 1.081505549
0.120 0.053385419 0.707483212 0.270 0.171089607 1.092801128
0.125 0.056663969 0.722734248 0.275 0.175542035 1.104030988
0.130 0.059999221 0.737725968 0.280 0.180019658 1.115197653
0.135 0.063389490 0.752474376 0.285 0.184521782 1.126303550
0.140 0.066833171 0.766994008 0.290 0.189047721 1.137351007
0.145 0.070328732 0.781298117 0.295 0.193596800 1.148342265
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 87 (113)
0.300 0.198168356 1.159279481 0.450 0.342782540 1.470628906

0.305 0.202761735 1.170164734 0.455 0.347759906 1.480674382
0.310 0.207376291 1.181000030 0.460 0.352741789 1.490710747
0.315 0.212011389 1.191787306 0.465 0.357727686 1.500739034
0.320 0.216666401 1.202528433 0.470 0.362717091 1.510760268
0.325 0.221340707 1.213225223 0.475 0.367709502 1.520775470
0.330 0.226033695 1.223879429 0.480 0.372704416 1.530785652
0.335 0.230744761 1.234492752 0.485 0.377701332 1.540791825
0.340 0.235473306 1.245066840 0.490 0.382699748 1.550794993
0.345 0.240218740 1.255603294 0.495 0.387699165 1.560796160
0.350 0.244980478 1.266103673 0.500 0.392699082 1.570796327
0.355 0.249757940 1.276569489 0.505 0.397698998 1.580796493
0.360 0.254550554 1.287002218 0.510 0.402698415 1.590797660
0.365 0.259357752 1.297403295 0.515 0.407696831 1.600800829
0.370 0.264178971 1.307774124 0.520 0.412693747 1.610807001
0.375 0.269013653 1.318116072 0.525 0.417688661 1.620817184
0.380 0.273861246 1.328430476 0.530 0.422681072 1.630832385
0.385 0.278721200 1.338718644 0.535 0.427670477 1.640853620
0.390 0.283592971 1.348981856 0.540 0.432656374 1.650881907
0.395 0.288476019 1.359221367 0.545 0.437638258 1.660918272
0.400 0.293369807 1.369438406 0.550 0.442615623 1.670963748
0.405 0.298273801 1.379634180 0.555 0.447587963 1.681019377
0.410 0.303187471 1.389809876 0.560 0.452554769 1.691086209
0.415 0.308110292 1.399966658 0.565 0.457515531 1.701165306
0.420 0.313041738 1.410105674 0.570 0.462469738 1.711257742
0.425 0.317981289 1.420228054 0.575 0.467416875 1.721364600
0.430 0.322928425 1.430334912 0.580 0.472356426 1.731486980
0.435 0.327882632 1.440427347 0.585 0.477287872 1.741625996
0.440 0.332843394 1.450506444 0.590 0.482210692 1.751782778
0.445 0.337810201 1.460573277 0.595 0.487124363 1.761958473
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 88 (113)
0.600 0.492028357 1.772154248 0.750 0.631851951 2.094395102

0.605 0.496922144 1.782371287 0.755 0.636167515 2.105981117
0.610 0.501805192 1.792610797 0.760 0.640453433 2.117647277
0.615 0.506676964 1.802874010 0.765 0.644708911 2.129396892
0.620 0.511536918 1.813162178 0.770 0.648933136 2.141233436
0.625 0.516384510 1.823476582 0.775 0.653125281 2.153160565
0.630 0.521219192 1.833818530 0.780 0.657284497 2.165182127
0.635 0.526040411 1.844189358 0.785 0.661409914 2.177302182
0.640 0.530847609 1.854590436 0.790 0.665500643 2.189525017
0.645 0.535640223 1.865023165 0.795 0.669555771 2.201855168
0.650 0.540417685 1.875488981 0.800 0.673574359 2.214297436
0.655 0.545179423 1.885989359 0.805 0.677555445 2.226856918
0.660 0.549924857 1.896525814 0.810 0.681498038 2.239539030
0.665 0.554653402 1.907099902 0.815 0.685401118 2.252349538
0.670 0.559364468 1.917713224 0.820 0.689263633 2.265294592
0.675 0.564057456 1.928367430 0.825 0.693084500 2.278380764
0.680 0.568731762 1.939064220 0.830 0.696862596 2.291615088
0.685 0.573386774 1.949805347 0.835 0.700596762 2.305005114
0.690 0.578021872 1.960592623 0.840 0.704285799 2.318558961
0.695 0.582636428 1.971427919 0.845 0.707928461 2.332285380
0.700 0.587229807 1.982313173 0.850 0.711523453 2.346193823
0.705 0.591801363 1.993250389 0.855 0.715069431 2.360294536
0.710 0.596350443 2.004241647 0.860 0.718564993 2.374598646
0.715 0.600876381 2.015289104 0.865 0.722008673 2.389118277
0.720 0.605378505 2.026395000 0.870 0.725398942 2.403866685
0.725 0.609856129 2.037561666 0.875 0.728734194 2.418858406
0.730 0.614308557 2.048791525 0.880 0.732012744 2.434109442
0.735 0.618735080 2.060087105 0.885 0.735232818 2.449637478
0.740 0.623134978 2.071451039 0.890 0.738392541 2.465462144
0.745 0.627507518 2.082886080 0.895 0.741489932 2.481605324
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 89 (113)
h/D fV(h/D) fA(h/D)
0.900 0.744522886 2.498091545

0.905 0.747489160 2.514948442
0.910 0.750386358 2.532207346
0.915 0.753211906 2.549904011
0.920 0.755963031 2.568079549
0.925 0.758636726 2.586781621
0.930 0.761229717 2.606065999
0.935 0.763738411 2.625998647
0.940 0.766158842 2.646658527
0.945 0.768486591 2.668141496
0.950 0.770716687 2.690565842
0.955 0.772843474 2.714080389
0.960 0.774860426 2.738876812
0.965 0.776759881 2.765209171
0.970 0.778532652 2.793426632
0.975 0.780167407 2.824032224
0.980 0.781649636 2.857798544
0.985 0.782959726 2.896027136
0.990 0.784068837 2.941257811
0.995 0.784927467 3.000053180
1.000 0.785398163 3.141592654
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 90 (113)
5.3 Vertical lower hemispherical end: lateral surface and volume (partial)
h
A p = π • D 2 • ( ) • 10 -6 (159)
D
3
D h 2 h
Vp = π • •( ) • (3 - 2 • ) • 10 -9 (160)
6 D D
These functions are tabulated overleaf ( Vp = fV(h/D)⋅D3⋅10-9 and Ap = fA(h/D)⋅D2⋅10-6 ).
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 91 (113)
0.000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.150 0.031808626 0.471238898

0.005 0.000039139 0.015707963 0.155 0.033838749 0.486946861
0.010 0.000156032 0.031415927 0.160 0.035923065 0.502654825
0.015 0.000349895 0.047123890 0.165 0.038060788 0.518362788
0.020 0.000619941 0.062831853 0.170 0.040251132 0.534070751
0.025 0.000965385 0.078539816 0.175 0.042493313 0.549778714
0.030 0.001385442 0.094247780 0.180 0.044786545 0.565486678
0.035 0.001879327 0.109955743 0.185 0.047130042 0.581194641
0.040 0.002446253 0.125663706 0.190 0.049523019 0.596902604
0.045 0.003085437 0.141371669 0.195 0.051964691 0.612610567
0.050 0.003796091 0.157079633 0.200 0.054454273 0.628318531
0.055 0.004577431 0.172787596 0.205 0.056990978 0.644026494
0.060 0.005428672 0.188495559 0.210 0.059574021 0.659734457
0.065 0.006349028 0.204203522 0.215 0.062202618 0.675442421
0.070 0.007337713 0.219911486 0.220 0.064875983 0.691150384
0.075 0.008393943 0.235619449 0.225 0.067593329 0.706858347
0.080 0.009516931 0.251327412 0.230 0.070353873 0.722566310
0.085 0.010705893 0.267035376 0.235 0.073156828 0.738274274
0.090 0.011960043 0.282743339 0.240 0.076001409 0.753982237
0.095 0.013278596 0.298451302 0.245 0.078886831 0.769690200
0.100 0.014660766 0.314159265 0.250 0.081812309 0.785398163
0.105 0.016105767 0.329867229 0.255 0.084777056 0.801106127
0.110 0.017612816 0.345575192 0.260 0.087780288 0.816814090
0.115 0.019181125 0.361283155 0.265 0.090821218 0.832522053
0.120 0.020809910 0.376991118 0.270 0.093899063 0.848230016
0.125 0.022498385 0.392699082 0.275 0.097013036 0.863937980
0.130 0.024245765 0.408407045 0.280 0.100162351 0.879645943
0.135 0.026051264 0.424115008 0.285 0.103346225 0.895353906
0.140 0.027914098 0.439822972 0.290 0.106563870 0.911061870
0.145 0.029833480 0.455530935 0.295 0.109814502 0.926769833
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 92 (113)
0.300 0.113097336 0.942477796 0.405 0.188084403 1.272345025

0.305 0.116411585 0.958185759 0.410 0.191876960 1.288052988
0.310 0.119756465 0.973893723 0.415 0.195683654 1.303760951
0.315 0.123131190 0.989601686 0.420 0.199503700 1.319468915
0.320 0.126534975 1.005309649 0.425 0.203336312 1.335176878
0.325 0.129967034 1.021017612 0.430 0.207180705 1.350884841
0.330 0.133426582 1.036725576 0.435 0.211036094 1.366592804
0.335 0.136912833 1.052433539 0.440 0.214901693 1.382300768
0.340 0.140425003 1.068141502 0.445 0.218776716 1.398008731
0.345 0.143962305 1.083849465 0.450 0.222660379 1.413716694
0.350 0.147523955 1.099557429 0.455 0.226551896 1.429424657
0.355 0.151109167 1.115265392 0.460 0.230450482 1.445132621
0.360 0.154717155 1.130973355 0.465 0.234355351 1.460840584
0.365 0.158347134 1.146681319 0.470 0.238265717 1.476548547
0.370 0.161998320 1.162389282 0.475 0.242180796 1.492256510
0.375 0.165669925 1.178097245 0.480 0.246099802 1.507964474
0.380 0.169361166 1.193805208 0.485 0.250021950 1.523672437
0.385 0.173071256 1.209513172 0.490 0.253946453 1.539380400
0.390 0.176799410 1.225221135 0.495 0.257872528 1.555088364
0.395 0.180544843 1.240929098 0.500 0.261799388 1.570796327
0.400 0.184306769 1.256637061
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 93 (113)
5.4 Vertical upper hemispherical end: lateral surface and volume (partial)
h
A p = π • D 2 • ( ) • 10 -6 (161)
D
3
D h h
Vp = π • •( ) • [(3 - 4 • ( )2 ] • 10 -9 (162)
12 D D
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 94 (113)
0.000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.150 0.114275433 0.471238898
0.005 0.003926860 0.015707963 0.155 0.117837083 0.486946861
0.010 0.007852934 0.031415927 0.160 0.121374385 0.502654825
0.015 0.011777438 0.047123890 0.165 0.124886555 0.518362788
0.020 0.015699586 0.062831853 0.170 0.128372806 0.534070751
0.025 0.019618592 0.078539816 0.175 0.131832354 0.549778714
0.030 0.023533671 0.094247780 0.180 0.135264413 0.565486678
0.035 0.027444037 0.109955743 0.185 0.138668198 0.581194641
0.040 0.031348906 0.125663706 0.190 0.142042923 0.596902604
0.045 0.035247491 0.141371669 0.195 0.145387803 0.612610567
0.050 0.039139008 0.157079633 0.200 0.148702052 0.628318531
0.055 0.043022671 0.172787596 0.205 0.151984886 0.644026494
0.060 0.046897695 0.188495559 0.210 0.155235518 0.659734457
0.065 0.050763294 0.204203522 0.215 0.158453163 0.675442421
0.070 0.054618683 0.219911486 0.220 0.161637036 0.691150384
0.075 0.058463076 0.235619449 0.225 0.164786352 0.706858347
0.080 0.062295688 0.251327412 0.230 0.167900325 0.722566310
0.085 0.066115734 0.267035376 0.235 0.170978169 0.738274274
0.090 0.069922428 0.282743339 0.240 0.174019100 0.753982237
0.095 0.073714985 0.298451302 0.245 0.177022332 0.769690200
0.100 0.077492619 0.314159265 0.250 0.179987079 0.785398163
0.105 0.081254545 0.329867229 0.255 0.182912556 0.801106127
0.110 0.084999978 0.345575192 0.260 0.185797978 0.816814090
0.115 0.088728132 0.361283155 0.265 0.188642560 0.832522053
0.120 0.092438222 0.376991118 0.270 0.191445515 0.848230016
0.125 0.096129463 0.392699082 0.275 0.194206058 0.863937980
0.130 0.099801068 0.408407045 0.280 0.196923405 0.879645943
0.135 0.103452253 0.424115008 0.285 0.199596770 0.895353906
0.140 0.107082233 0.439822972 0.290 0.202225366 0.911061870
0.145 0.110690221 0.455530935 0.295 0.204808410 0.926769833
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 95 (113)
0.300 0.207345115 0.942477796 0.405 0.248520792 1.272345025
0.305 0.209834696 0.958185759 0.410 0.249839345 1.288052988
0.310 0.212276368 0.973893723 0.415 0.251093495 1.303760951
0.315 0.214669346 0.989601686 0.420 0.252282456 1.319468915
0.320 0.217012843 1.005309649 0.425 0.253405445 1.335176878
0.325 0.219306075 1.021017612 0.430 0.254461675 1.350884841
0.330 0.221548256 1.036725576 0.435 0.255450360 1.366592804
0.335 0.223738600 1.052433539 0.440 0.256370716 1.382300768
0.340 0.225876323 1.068141502 0.445 0.257221956 1.398008731
0.345 0.227960639 1.083849465 0.450 0.258003297 1.413716694
0.350 0.229990762 1.099557429 0.455 0.258713951 1.429424657
0.355 0.231965908 1.115265392 0.460 0.259353134 1.445132621
0.360 0.233885290 1.130973355 0.465 0.259920061 1.460840584
0.365 0.235748123 1.146681319 0.470 0.260413945 1.476548547
0.370 0.237553623 1.162389282 0.475 0.260834003 1.492256510
0.375 0.239301003 1.178097245 0.480 0.261179447 1.507964474
0.380 0.240989478 1.193805208 0.485 0.261449493 1.523672437
0.385 0.242618263 1.209513172 0.490 0.261643355 1.539380400
0.390 0.244186572 1.225221135 0.495 0.261760249 1.555088364
0.395 0.245693620 1.240929098 0.500 0.261799388 1.570796327
0.400 0.247138622 1.256637061
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 96 (113)
5.5 Horizontal hemispherical end: lateral surface and volume (partial)
2
D h
Ap = π • •( ) • 10 -6 (163)
2 D
3
D h 2 h
Vp = π • •( ) • (3 - 2 • ) • 10 -9 (164)
12 D D
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 97 (113)
0.000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.150 0.015904313 0.235619449

0.005 0.000019570 0.007853982 0.155 0.016919374 0.243473431
0.010 0.000078016 0.015707963 0.160 0.017961532 0.251327412
0.015 0.000174947 0.023561945 0.165 0.019030394 0.259181394
0.020 0.000309970 0.031415927 0.170 0.020125566 0.267035376
0.025 0.000482693 0.039269908 0.175 0.021246657 0.274889357
0.030 0.000692721 0.047123890 0.180 0.022393272 0.282743339
0.035 0.000939663 0.054977871 0.185 0.023565021 0.290597320
0.040 0.001223127 0.062831853 0.190 0.024761510 0.298451302
0.045 0.001542718 0.070685835 0.195 0.025982346 0.306305284
0.050 0.001898046 0.078539816 0.200 0.027227136 0.314159265
0.055 0.002288716 0.086393798 0.205 0.028495489 0.322013247
0.060 0.002714336 0.094247780 0.210 0.029787011 0.329867229
0.065 0.003174514 0.102101761 0.215 0.031101309 0.337721210
0.070 0.003668857 0.109955743 0.220 0.032437991 0.345575192
0.075 0.004196971 0.117809725 0.225 0.033796665 0.353429174
0.080 0.004758466 0.125663706 0.230 0.035176937 0.361283155
0.085 0.005352947 0.133517688 0.235 0.036578414 0.369137137
0.090 0.005980022 0.141371669 0.240 0.038000705 0.376991118
0.095 0.006639298 0.149225651 0.245 0.039443416 0.384845100
0.100 0.007330383 0.157079633 0.250 0.040906154 0.392699082
0.105 0.008052884 0.164933614 0.255 0.042388528 0.400553063
0.110 0.008806408 0.172787596 0.260 0.043890144 0.408407045
0.115 0.009590562 0.180641578 0.265 0.045410609 0.416261027
0.120 0.010404955 0.188495559 0.270 0.046949531 0.424115008
0.125 0.011249192 0.196349541 0.275 0.048506518 0.431968990
0.130 0.012122882 0.204203522 0.280 0.050081176 0.439822972
0.135 0.013025632 0.212057504 0.285 0.051673112 0.447676953
0.140 0.013957049 0.219911486 0.290 0.053281935 0.455530935
0.145 0.014916740 0.227765467 0.295 0.054907251 0.463384916
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 98 (113)
0.300 0.056548668 0.471238898 0.450 0.111330190 0.706858347

0.305 0.058205792 0.479092880 0.455 0.113275948 0.714712329
0.310 0.059878232 0.486946861 0.460 0.115225241 0.722566310
0.315 0.061565595 0.494800843 0.465 0.117177675 0.730420292
0.320 0.063267487 0.502654825 0.470 0.119132859 0.738274274
0.325 0.064983517 0.510508806 0.475 0.121090398 0.746128255
0.330 0.066713291 0.518362788 0.480 0.123049901 0.753982237
0.335 0.068456417 0.526216769 0.485 0.125010975 0.761836218
0.340 0.070212501 0.534070751 0.490 0.126973227 0.769690200
0.345 0.071981153 0.541924733 0.495 0.128936264 0.777544182
0.350 0.073761978 0.549778714 0.500 0.130899694 0.785398163
0.355 0.075554583 0.557632696 0.505 0.132863124 0.793252145
0.360 0.077358578 0.565486678 0.510 0.134826161 0.801106127
0.365 0.079173567 0.573340659 0.515 0.136788413 0.808960108
0.370 0.080999160 0.581194641 0.520 0.138749487 0.816814090
0.375 0.082834963 0.589048623 0.525 0.140708990 0.824668072
0.380 0.084680583 0.596902604 0.530 0.142666529 0.832522053
0.385 0.086535628 0.604756586 0.535 0.144621712 0.840376035
0.390 0.088399705 0.612610567 0.540 0.146574147 0.848230016
0.395 0.090272421 0.620464549 0.545 0.148523440 0.856083998
0.400 0.092153385 0.628318531 0.550 0.150469198 0.863937980
0.405 0.094042202 0.636172512 0.555 0.152411030 0.871791961
0.410 0.095938480 0.644026494 0.560 0.154348541 0.879645943
0.415 0.097841827 0.651880476 0.565 0.156281341 0.887499925
0.420 0.099751850 0.659734457 0.570 0.158209035 0.895353906
0.425 0.101668156 0.667588439 0.575 0.160131232 0.903207888
0.430 0.103590353 0.675442421 0.580 0.162047538 0.911061870
0.435 0.105518047 0.683296402 0.585 0.163957561 0.918915851
0.440 0.107450846 0.691150384 0.590 0.165860908 0.926769833
0.445 0.109388358 0.699004365 0.595 0.167757186 0.934623814
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 99 (113)
0.600 0.169646003 0.942477796 0.750 0.220893233 1.178097245

0.605 0.171526966 0.950331778 0.755 0.222355972 1.185951227
0.610 0.173399683 0.958185759 0.760 0.223798683 1.193805208
0.615 0.175263760 0.966039741 0.765 0.225220974 1.201659190
0.620 0.177118805 0.973893723 0.770 0.226622451 1.209513172
0.625 0.178964425 0.981747704 0.775 0.228002723 1.217367153
0.630 0.180800228 0.989601686 0.780 0.229361396 1.225221135
0.635 0.182625821 0.997455668 0.785 0.230698079 1.233075117
0.640 0.184440810 1.005309649 0.790 0.232012377 1.240929098
0.645 0.186244804 1.013163631 0.795 0.233303899 1.248783080
0.650 0.188037410 1.021017612 0.800 0.234572251 1.256637061
0.655 0.189818235 1.028871594 0.805 0.235817042 1.264491043
0.660 0.191586886 1.036725576 0.810 0.237037878 1.272345025
0.665 0.193342971 1.044579557 0.815 0.238234367 1.280199006
0.670 0.195086097 1.052433539 0.820 0.239406115 1.288052988
0.675 0.196815871 1.060287521 0.825 0.240552731 1.295906970
0.680 0.198531901 1.068141502 0.830 0.241673822 1.303760951
0.685 0.200233793 1.075995484 0.835 0.242768994 1.311614933
0.690 0.201921155 1.083849465 0.840 0.243837855 1.319468915
0.695 0.203593595 1.091703447 0.845 0.244880013 1.327322896
0.700 0.205250720 1.099557429 0.850 0.245895075 1.335176878
0.705 0.206892137 1.107411410 0.855 0.246882648 1.343030859
0.710 0.208517453 1.115265392 0.860 0.247842339 1.350884841
0.715 0.210126275 1.123119374 0.865 0.248773756 1.358738823
0.720 0.211718212 1.130973355 0.870 0.249676505 1.366592804
0.725 0.213292870 1.138827337 0.875 0.250550195 1.374446786
0.730 0.214849856 1.146681319 0.880 0.251394433 1.382300768
0.735 0.216388779 1.154535300 0.885 0.252208825 1.390154749
0.740 0.217909244 1.162389282 0.890 0.252992980 1.398008731
0.745 0.219410860 1.170243263 0.895 0.253746504 1.405862712
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 100 (113)
h/D fV(h/D) fA(h/D)
0.900 0.254469005 1.413716694

0.905 0.255160090 1.421570676
0.910 0.255819366 1.429424657
0.915 0.256446441 1.437278639
0.920 0.257040922 1.445132621
0.925 0.257602416 1.452986602
0.930 0.258130531 1.460840584
0.935 0.258624874 1.468694566
0.940 0.259085052 1.476548547
0.945 0.259510672 1.484402529
0.950 0.259901342 1.492256510
0.955 0.260256669 1.500110492
0.960 0.260576261 1.507964474
0.965 0.260859724 1.515818455
0.970 0.261106667 1.523672437
0.975 0.261316695 1.531526419
0.980 0.261489417 1.539380400
0.985 0.261624440 1.547234382
0.990 0.261721372 1.555088364
0.995 0.261779818 1.562942345
1.000 0.261799388 1.570796327
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 101 (113)
5.6 Vertical lower 2:1 elliptical end: lateral surface and volume (partial)
h D/4
Setting ξ = (1-4⋅h/D), it is possible to write:
D2 ln(2 + 3 ) 3 1
Ap = π • • { 3+ - •ξ • 1+ 3 • ξ 2 - 2
• ln[ 3 • ξ + 1 + 3 • ξ ]} • 10
-6
(165)
4• 3 2 2 2
3
D h 2 h
Vp = π • •( ) • (3 - 4 • ) • 10 -9 (166)
3 D D
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 102 (113)
0.000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.130 0.043890144 0.667226039

0.005 0.000078016 0.031180704 0.135 0.046949531 0.687481153
0.010 0.000309970 0.061892589 0.140 0.050081176 0.707397229
0.015 0.000692721 0.092138177 0.145 0.053281935 0.726983518
0.020 0.001223127 0.121920111 0.150 0.056548668 0.746249746
0.025 0.001898046 0.151241155 0.155 0.059878232 0.765206132
0.030 0.002714336 0.180104210 0.160 0.063267487 0.783863403
0.035 0.003668857 0.208512315 0.165 0.066713291 0.802232811
0.040 0.004758466 0.236468657 0.170 0.070212501 0.820326144
0.045 0.005980022 0.263976582 0.175 0.073761978 0.838155738
0.050 0.007330383 0.291039601 0.180 0.077358578 0.855734485
0.055 0.008806408 0.317661401 0.185 0.080999160 0.873075835
0.060 0.010404955 0.343845854 0.190 0.084680583 0.890193798
0.065 0.012122882 0.369597034 0.195 0.088399705 0.907102940
0.070 0.013957049 0.394919218 0.200 0.092153385 0.923818370
0.075 0.015904313 0.419816909 0.205 0.095938480 0.940355732
0.080 0.017961532 0.444294841 0.210 0.099751850 0.956731176
0.085 0.020125566 0.468357998 0.215 0.103590353 0.972961339
0.090 0.022393272 0.492011625 0.220 0.107450846 0.989063305
0.095 0.024761510 0.515261245 0.225 0.111330190 1.005054571
0.100 0.027227136 0.538112673 0.230 0.115225241 1.020952998
0.105 0.029787011 0.560572034 0.235 0.119132859 1.036776762
0.110 0.032437991 0.582645778 0.240 0.123049901 1.052544297
0.115 0.035176937 0.604340701 0.245 0.126973227 1.068274234
0.120 0.038000705 0.625663961 0.250 0.130899694 1.083985338
0.125 0.040906154 0.646623094
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 103 (113)
5.7 Vertical upper 2:1 elliptical end: lateral surface and volume (partial)
D/4
h
D2 h h h h
Ap = π • • [4 • 3 • ( ) • 1 + 48 • ( )2 + ln( 4 • 3 + 1 + 48 • ( )2 )] • 10 -6 (167)
8• 3 D D D D
D3 h h 2 -9
Vp = π • • ( ) • [3 - 16 • ( ) ] • 10 (168)
12 D D
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 104 (113)
0.000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.130 0.092898989 0.458321377

0.005 0.003926467 0.015711104 0.135 0.095722757 0.479644637
0.010 0.007849793 0.031441041 0.140 0.098461703 0.501339560
0.015 0.011766835 0.047208576 0.145 0.101112683 0.523413304
0.020 0.015674453 0.063032340 0.150 0.103672558 0.545872665
0.025 0.019569504 0.078930767 0.155 0.106138184 0.568724093
0.030 0.023448848 0.094922033 0.160 0.108506421 0.591973713
0.035 0.027309341 0.111023999 0.165 0.110774128 0.615627340
0.040 0.031147844 0.127254162 0.170 0.112938162 0.639690497
0.045 0.034961214 0.143629606 0.175 0.114995381 0.664168429
0.050 0.038746309 0.160166968 0.180 0.116942645 0.689066120
0.055 0.042499989 0.176882398 0.185 0.118776811 0.714388304
0.060 0.046219111 0.193791540 0.190 0.120494739 0.740139483
0.065 0.049900534 0.210909503 0.195 0.122093286 0.766323937
0.070 0.053541116 0.228250853 0.200 0.123569311 0.792945737
0.075 0.057137716 0.245829600 0.205 0.124919672 0.820008755
0.080 0.060687192 0.263659194 0.210 0.126141228 0.847516681
0.085 0.064186403 0.281752527 0.215 0.127230837 0.875473023
0.090 0.067632207 0.300121935 0.220 0.128185358 0.903881128
0.095 0.071021462 0.318779206 0.225 0.129001648 0.932744183
0.100 0.074351026 0.337735592 0.230 0.129676567 0.962065227
0.105 0.077617759 0.357001820 0.235 0.130206973 0.991847160
0.110 0.080818518 0.376588109 0.240 0.130589723 1.022092749
0.115 0.083950162 0.396504185 0.245 0.130821678 1.052804634
0.120 0.087009550 0.416759299 0.250 0.130899694 1.083985338
0.125 0.089993540 0.437362244
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 105 (113)
5.8 Horizontal 2:1 elliptical end: lateral surface and volume (partial)
D/4
h
A p = f A ( ) • D 2 • 10 -6 (1) (169)
D
D3 h 2 h
Vp = π • • ( ) • (3 - 2 • ) • 10 -9 (170)
24 D D
(1) The value of fA cannot be expressed in a simple manner. This is obtained as the result of a
numeric integration with the trapezoid method, for example, a linear combination of elliptical
integrals.
These functions are tabulated overleaf ( Vp = fV(h/D)⋅D3⋅10-9).
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 106 (113)
0.000 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.145 0.007458370 0.133236136

0.005 0.000009785 0.003956130 0.150 0.007952156 0.138374692
0.010 0.000039008 0.007969327 0.155 0.008459687 0.143541807
0.015 0.000087474 0.012037863 0.160 0.008980766 0.148736882
0.020 0.000154985 0.016160120 0.165 0.009515197 0.153959330
0.025 0.000241346 0.020334572 0.170 0.010062783 0.159208577
0.030 0.000346361 0.024559778 0.175 0.010623328 0.164484058
0.035 0.000469832 0.028834376 0.180 0.011196636 0.169785220
0.040 0.000611563 0.033157070 0.185 0.011782511 0.175111521
0.045 0.000771359 0.037526626 0.190 0.012380755 0.180462424
0.050 0.000949023 0.041941868 0.195 0.012991173 0.185837407
0.055 0.001144358 0.046401669 0.200 0.013613568 0.191235952
0.060 0.001357168 0.050904951 0.205 0.014247744 0.196657551
0.065 0.001587257 0.055450678 0.210 0.014893505 0.202101705
0.070 0.001834428 0.060037856 0.215 0.015550655 0.207567922
0.075 0.002098486 0.064665526 0.220 0.016218996 0.213055715
0.080 0.002379233 0.069332762 0.225 0.016898332 0.218564608
0.085 0.002676473 0.074038672 0.230 0.017588468 0.224094129
0.090 0.002990011 0.078782393 0.235 0.018289207 0.229643812
0.095 0.003319649 0.083563087 0.240 0.019000352 0.235213199
0.100 0.003665191 0.088379946 0.245 0.019721708 0.240801837
0.105 0.004026442 0.093232182 0.250 0.020453077 0.246409279
0.110 0.004403204 0.098119031 0.255 0.021194264 0.252035083
0.115 0.004795281 0.103039751 0.260 0.021945072 0.257678811
0.120 0.005202477 0.107993620 0.265 0.022705305 0.263340033
0.125 0.005624596 0.112979932 0.270 0.023474766 0.269018322
0.130 0.006061441 0.117998001 0.275 0.024253259 0.274713255
0.135 0.006512816 0.123047159 0.280 0.025040588 0.280424414
0.140 0.006978524 0.128126750 0.285 0.025836556 0.286151386
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 107 (113)
0.290 0.026640968 0.291893762 0.435 0.052759023 0.463397249

0.295 0.027453626 0.297651135 0.440 0.053725423 0.469426201
0.300 0.028274334 0.303423105 0.445 0.054694179 0.475459203
0.305 0.029102896 0.309209273 0.450 0.055665095 0.481495916
0.310 0.029939116 0.315009244 0.455 0.056637974 0.487536000
0.315 0.030782797 0.320822628 0.460 0.057612620 0.493579115
0.320 0.031633744 0.326649036 0.465 0.058588838 0.499624923
0.325 0.032491758 0.332488082 0.470 0.059566429 0.505673087
0.330 0.033356645 0.338339386 0.475 0.060545199 0.511723269
0.335 0.034228208 0.344202567 0.480 0.061524951 0.517775133
0.340 0.035106251 0.350077250 0.485 0.062505487 0.523828341
0.345 0.035990576 0.355963061 0.490 0.063486613 0.529882557
0.350 0.036880989 0.361859628 0.495 0.064468132 0.535937445
0.355 0.037777292 0.367766582 0.500 0.065449847 0.541992669
0.360 0.038679289 0.373683556 0.505 0.066431562 0.548047893
0.365 0.039586784 0.379610187 0.510 0.067413081 0.554102781
0.370 0.040499580 0.385546112 0.515 0.068394206 0.560156997
0.375 0.041417481 0.391490970 0.520 0.069374743 0.566210205
0.380 0.042340291 0.397444402 0.525 0.070354495 0.572262069
0.385 0.043267814 0.403406054 0.530 0.071333265 0.578312251
0.390 0.044199852 0.409375569 0.535 0.072310856 0.584360415
0.395 0.045136211 0.415352593 0.540 0.073287073 0.590406223
0.400 0.046076692 0.421336777 0.545 0.074261720 0.596449338
0.405 0.047021101 0.427327769 0.550 0.075234599 0.602489422
0.410 0.047969240 0.433325220 0.555 0.076205515 0.608526135
0.415 0.048920914 0.439328783 0.560 0.077174271 0.614559137
0.420 0.049875925 0.445338112 0.565 0.078140670 0.620588089
0.425 0.050834078 0.451352862 0.570 0.079104518 0.626612649
0.430 0.051795176 0.457372689 0.575 0.080065616 0.632632476
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 108 (113)
0.580 0.081023769 0.638647226 0.725 0.106646435 0.809272083

0.585 0.081978780 0.644656555 0.730 0.107424928 0.814967016
0.590 0.082930454 0.650660118 0.735 0.108194389 0.820645305
0.595 0.083878593 0.656657569 0.740 0.108954622 0.826306527
0.600 0.084823002 0.662648561 0.745 0.109705430 0.831950255
0.605 0.085763483 0.668632744 0.750 0.110446617 0.837576059
0.610 0.086699841 0.674609769 0.755 0.111177986 0.843183501
0.615 0.087631880 0.680579284 0.760 0.111899342 0.848772139
0.620 0.088559403 0.686540935 0.765 0.112610487 0.854341526
0.625 0.089482213 0.692494368 0.770 0.113311226 0.859891209
0.630 0.090400114 0.698439226 0.775 0.114001362 0.865420730
0.635 0.091312910 0.704375151 0.780 0.114680698 0.870929623
0.640 0.092220405 0.710301782 0.785 0.115349039 0.876417416
0.645 0.093122402 0.716218756 0.790 0.116006189 0.881883633
0.650 0.094018705 0.722125710 0.795 0.116651949 0.887327787
0.655 0.094909118 0.728022277 0.800 0.117286126 0.892749386
0.660 0.095793443 0.733908088 0.805 0.117908521 0.898147931
0.665 0.096671486 0.739782770 0.810 0.118518939 0.903522914
0.670 0.097543049 0.745645952 0.815 0.119117183 0.908873817
0.675 0.098407936 0.751497256 0.820 0.119703058 0.914200117
0.680 0.099265950 0.757336302 0.825 0.120276366 0.919501280
0.685 0.100116896 0.763162710 0.830 0.120836911 0.924776761
0.690 0.100960578 0.768976093 0.835 0.121384497 0.930026008
0.695 0.101796798 0.774776065 0.840 0.121918928 0.935248456
0.700 0.102625360 0.780562233 0.845 0.122440007 0.940443531
0.705 0.103446068 0.786334203 0.850 0.122947537 0.945610646
0.710 0.104258726 0.792091576 0.855 0.123441324 0.950749202
0.715 0.105063138 0.797833952 0.860 0.123921169 0.955858588
0.720 0.105859106 0.803560924 0.865 0.124386878 0.960938179
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 109 (113)
0.870 0.124838253 0.965987337 0.940 0.129542526 1.033080387

0.875 0.125275098 0.971005406 0.945 0.129755336 1.037583669
0.880 0.125697216 0.975991718 0.950 0.129950671 1.042043470
0.885 0.126104413 0.980945587 0.955 0.130128335 1.046458712
0.890 0.126496490 0.985866307 0.960 0.130288131 1.050828268
0.895 0.126873252 0.990753156 0.965 0.130429862 1.055150962
0.900 0.127234502 0.995605392 0.970 0.130553333 1.059425560
0.905 0.127580045 1.000422251 0.975 0.130658348 1.063650766
0.910 0.127909683 1.005202945 0.980 0.130744709 1.067825218
0.915 0.128223221 1.009946666 0.985 0.130812220 1.071947474
0.920 0.128520461 1.014652576 0.990 0.130860686 1.076016011
0.925 0.128801208 1.019319812 0.995 0.130889909 1.080029208
0.930 0.129065266 1.023947482 1.000 0.130899694 1.083985338
0.935 0.129312437 1.028534659
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 110 (113)
6. GUIDE TO FILLING OUT DATA SHEETS
The data sheets regarding vessels are:

DAT.CR.PV.1300 Sht. 1 (General information)
DAT.CR.PV.1300 Sht. 2 (Nozzle list)
General sheet for drawing
General sheet for notes
This section illustrates the items and graphical information falling within process jurisdiction.
6.1 Filling out data sheets
Service
Brief description of the use for which the equipment is set up.
Standard
Indicates the standard according to which the vessel must be designed.
Obtained from the project database.
Design temperature
The design temperature is determined in accordance with PRG.GG.GEN.0001.
In addition, the MDMT and the corresponding pressure must be indicated.
Operating temperature
This is the normal maximum temperature under operating conditions.
Design pressure
Unless specified otherwise for the project, the design pressure is calculated in accordance
with PRG.GG.GEN.0001.
In the case of vacuum operation, the minimum operating pressure and the related operating
temperature must be indicated.
Operating pressure
This is the normal maximum pressure under operating conditions.
Materials
The material of the end shells and internals must be chosen in accordance with
PRG.PR.GEN.0001 based on the characteristics of the process fluid, the most severe
operating conditions and the minimum theoretical service life foreseen for the equipment.
The process guidelines are limited to the identification of the type of material:
· for alloy steels, the percentage content of alloy elements is indicated (e.g. 5% Cr, 0.5%
Mo).
· for AISI 400 series stainless steels, the percentage content of Cr is indicated (e.g. 13%
Cr)
· for austenitic stainless steels, the type is indicated (e.g. AISI 316)
· For non-ferrous alloys, the name of the alloy is indicated (e.g. Monel, Hastelloy, etc.)
Note that special steel alloys and non-ferrous alloys are indicated by the manufacturer’s
“patent name”.
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 111 (113)
Corrosion allowance
The corrosion allowance is at least 3 mm on carbon steel and, in any case, equal to the
estimated corrosion in mm/year for the minimum theoretical number of years service.
Plating
When the thickness of stainless steel material exceeds 10 mm it is preferable to use carbon
steel that is plated or coated in a material resistant to the corrosive medium.
As a rule, the thickness of the plating or coating does not exceed 3 mm.
If a greater thickness is required, a more corrosion-resistant material should be chosen.
Sprayed cement layer
If the process fluid has a pH < 4, in certain cases it can be advantageous to the use carbon
steel coated with a sprayed cement layer (normally 20 mm).
Fluid
The type of fluid held (e.g. HC + H2S) and the relative density under normal conditions of
temperature and pressure are indicated.
It should be indicated if the fluid is lethal (a condition that implies annealing) and/or caustic.
For lethal substances, the ASME standards give the following generic definition:
Lethal substance – Poisonous gas or liquid (fluid) of such a nature that a very small
amount of the gas or of the vapor of the liquid mixed or unmixed with air is
dangerous to life when inhaled (e.g. hydrocyanic acid, carbonyl chloride, etc.).
To define more precisely whether a fluid is lethal, it is necessary to analyze the components
that form the mixture in input to all plant cycles and establish if these components, or at
least one of them, are lethal. If the research described below establishes that a component
is lethal, then the fluid is lethal.
According to the HODGE-STERNER toxicological scale, a substance can be considered
lethal, or rather leads to the death of a human being, when LD50 is less than 50 mg/kg
(substance/body weight).
The quantities that are considered are lethal doses (LD) and lethal concentrations (LC).
The values of these quantities for a large number of substances are listed in specialized
texts, such as:
Title: DANGEROUS PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS
Author: N. IRVING SAX
Publishers: VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD COMPANY New York
The given LD and LC quantities can refer to animals (pigs, horses, donkeys, mice, birds,
rats, etc.), or to man.
The most common quantities are:
LD50 - Fifty-percent lethal dose - a calculated dose of a substance which is expected to
cause the death of 50% of an entire defined experimental animal population. It is
determined from the exposure to the substance by any route other than inhalation of a
significant number from that population.
LDLo - Low lethal dose - the lowest dose (other than LD50) of a substance introduced by
any route, other than inhalation, over any given period of time in one or more divided
portions and reported to have caused death in humans or animals.
LC50 - Fifty-percent lethal concentration - a calculated concentration of substance in air,
exposure to which for a specified length of time (normally 4 hours) is expected to cause the
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 112 (113)
death of 50% of an entire defined experimental animal population. It is determined from the
exposure to the substance of a significant number from that population.
LCLo - Low lethal concentration - the lowest concentration of a substance in air, other than
LC50, which has been reported to have caused death in humans or animals. The reported
concentrations may be entered for periods of exposure which are less than 24 hours (acute)
or greater than 24 hours (subacute and chronic), (24 hours = 86400 s).
The limits for some of the above-defined quantities are:
Main group
LD50 oral in rats 25 mg/kg (substance/body weight)
LD50 cutaneous in rats or rabbits 50 mg/kg (substance/body weight)
LC50 for 14400 s (4 hours) in rats 0.5 10-9 kg/m3 (substance/air volume)
Secondary group
LDLo for exposure by any route 100 mg/kg (substance/body weight)
for humans or any animal.
LCLo for humans or any animal and for 5 10-6 kg/m3 (substance/air volume)
periods of exposure >=30 minutes
LCLo for humans or any animal and for 1 10-4 kg/m3 (substance/air volume)
periods of exposure <30 minutes
For each component, if data for the main group is available in literature, it is used for the
analysis; if just one of these values is within the limit, the fluid is to be considered lethal.
If data for the main group is not available in literature, that of the secondary group is
analyzed, with the same logic as described above.
Furthermore, considering the significant implications in planning for this quantity, or rather
the introduction of more restrictive control and inspection procedures, it is indispensable to
reconsider this criterion whenever a job is commenced in order to insert the above-identified
rule in the requirements of the client and of the country in which the plant will be built.
Chlorine, natural gas and vapors of oil products containing H2S are not classified as lethal.
Insulation
Specified for process motives, with the type indicated by a letter:
· I for hot insulation
· F for cold insulation
The request of insulation for personal protection is not handled by process services.
End types
Normally, an elliptical end is indicated, unless there are special process requirements.
Elevation
Indication of elevation above ground in required.
The default value is the minimum allowed for operability and installation.
Nozzles
The ID codes, composed of a service code and a progressive number, should be indicated
for every connection.
If there is more than one nozzle for the same service, an identifying lower case letter is
added.
The service codes in use are:
· N for process connections
$ PRG.PR.VES.0001
Sheet 113 (113)
· M for manholes
· CN for instrumentation connections.
Nominal diameter, series and type of coupling, which is normally the same as the
connected piping.
The service is a concise description of the use for which the nozzle is allocated.
6.2 Sketch of vessel
The following must be indicated on an outline drawing of the vessel:

· Main dimensions, such as internal diameter and length/height.
· All dimensions regarding the positioning of devices required by the process.
· Process and service connections, with indication of dimensions due to process requirements.
· Position of minimum, normal and maximum liquid levels, with indication of the level heights
and level intervals.
· Position and height of optional level alarms and switches.
· Internal elements, such as demisters, distributors, flow straightener plates, etc., indicating
the reference standard or, if necessary, attaching a construction detail that includes all the
information for mechanical sizing.
The reference standard must also be indicated on the last column of the data sheets.
In horizontal vessels, in cases where it is necessary to guarantee drainage and it is not possible
to specify the drain on the opposite side from the liquid outlet, an inclination (2‰) should be
indicated with respect to the lower generatrix.
Revision Memorandum
Sep. 1986 First Issue
Mar. 1988 Rev. 1
Jun. 1995 Rev. 2
Mar. 2003 Rev. 3 General revision of layout and contents.

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GUIDE TO SELECTING AND PROCESS SIZING VESSELS

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

4.5 Process nozzles and other connections 79

5. CALCULATION OF GEOMETRIC ELEMENTS 85

6. GUIDE TO FILLING OUT DATA SHEETS 110

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

1.1.1 International Regulations and Standards References

ASME, Sect. VIII, Div. I Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code

1.1.2 Company Standardization References

OPR.GE.XE.0001 Design engineering for oil and chemical plants

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

2.1 Functional definitions

2.1.1 Liquid - gas and/or steam separators

2.1.2 Feed and/or reflux accumulators

• separation of water or caustic solution from hydrocarbons

2.1.4 Special vessels

Some vessels require special sizing rules for special applications.

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

2.2 Type definitions

Vessels are normally distinguished by their internal and external configuration.

2.2.1 External configuration

The external configuration allows a general subdivision into:

2.2.2 Internal configuration

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

AB cross-section area of a generic nozzle m2

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

g acceleration of gravity (9.806 65) m/s2

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

h2 difference in height between lowest liquid level and lower generatrix

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

scc cylindrical body thickness mm

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

Z real gas compressibility factor -

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

4.1 Theoretical basics

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

Before proceeding in the development of the above-indicated considerations, it is opportune to

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

The model for a horizontal vessel is

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

Three possible flow regimes have thus been identified:

and equation (3) becomes:

- Transition flow regime. Established for: 2 ≤ Re ≤ 500

and equation (3) becomes:

- Turbulent flow regime. Established for: Re > 500

and equation (3) becomes:

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

- Laminar flow regime established for: C·Re2 < 48

- Transition flow regime established for: 48 ≤ C·Re2 ≤ 1.1·105

- Turbulent flow regime established for: C·Re2 > 1.1·105

- Laminar flow regime established for: C/Re > 6 and hence:

- Transition flow regime established for: 8.8·10-4 ≤ C/Re ≤ 6 and hence:

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

4.1.1 Liquid - gas and/or steam separation

Sizing depends essentially on:

4.1.1.1 Position of vessel

4.1.1.2 Critical velocity

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

Fig. 4.1.1.2.a – Entrainment coefficient

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003

Table 4.1.1.2.a – Average drop diameters

Rev. 3 Date Mar. 2003