CH 07 - Procurement

Affiliated to Pokhara University (PU)
LECT-28
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
ENGINEERING
&
ADMINISTRATION (ECM 621)
(CHAPTER-VII)
By:
Som Gurung
MSc. Programme Coordinator
som.gurung@pec.edu.np
18th December 2022

Som Gurung | Asst. Professor | som.gurung@outlook.com
CHAPTER-VII:
Procurement of Works, Services & Equipment
2.5 Introduction of Procurement:
• Procurement is the acquisition of goods, services or works from
an outside external source.
• “Procurement” means acquisition of any goods, consultancy
services or other services or carrying out or causing to be
carried out any construction works, by a public entity pursuant
to this Act (PPA, 2007).
• It is favourable that the goods, services or works are
appropriate and that they are procured at the best possible cost
to meet the needs of the acquirer in terms of quality and
quantity, time, and location.
CHAPTER-VII:
2.6 (1) Procurement Principle:
• There are 5 Key Principles:
1) Economy: Value for Money (VfM) and commercially
reasonable price: Finance Ministry’s Concern
2) Efficiency: Quick Procurement- Project’s Concern but should
not against the Fairness
3) Fairness: No Discrimination, equal opportunity- Bidder’s
Concerns
4) Transparency in procurement process: should be transparent.
Bidder’s Concerns, Auditor’s Concerns
5) Encouraging domestic contracting and manufacturing
Attempt should be made to fulfill all these criteria while meeting
the project’s objectives.

CHAPTER-VII:
2.6 (2) Basic Aim of Procurement:
• In every procurement, public or private, the basic aim is to
achieve just the right balance between costs and requirements
concerning five parameters called the five R’s of procurement.
• The entire process of procurement is designed to achieve
following basic aims:
i) Right quality;
ii) Right quantity;
iii) Right price;
iv) Right time and place; and
v) Right source.
CHAPTER-VII:
2.7 Consideration of Guide Procurement Policies
• For purely GoN funded projects, applicable Proc. GLs is of the GoN.
• Four main Procurement GLs are in practice in Nepal:
1) GoN – Public Procurement Act(PPA), 2063; Public procurement
Regulations (PPR), 2064 & SBDs issued by the PPMO.
2) World Bank (WB) – Procurement Guidelines & Consultant
Guidelines.
3) Asian Development Bank (ADB) – Procurement Guidelines
4) JICA: Very different than ADB/WB – rebidding time = only 15
minutes, 80% evaluation done during bid opening, total bid price counts
not item rates, item rates are negotiated.
5) FIDIC 1999/2017
2.8 Procurement Cycle

CHAPTER-VII:
2.9 Procurement Categories
• Projects may be organized and implemented with different strategies
• The choice of Procurement method and form of tendering depends upon the
project strategy adopted.
• After choosing appropriate strategy, Owner/Engineer should establish the
procurement method and form of tendering to determine:
*Project components requiring tenders,
*Conditions of contract to be adopted,
*Prequalification criteria to be followed, Award
*Criteria to be followed,
*Tendering procedures to be applied.
CHAPTER-VII:
2.9 Procurement Categories Contd.
1) Procurement of Works: Infrastructure related works including
renovation, extension, repairs.
2) procurement of Goods: Physical products either finished or
manufactured.
3) Procurement of Services:
• Consulting Services: Technical services whose output is not
equipment intensive. Advisory and project related services
• Non-Consulting Services: involve the use of equipment and
standard methodology for achieving the objective: equipment
maint
2.10 Procurement of Works:
No. Procurement Method Contract Size Contractor Recommended SBD
1 Sealed Bidding
i ICB (International More than 1 Arba. International, Works- Large Contracts

Competitive Bidding) International Nepali
JV, Nepali JV
ii NCB/LCB (National More than 2 Million All Works- Medium or Small
Competitive Bidding) Contracts
iii LIB (Limited International For highly International Works-Large Contracts or
Bidding) specialized works contractors specialized Documents.
2 Sealed Quotation Up to 2 Million All Works-sealed quatation
3 Direct Procurement Up to 5,00,000 All Letter of Invitation and
BoQ
4 Force Account Up to 1,00,000 None None
5 Procurement under special Emergency/Special Depends on contract Works- Small Contracts
Circumstances Circumstances amount
6 Users’ Committee Up to 10 Million Contractor can not be Users’ Committee agreement
works of simple used
nature
2.10 Procurement of Works Contd.:
1) Sealed Bidding
a. International Competitive Bidding (ICB)
 Used in projects where the cost of works is high and where domestic contractors do
not possess sufficient capability and resources.
 Prospective bidders from eligible countries shall be given timely and adequate
notification and equal opportunity to bid for the required works.
 Encourage JVs between international and domestic contractors.
 The SBD used is Procurement of Works-Large Contracts.
b. National or Local Competitive Bidding (NCB/LCB)
 Used for works costing less than NRS. 1 arba.
 The SBD used is Procurement of Works-Medium Contract or Small Contracts,
depending upon the size and complexity of the works
c. Limited International Bidding (LIB)
 LIB is International Bidding by direct invitation without open advertisement.
 LIB is Used when there are only a few well-known contractors/suppliers or only
small quantities are involved or in emergency actions.
 All procedures related to ICB shall apply except advertising and PQ
 Specialized bidding document is used.
2) Sealed Quotation
• Any public construction, repair, maintenance or improvement works costing more
than NRs. 500000 but not exceeding NRs. 2 Million can be carried out by inviting
sealed quotations from eligible contractors.
• All procedures related to NCB shall apply.
• SBD used is Small Contracts Sealed Quotation
3) Direct Purchase / Negotiation
• Direct Purchase / Negotiation is allowed in the following situation:
– Works are less than NRs. 500,000.
– Natural extension of on –going project.
– When bidding / rebidding failed to produce more than a single bid.
– In emergency cases.
– Rates are reasonable and still valid to the original contract awarded
• following competitive procedures.
– A letter of invitation supported by a BoQ is sufficient for direct purchase.
4) Force account
• Execution of public works by using the resources of a public agency of the
government, without recourse to competitive bidding or negotiated contract
• May apply in following situation:
– The Size, nature and location of the works being unsuitable for
competitive bidding.
– Works must be carried out without disrupting existing operations, by
crews familiar with those operations.
– When the implementing agency can bear the associated risks in a better
way than the contractor.
– No contractor is interested in carrying out the works.
– Emergencies.
– Institutional development.
– May apply in works costing up to NRs. 100,000 as per PPR.
5) Procurement Under Special Circumstances.
• This type of procurement is adopted during emergency and special
circumstances situation.
• Public bidding is used under following conditions:
 When it is unlikely to complete the work in time, if competitive bidding is adopted
 There is a possibility of damages to existing infrastructure and a loss.
 There is a possibility of hindrance to local persons.
6) Users’ Committee
• This mode is used for executing small labor-intensive works where the
objective is to:
 Provide employment and income directly to persons living in the project
area.
 Increase the utilization of local know-how/materials and appropriate
technologies Hand over the completed works for operation and
maintenance directly by persons living in the project area.
 The Users’ Committee method may be used for labor-intensive works up
to NRs. 10 Ml
2.11 Steps of Procurement Procedure:
Step Activity Responsibility Estimated Time (Days)
ICB/LIB NCB/LCB Sealed Quotation
1. Establishment of Preparation: Project Manager/Consultant 60 30 15
Procurement Strategy Approval: Same as for acceptance of bids
2. Pre-qualification Always May use Pre- Q Not required

requires Pr- Q or Post-Q
2.1 Preparation of Pre-Q Preparation: Project Manager/Consultant 30 15 0

Documents Approval: Secretary
2.2 Invitation to Pre- Preparation: Project Manager/Consultant 15 15 0

qualify
2.3 Submission of PQ Prospective Bidders 60 30 0
2.4 Analysis of PQ Preparation: Project Manager/Consultant 60 30 0

Doc./Selection of Pre- qualified Approval: Same as for acceptance of bids
Bidders.
2.5 Donor No Obj.(If Reqd in Donor 15 days for 15 days each Normally notrequired
2.1and 2.4) 2.1 & 2.4 for 2.1 and
2.4
2.6 Notification to Proj.Manager /Consultant 15 7 0
Applicants
Total 2.1 to 2.6 210 127 0
2.11 Steps of Procurement Procedure Contd.:
3. Preparation of Bid Preparation: PM?Consslt 30 30 15
Documents Approval: Same as for
acceptance of bids
4. Bidding Period
4.1 Arrange Notice PM/Consultant 14 14 7
4.2 Issue of Bid Doc. Project Manager/Consultant 14 14 7
4.3 Site Visit PM, Consultant, Bidders Included .in 4.5 Incl .in 4.5 Time included in 4.5
4.4 Bidders Queries Written/ PM/ Consultant, 14 days before bid 14 days before Complete by 7 days before bid
Pre-bid Meeting Prospective Bidders submission bid submission submission
4.5 Preparation and Bidders 56 from first Notice 28(56 with 14 from first Notice
Submission post-Q)
Total 4 84 56-84 28
5. Opening of Bids Project Manager 1 1 1
6. Evaluation of Bids
6.1 Preliminary Bid Evaluation committee Included in 6.2 Included in 6.2 Included in 6.3
Examination /Consultant
6.2 Substantial Bid Evaluation committee / 14 7 Included in 6.3
Responsiveness Consultant
6.3 Detail Bid Evaluation committee / 28 21 7
Evaluation Consultant
6.4 Bid Evaluation Bid Evaluation committee / 14 14 7
Report Consultant
6.5 Donor No Obj. Donor 14 14 Not Required
2.11 Steps of Procurement Procedure Contd.:
6. 6.6 Re-bidding PM /Consultant 56 28 14
6.7 Approval Competent Authority 7 7 7
Total (Excl. 6.6) 77 63 21
Contract Award
7. 7.1 Pre-Award Preparation: PM/Conslt 28 days to issuing 14 days to issuing 7 days to issuing
Discussions & LOA Approval: Competent LOA LOA LOA
Authority
7.2 Provision of Successful Bidder 14 from Receipt 14 from Receipt 14 from Receipt of
Performance Security of LOA of LOA LOA
7.3 Signing of Contract Competent authority and 42 from receipt of 42 from receipt of 42 from receipt of
Agreement Successful Bidder LOA LOA LOA
7.4 Notification to Project Manager 14 14 Not required
Bidders (Unsucceed)
Total excluding7.4 84 70 63
8. Bid Validity &Bid
Security Periods
8.1 Bid Validity Specify: Project Manager 133 105 56
Period Comply: Bidders (8.1+28 days) (8.1+28 days) (6+7.1+28 days)
8.2 Bid Security Specify: Project Manager 161 133 Normally Not
Period Comply: Bidders (8.1+28 days) (8.1+28 days) Required
Total Excluding 8 546 377-405 143
2.11 Procurement of Goods:
No. Procurement Method Contract Type of Recommended
Size(NRs.) Manufacturers/Suppliers SBD
1. International competitive Not mentioned in International Procurement of
Bidding, ICB PPA Manufacturers/Suppliers Goods ICB
2. National competitive Bidding, Over 2 Million National or International Procurement of
NCB Manufacturers/Suppliers Goods NCB
3. Limited International Depends upon International Procurement of
Bidding, LIB goods Manufacturers/Suppliers Goods ICB
4. Sealed Quotation Up to 2 Million National Suppliers/ Goods Sealed
Manufacturers Quotation
5. Procurement Under Special Depends upon Depends on Contract Amount Agreement Depends
Circumstances special upon Contract
circumstances Amount
6. Direct Purchase/Negotiation Up to 50,0000 Local Suppliers/ Shopkeepers -
7. Reserved Procurement Depends on Depends on Contract Amount Agreement Depends

special upon Contract
Circumstances. Amount
2.11 Procurement of Goods Contd.:
1) Sealed Bidding:
a. International Competitive Bidding (ICB)
• For projects requiring a variety of goods costing a large amount, for
which the domestic manufacturers/suppliers do not possess adequate
capability and resources.
b. National or Local Competitive Bidding (NCB/LCB)

• Preferred under the following circumstances:
*Local production available at reasonable cost, efficient and adequate.
*It is unlikely that foreign suppliers would be interested in bidding.
*Goods are by nature or design labor intensive.
*The project has specifically requested the adoption of this procedure.
*Procurement of goods costing over NRs. 2 Million.
1) Sealed Bidding
c. Limited International Bidding (NCB/LCB):
• LIB is international competitive bidding by direct invitation without
open advertisement.
• This method is appropriate in cases where:
– There are only few well-known manufacturers/suppliers
– Small amounts are involved
– In emergencies.
– All procedures related to ICB shall apply to this process of bidding
other than
advertising.
2) Sealed Quotation:
• Procurement of goods costing up to NRs. 2 Million can be carried out by inviting sealed
quotations from the eligible registered domestic manufacturers/ suppliers.
• All procedures for NCB shall be applicable to this method of procurement of goods
including the evaluation and contract award and agreement.
• Standard Form of Contract for sealed quotation as provided in part III shall be used for
inviting the quotations.
3) Procurement under special circumstances
• This method is permissible under the following conditions:
• Time is limited for usual bidding procedures.
• In possibility of demolition of existing structure, GoN is to suffer a loss.
• If there is a possibility of hindrances to the local people.
4) Direct Purchase / Negotiation
 Goods of value up to NRs.50,0 000 may be procured through direct
purchase.
2.11 Procurement of Services
 “Consultancy Service” means any study, research, survey,
design, drawing, supervision, training, testing, software
development service or other intellectual or professional service
of a similar nature;
 “Other Services” means the act of hiring motor vehicles,
equipment or goods, carriage or repair and maintenance of
goods; (PPA, 2007, Clause 2 e)

 “Services” include policy advice; governance; institutional reforms;
social considerations including poverty alleviation and gender
concerns; environment assessments and audits, participation and
consultation, institutional strengthening and capacity building
including training; legal and financial services; management and
engineering services; and construction supervision (Guidelines on the
Use of Consultants by Asian Development Bank and its Borrowers,
2007)
 The term “consultants” includes a wide variety of private and public
entities, including consulting firms, engineering firms, construction
managers, management firms, procurement agents, inspection agents,
auditors, United Nations (UN) agencies and other multinational
organizations, investment and merchant banks, universities, research
institutions, government agencies, nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs), and individuals (Guidelines: Selection and Employment of
Consultants by World Bank Borrowers, 2010 Revision)
2.11Procurement of Services
Provisions Relating to Responsibility for Procurement and
Procurement Methods (PPA):
 Prior to procuring Consultants all the documents including cost estimate,
procurement plan, special requirement or other descriptions shall be
prepared
 Procurement of consultancy service (Cl. 8 b):
 (1) By requesting competitive proposals,
 (2) Through direct negotiations.
 In the case of a consultant the qualification criteria set forth in the
documents relating to proposals. (Cl. 10 b)

Approval of Cost Estimate of Consultancy Services:
PPR rule 14 (2) –
• (a) Cost estimate of up to one hundred thousand Rupees- by the Chief of the
Office of gazetted third class,
• (b) Cost estimate of up to five hundred thousand Rupees- by the Chief of the
Office of gazetted second class,
• (c) Cost estimate of up to one million Rupees- by the Chief of the Office of
gazetted first class,
• (d) Cost estimate of an amount whatsoever above one million Rupees- by the
Departmental head.
• Rule 15(2) The Public Entity shall not be allowed to invite sealed quotations
and bids or proposals for consultancy services without updating the cost
estimate

2.12 Method of Selection of Consultant:
👉 Consultant can be selected by the following methods:
 Direct Selection
 Cost Based Selection (CBS)
 Quality and Cost Based Selection (QCBS)
 Quality Based Selection (QBS)
 Fixed Budget Selection (FBS)

High Complexity Means:

*Highly specialized assignments
*Multi-purpose Mega Projects which
require multi-sectoral studies
*High downstream impacts projects.
1) Direct Selection/Award:
• For training, Seminar and Workshop
• From the Standing List/Roster of Consultant
• Review List every one year
• No repetition of consultant within a year
2) Cost Based Selection (CBS)/Least Cost Selection (LCS):
• Preparation of Request for Proposal (RFP)
• Invite Technical/ Financial Proposal (FP)
• Evaluate Technical Proposals
• If three firms qualify, the evaluate Financial Proposal. If no case rebid it.
• Select Low Cost of Financial Proposal.
• Sign agreement.
• CBS is suitable for assignments in which the scope of work and methodology are
routine and well defined, the capabilities of the consultants are well known, and cost is
the major criterion for selection.
3) Quality and Cost Based Selection (QCBS):
• Shortlist Consultants
• Invite Technical and Financial Proposals
• Evaluate TP, take TP only above pass marks (Minimum Wt.)
• If three firms qualify, then evaluate FP. If no case, rebid it.
• Calculate combine score (TP+FP). Weightage: TP= 70-90%; FP= 30-10%
• Select highest score proposal
• Negotiate if any. If no, sign agreement.
• For medium to large assignments, consultants may be selected on the basis of quality
and cost.
• QCBS is suitable for a wide range of field investigation, design and construction
supervision services where the technical approach, quality and experience of
personnel, and the resulting cost proposed by the consultant may differ significantly.
The implementing agency seeks a combination of technical quality and cost most
appropriate for the needs of the project.
4) Quality Based Selection (QBS):
• Shortlist Consultants i.e. PQ
• Invite Technical and Financial Proposals
• Evaluate TP
• Select only best rank of TP
• Evaluate FP of only best rank firm
• Negotiate with the best ranking proposal
• Sign Agreement
• QBS is appropriate for complex or highly specialized assignments for
which it is difficult to define precise TOR and required input from
consultants.
2.13 Selection procedures/steps:

2.13 Selection procedures/steps Contd.:

2.14 Expression of Interest (EoI):
• It is the process of short listing of the consulting firms.
• EoI is released to assess the market’s ability to provide specified services
and to gather additional information to the proper procurement procedure.
• The notice inviting the Expression of Interest (EoI) shall indicate the
following matters:
a) The name and address of the public entity,
b) General description of the proposed assignments or project,
c) The source of funding for the proposed assignment,
d) The qualification of the consultant submitting the LoI,
e) If the consultant submitting the letter of intent is a firm or company:
i. A profile of the firm or company
ii. Status of Joint Venture (JV)
iii. Details of experience of similar assignments
iv. Bio-data of key human resources to be involved in the proposed assignment.
2.14 Short Listing Criteria:
Eligibility Criteria (Pass/Fail) Compliance
Corporate Registration Yes/No

Registration With Professional Societies Tax Yes/No
Clearances Yes/No
VAT Registration Yes/No
Minimum Years of Standing Yes/No
Ranking Criteria (Out of 100%) Weight
General Experience of Consultant Experience in 20-30%

Similar Projects Experience in Similar Geographical 30-50%
Area 10-15%
Availability of Staff with Suitable Qualifications Works in 10-15%
Hand 5-10% (-Ve)
Financial Capability Equipment and 5-10%
Facilities 5-10%
Commitment for Code of Ethics 2-3%
Commitment for Adherence to Anti-Corruption Policy 2-3%
Total 100%

2.15 Request for Proposal (RFP):
• After the preparation of a short list, Request for detailed proposals will be invited.
• It is an invitation presented for suppliers/service provider often through bidding
process to submit a proposal.
• The following matters shall be included:
a) Letter of invitation to proposal
b) Requirement that the key human resources proposed by the proponent certify
that their respective updated bio-data are accurate and complete
c) Matter that financial proposals shall be opened only after the evaluation of
technical proposals.
d) Minimum pass score to be obtained by the proponent on the technical proposal.
e) Whether the proponent is allowed to propose a separate action plan of its own
and human resources for the concerned assignment.
f) Whether the proponent is allowed to comment on the terms of reference, and
g) Source of finance required for the proposed assignment.
2.15 Request for Proposal (RFP)
I) Preparation of Technical Proposal:
 Brief description of consultant’s organization and recent experience on
similar assignments
 Comments and suggestions on TOR
Methodology and work Plan
 Project team organization/proposed personnel CVs of
personnel
 Estimate of total personnel and support personnel Description
of Equipment, Computer software and resources. Methodology
and work plan for transfer of knowledge

2.15 Request for Proposal (RFP)
II) Preparation of Financial Proposal:
• Remuneration for staff (domestic/foreign, field/office)
• Reimbursable expenses (transport, equipment, furniture)
• Reimbursable services (surveys, training, testing etc.)
• Estimate of taxes, duties and fees.
• Validity period of their proposal (normally 60-90 days)
• In case of QCBS, the methodology and weight of technical and financial
scores shall be given. Generally 80/20.
• The single currency to be used for financial comparison. Source of
exchange rate (not earlier than 4 weeks prior)

2.16 PPMO- Roles and Responsibilities:
Office Establishment:
 Established as per the provision made in the new Public Procurement law
of Nepal.
 The Public Procurement Act, 2063 (B.S.) and Public Procurement
Regulation, 2064 (B.S.) have been enforced on 2063/09/30 (B.S.) and
2064/5/03 (B.S.) respectively.
 PPMO was established as the government agency on 2064/5/3 (B.S.) and
is placed directly under the prime minister.
 This organization has 51 staffs including the secretary as head of this
institution.

Vision:
 To ensure good governance in procurement system of the Public Entity
that is transparent efficient and free of corruption using information and
communications technology also as a tool for implementation through
proper coordination within all Public Entitys improved relations between
the Government and its suppliers contractors consultants and service
providers and build an atmosphere of trust and confidence between the
Government and the general public.

Mission:
• 1. To be the guiding body responsible for procurement policy formulation
and the implementation and monitoring of effective public procurement
system
• 2. Establish and maintain transparency, accountability, effectiveness,
efficiency and economy along-with non-discrimination and equality in
public procurement proceedings of Nepal.
• 3. Achieve maximum benefits from the public expenditure through
economy and rational judgment.

1. Prepare public procurement policy and recommend measures of
implementation to the government for improvement and proper functioning
of the public procurement system.
2. Monitor the public procurement law implementation through visit and
documentation procedure.
3. Develop the indicators for the continuous monitoring of the public
procurement proceedings.
4.Advise on public procurement matters for public procurement proceedings
5.Establish and maintain websites dedicated to public procurement
management
6.Develop and Issue the SBDs for Civil Works, Goods and Consultancy.
7.Issue manuals, directives, instructions and technical notes for facilitating
the procurement proceeding
8. Coordination in public procurement at all levels including conduction of
debarment proceedings,
9. Develop human resource and professionalism development plan for public
procurement, including by arranging training programs for public officials and
bidders concerning public procurement, and qualification and certification, and
career development schemes for public officials involved in procurement,
10.Solicit the views of the business community as well as stake holders thoughts
on the effectiveness of the procurement system on a regular basis through
consultative bodies;
11. Planning and coordinate foreign technical assistance in the field of public
procurement,
12. Function as a secretariat of the Procurement Review Committee (PRC), and
13.Present an annual report to GoN reporting on the overall functioning of public
procurement system. Som Gurung | Asst. Professor | som.gurung@outlook.com
Nepal Procurement Act, 2063 and
Nepal Procurement Regulation 2064

THANK YOU!!

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CH 07 - Procurement

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Affiliated to Pokhara University (PU)

18th December 2022

Som Gurung | Asst. Professor | som.gurung@outlook.com

Som Gurung | Asst. Professor | som.gurung@outlook.com

i ICB (International More than 1 Arba. International, Works- Large Contracts

2. Pre-qualification Always May use Pre- Q Not required

2.1 Preparation of Pre-Q Preparation: Project Manager/Consultant 30 15 0

2.2 Invitation to Pre- Preparation: Project Manager/Consultant 15 15 0

2.4 Analysis of PQ Preparation: Project Manager/Consultant 60 30 0

7. Reserved Procurement Depends on Depends on Contract Amount Agreement Depends

b. National or Local Competitive Bidding (NCB/LCB)

Som Gurung | Asst. Professor | som.gurung@outlook.com

Som Gurung | Asst. Professor | som.gurung@outlook.com

Som Gurung | Asst. Professor | som.gurung@outlook.com

Som Gurung | Asst. Professor | som.gurung@outlook.com

High Complexity Means:

Som Gurung | Asst. Professor | som.gurung@outlook.com

Som Gurung | Asst. Professor | som.gurung@outlook.com

Corporate Registration Yes/No

Ranking Criteria (Out of 100%) Weight

General Experience of Consultant Experience in 20-30%

Som Gurung | Asst. Professor | som.gurung@outlook.com

Som Gurung | Asst. Professor | som.gurung@outlook.com

Som Gurung | Asst. Professor | som.gurung@outlook.com

Som Gurung | Asst. Professor | som.gurung@outlook.com

Som Gurung | Asst. Professor | som.gurung@outlook.com

Som Gurung | Asst. Professor | som.gurung@outlook.com

Som Gurung | Asst. Professor | som.gurung@outlook.com

Som Gurung | Asst. Professor | som.gurung@outlook.com

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