JEE CRASH COURSE FOR JEE-2022

ULTIMATE
SEQUENCE AND SERIES
LECTURE – 03 (MIP-1)
IIT
Arvind Suthar
ARITHMETICO GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

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 Arithmetico – Geometric Progression (A.G.P.)
Suppose a1, a2, a3,…. is an A.P. and b1, b2, b3,…. is a G.P. then the sequence
a1b1, a2b2…., an bn is said to be an Arithmetico – Geometric Progression.

an arithmetico – geometric progression is of the form

ab, (a + d)br, (a + 2d)br2, (a + 3d)br3 ,..........,(a+(n–1)d)brn–1

A.P. : a, (a+d), (a+2d),…, (a+(n–1)d)

G.P. : b,br,br2,…..,brn–1

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 Sum of n terms of
A.G.P.
Its sum Sn to n terms is given by
Sn = ab + (a + d)br + (a + 2d)br2 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +(a+ (n – 1)d)brn-1
rSn= abr + (a + d)br2 + (a + 2d) br3 + . . . . . . . . . . + (a + (n–1)d)brn
(1 – r)Sn = ab + dbr + dbr2 + ….. + dbrn–2 + dbrn–1 – (a + (n – 1)d)brn
= ab + db(r + r2 + ….. + rn–2 + rn–1)
– (a + (n – 1)d)brn
dbr(1–rn–1)
= ab + – (a + (n – 1)d)brn
(1–r)
ab dbr(1–rn–1) (a + (n – 1)d)brn
⇒ Sn = 1–r + –
(1–r)2 1–r

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Q. The sum to infinity of the series,

A n2

B n(n + 1)

D None of these

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Solution:

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Example
Find the sum of the series 1 .2 + 2 . 22 + 3. 23 + …. + 100 . 2100

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 Example
Find the sum of the series 1 .2 + 2 . 22 + 3. 23 + …. + 100 . 2100
Solution
S = 1 .2 + 2 . 22 + 3. 23 + …. + 100 . 2100
⇒ 2S = 1 . 22 + 2 . 23 + ….+ 99 . 2100 + 100 . 2101
On subtracting ;
⇒ –S = 1 .2 + 1 . 22 + 1. 23 + …. + 1. 2100 – 100 . 2101
2100 – 1
⇒ –S = 1 .2 – 100 . 2101
2–1
⇒ S = – 2101 + 2 + 100 . 2101 = 99 . 2101
+2

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Example
4 7 10 13
Find sum of n terms of series 1 + + 2 + + 4 +…..
5 5 5 3 5
Also find sum of infinite terms of given series.

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Example
4 7 10 13
Find sum of n terms of series 1 + + 2 + + 4 +…..
5 5 5 3 5
Also find sum of infinite terms of given series.

Solution

The given series is an arithmetic geometric

series whose corresponding A.P sequence
is 1, 4, 7, 10…

1 1 1
G.P sequence is 1 , , 2 , 3 respectively
5 5 5

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The nth term of A.P. 1,4,7… (1 + (n – 1) × 3 ) = 3n – 2
is 1 1 1 1
n–1

The nth term of 1 , , 2 , 3 , . . . . is

5 5 5 5
G.P.
3n – 2
So the nth term of the given series is (3n – 2) × (1/5n–1) =
5n–1
4 7 10 3n – 5 3n – 2
Sn = 1 + + 2 + 3 +...+ +
5 5 5 5n–2 5n–1
1 1 4 7 (3n – 5) (3n – 2)
S = + 2 + 3 +...+ +
5 n 5 5 5 5n–1 5n
1 S 3 3 3 3 (3n – 2)
Sn – n = 1 + + + +……+ –
5 5 52 53 5n–1 5n

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 1 S 3 3 3 3 (3n – 2)
Sn – n = 1 + + + +……+ –
5 5 52 53 5n–1 5n

⇒
4
Sn = 1 + 3 1– (1/5)n–1 (3n – 2)
5 –
5 1 – 1/5 5n

4 3 1– (1/5)n–1 (3n – 2)
Sn = 1 + –
5 5 4/5 5n

4 3 1 (3n – 2)
Sn = 1 + 1– –
5 4 5n–1 5n

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 4 3 1 (3n – 2)
Sn = 1 + 1– –
5 4 5n–1 5n
0 0
5 15 1 (3n – 2)
∴ Sn = + 1 – n–1 –
4 16 5 4.5n-1
1 n–1
Since n → ∞ ; →0
5
5 15
S∞ = +
4 16
35
=
16

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SUMMATION OF TERMS

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Sigma Notation (∑)
n
t1 + t2 + t3 +…+ tr is represented by ∑ tr
r=1

(read as sigma tr , r is from 1 to n)

∑ is Greek letter used to denote sum

n
∑ xr = x1 + x2 + x3 +…+ xn
r=1

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Properties of sigma Notation
n n
i) ∑ a tr = a ∑ tr , where a is constant
r=1 r=1
n n n
ii) ∑ (ar + br) = ∑ ar + ∑ br
r=1 r=1 r=1

n
iii) ∑ 1 = n
r=1

n n
iv) ∑ k = k ∑ 1 = kn , where k is constant
r=1 r=1

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Summation of some series of natural number
n n
1) ∑r = (n + 1)
r=1 2

n n
2) ∑ r2 = (n + 1)(2 n + 1)
r=1 6

n n2
3) ∑ r3 = (n + 1)2
r=1 4

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ILLUSTRATIONS BASED ON SUM OF TERMS

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Example

Find the nth term and the sum of n terms of the series
1.2.4+2.3.5+3.4.6+....

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Example Find the nth term and the sum of n terms of the series
1.2.4+2.3.5+3.4.6+....
Solution rth term of the series = r .(r + 1).(r + 3) = r3 + 4r2 + 3r
n n n
So sum of n terms = ∑
r=1
r3 + 4 ∑
r=1
r2 + 3 ∑r
r=1
2
n(n + 1) n(n + 1) (2n + 1) 3n(n + 1)
= + 4 +
2 6 2

n(n + 1)
= ( 3n2 + 19n + 26 )
12

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Example Find the sum of the series 1.n + 2(n – 1) + 3.(n – 2) + . .. . + n.1

Solution rth term of the series is

tr = (1 + (r – 1) . 1) (n + (r – 1) (–1))

= r(n – r + 1) = r(n + 1) – r2
n n n
⇒ Sn = ∑ tr = ∑ (n + 1)r – ∑ r2
r=1 r=1 r=1

n(n + 1) n(n + 1) (2n + 1)

= (n + 1) –
2 6

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 n(n + 1) n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
= (n + 1) –
2 6

n(n + 1) 2n + 1
= (n + 1) –
2 3

n(n + 1) (n + 2)
=
6

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Example
The sum of the first n term of the series
n(n + 1) 2
12 + 2. 22 + 32 + 2. 42 + 52 + 2. 62 + … is , when n is even.
2
Find sum when n is odd.

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Example
The sum of the first n term of the series
n(n + 1) 2
12 + 2. 22 + 32 + 2. 42 + 52 + 2. 62 + … is , when n is even.
2
Find sum when n is odd.

Solution : If n is odd, n – 1 is even.

(n – 1)(n – 1 + 1)2 n2(n – 1)
Sum of (n – 1) terms will be =
2 2
The nth term will be n2.
n2(n – 1) 2
n2(n + 1)
Hence the required sum = + n =
2 2

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METHOD OF DIFFERENCE

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Method of Differences
Suppose a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . . is a sequence such that the sequence a2 – a1 ,
a3 – a2 , . . . . is either an A.P. or a G.P. .
The nth term , an , of this sequence is obtained as follows :
S = a1 + a2 + a3 + . . . . + an – 1 + an . . . . (i)
S = a1 + a2 + . . . . + an – 2 + an – 1 + an . . . . (ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i) , we get ,
an = a1 + [(a2 – a1) + (a3 – a2) + . . . . + (an – an – 1)]
n
S = ∑
k=1
ak Since the terms within the brackets are
either in an A.P. or a G.P. , we can find
the value of an , the nth term .

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 Example

Find the sum to n terms of the series 5 , 7 , 11 , 17, 25,....

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Example Find the sum to n terms of the series 5 , 7 , 11 , 17,
25,....
Solution

Let S = 5 + 7 + 11 + 17 + 25 + . . . . + tn
Also S = 5 + 7 + 11 + 17 + . . . . + tn – 1 + tn

Subtracting , we get
0 = 5 + (2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + . . . . + (n – 1)th term) – tn

n(n – 1)
⇒ tn = 5 + 2 ⇒ t n = n2 – n + 5
2

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 t n = n2 – n + 5
n n n
⇒ Sn = ∑
r=1
r2 – ∑r
r=1
+ 5 ∑1
r=1

n(n + 1) (2n + 1) n(n + 1)

= – + 5n
6 2
n
= {(n + 1) (2n – 1) – 3(n + 1) + 30}
6
n
= (2n2 + 28)
6

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Example
Find the sum to n terms of the series 1, 5, 11,19, 29,……

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Example Find the sum to n terms of the series 1, 5, 11,19,
29,……
Solution
Let S = 1 + 5 + 11 + 19 + 29 + . . . . + tn
Also S = 1 + 5 + 11 + 19 + . . . . + tn – 1 + tn
Subtracting , we get
0 = 1 + (4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + . . . . + (n – 1)th term) – tn
n–1
⇒ tn = 1 + { 2 × 4 + [(n – 1) –1] × 2}
2
⇒ tn = 1 + ( n–1) (4+ (n – 2))

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⇒ tn = 1 + ( n–1) (4+ (n – 2))
⇒ tn = 1 + ( n–1) (n + 2)

⇒ t n = n2 + n – 1
n n
∴ Sn = ∑
r=1
tn = ∑
r=1
(r2 + r – 1)

n n n
⇒ Sn = ∑r 2
+ ∑r – ∑1
r=1 r=1 r=1

n(n + 1) (2n + 1) n(n + 1)

= + –n
6 2

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 n(n + 1) (2n + 1) n(n + 1)
= + –n
6 2
n(n + 1) 2n + 1
= +1 –n
2 3

n2 + 3n –1
= n
3

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METHOD OF DIFFERENCE (Vn METHOD)

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Method of Differences
If corresponding to the sequence a1 , a2 , a3 . . . . , an
there exists a sequence b0 , b1 , b2 , . . . ., bn
such that ak = bk – bk – 1 ,
then the sum of n terms of the sequence a1 , a2 , . . . . ,an is
S = a1 + a2 + a3+….. +an
S= (b1 – b0) + (b2 – b1 ) + (b3 – b2) +….+ (bn –bn–1)
S= bn – b0

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 1 1
Example Find the sum of the series + +. . . + n terms.
1.2.3.4 2.3.4.5

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 1 1
Example Find the sum of the series + +. . . + n terms.
1.2.3.4 2.3.4.5
Solution
1 1 (r + 3 )–r
T = =
r
r (r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3) 3 r (r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3)

1 1 1
T = –
3 r (r + 1)(r + 2) (r + 1) (r + 2)(r + 3)
r

n
Sn = ΣT = T
r=1
1 + T2 + …. + Tn
r

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 1 1 1
T = –
3 r (r + 1)(r + 2) (r + 1) (r + 2)(r + 3)
r

1 1 1
T1 = –
3 1.2.3 2.3.4 1 1
1
Sn = –
1 1 3 1.2.3 (n+1)(n+2)(n+3)
1
T2 =. –
3 2.3.4 3.4.5
.
. 1 1 1
Tn = –
3 n (n + 1)(n+ 2) (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)

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Example

Find the sum of the series 1.2.3.4.5 + 2.3.4.5.6 + …. n terms

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Example Find the sum of the series 1.2.3.4.5 + 2.3.4.5.6+ …. n terms

Solution Difference of terms next

to last term (r+ 4)& previous to
Tr = r(r + 1)(r + 2)(r + 3)(r + 4) first term (r)

1
= (r + 5) – (r – 1) r (r + 1) (r + 2) (r + 3 ) (r+4)
6
1
= r(r + 1) ….(r + 5) – (r – 1)r….(r + 4)
6
n
Sn = ΣT=T
r=1
r 1 + T2 + …. + Tn

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 1
T1 = [1.2.3.4.5.6 – 0.1.2.3.4.5 ] Tr =
1 r(r + 1) …. (r + 5) – (r – 1)r….(r + 4)
6 6

1
T2 = [2.3.4.5.6.7 – 1.2.3.4.5.6 ]
6
1
T3 =. [3.4.5.6.7.8 – 2.3.4.5.6.7 ]
6
.
. 1
Tn = [n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n+ 4)(n+5)–
6
(n –1)n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n+ 4)]
1
Sn = n(n+1) (n+2) (n+3) (n+4) (n+5)
6

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Q. If (10)9 + 2(11)1 (108) + 3(11)2 (10)7+....+10(11)9 = k(10)9, then k is
equal to:
2014
A 100

B 110

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Q. If (10)9 + 2(11)1 (108) + 3(11)2 (10)7+....+10(11)9 = k(10)9, then k is
equal to:
2014
A 100

B 110

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Q. Find the sum

8th Jan 2020-(Shift 1)

A 1555
B 1545
C 1540
D 1600

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Solution:

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Q. is equal to
8th Jan 2020-(Shift 2)

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Solution:

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Q. The sum , is equal to

JEE-Main 2019
A 620

B 1240

C 1860

D 660

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Solution:

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Q. The sum upto 10th term is :

A 680 B 600 C 660 D 620 JEE-Main 2019, 10th April -I

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Q. A person is to count 4500 currency notes. Let an denote the
number of notes he counts in the nth minute. If a1 - a2 - … - a10 - 150
and a10, a11, …. are in an AP with common difference -2, then the
time taken by him to count all notes is

A 2010
34 minutes

B 125 minutes

C 135 minutes

D 24 minutes

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Q. A man saves ₹ 200 in each of the first three month of his
serves. In each of the subsequent months his saving increases
by ₹ 40 more than the saving of immediately previous month.
His total saving from the start of service will be ₹ 11040 after
2011
A 19 months

B 20 months

C 21 months

D 18 months

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Q. The sum of the series 1 + 2 × 3 + 3 × 5 + 4 × 7 + ..... upto 11th term
is:
JEE-Main 2019, 9th April -II
A 915 B 946 C 945 D 916

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Solution:

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Q. If the sum of the first 15 terms of the series

is equal to 225 k then k is equal to

A 108 B 27 C 54 D 9 JEE-Main 2019, 12th Jan -II

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Solution:

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Example Find sum S = 1(1!) + 2(2!) +3(3!) + 4(4!) +…. + n(n!)

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Example Find sum S = 1(1!) + 2(2!) +3(3!) + 4(4!) +…. + n(n!)
Solution
tr = r(r!)
n n
S= Σ r(r!)
r=1
= Σ [(r + 1) – 1] r!
r=1
n
= Σ (r + 1)! – r!
r=1

= (2! – 1! ) + (3! – 2! ) + (4! – 3!) +….+ (n+1)! –n!

= (n + 1)! – 1

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Q. The sum of series upto infinity is

2007
A

C e-2

D e-1

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Q. The sum of the series

2005
A

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Example

Find the sum of n terms of the series 12 + 32 + 52 + …

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Example Find the sum of n terms of the series 12 + 32 + 52 + …

Solution tr = (2r – 1)2

n n
Sum = Sn = Σ
r=1
(2r – 1)2 = Σ
r=1
[4r2 – 4r + 1]
n n n
= Σ 4r – Σ 4r + Σ 1
r=1
2
r=1 r=1
n n
= 4 Σr – 4 Σr+n
2
r=1 r=1
n (n+1) (2n +1) n (n+1)
= 4 –4 + n
6 2
n (4n2–1)
=
3

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Example
If a, b, c are the positive numbers, prove that
a2(1 + b2) + b2(1 + c2) + c2(1 + a2) ≥ 6abc

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Example If a, b, c are the positive numbers, prove that
a2(1 + b2) + b2(1 + c2) + c2(1 + a2) ≥ 6abc

Solution L.H.S = a2(1 + b2) + b2(1 + c2) + c2(1 + a2)

= (a2 + b2 + c2) + (a2b2 + b2c2 + c2a2)

a2 + b2 + c2 1/3
≥ (a2b2c2) ⇒ a2 + b2 + c2 ≥ 3 a2/3 b2/3 c2/3
3
(a2b2 + b2c2 + c2a2)
Also, ≥ (a2b2 . b2c2 . c2a2) 1/3
3
⇒ a2b2 + b2c2 + c2a2 ≥ 3 a4/3 b4/3 c4/3
L.H.S ≥ 3[a2/3 b2/3 c2/3 + a4/3 b4/3 c4/3]

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 L.H.S ≥ 3[a2/3 b2/3 c2/3 + a4/3 b4/3 c4/3]
a2/3 b2/3 c2/3 + a4/3 b4/3 c4/3
≥ √ a2/3 b2/3 c2/3 × a4/3 b4/3 c4/3
2
a2/3 b2/3 c2/3 + a4/3 b4/3 c4/3 ≥ 2 abc

L.H.S ≥ 6abc
Hence
a2 (1 + b2) + b2 (1 + c2) + c2 (1 + c2) ≥ 6abc

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Example
N, the set of natural numbers, is partitioned into subsets
S1 = {1}, S2 = {2,3}, S3 = {4,5,6}, S4 = {7,8,9,10}, …. and so on.
Find the sum of the elements in the subset S50

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Example N, the set of natural numbers, is partitioned into subsets
S1 = {1}, S2 = {2,3}, S3 = {4,5,6}, S4 = {7,8,9,10}, …. and so on.
Find the sum of the elements in the subset S50
Solution :
S1 = {1}, S2 = {2,3}, S3 = {4,5,6}, S4 = {7,8,9,10}, ...
Number of elements in S50 will be 50.
Total terms till = 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 49
S49
49 × 50
Total terms till =
2
S49
Total terms till = 1225
S49

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Total terms till S49 = 1225
1st term in S50 = 1225 + 1 = 1226
last term in S50 = 1225 + 50 = 1275
50
Sum of elements = (1226 + 1275)
2
Sum of elements = 62525

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 n n 1
Σ
n
Example If
Σ
r=1
Tr =
8
(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) then find
r=1 Tr

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 n n 1
Σ
n
Example If
Σ
r=1
Tr =
8
(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) then find
r=1 Tr

n
n
Solution : Σ
r=1
Tr =
8
(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3)

Tn = Sn – Sn – 1
n (n –1)
Tn = (n+1) (n+2) (n+3) – n (n+1) (n+2)
8 8
n (n+1) (n+2)
Tn = (n+3) – (n+1)
8
n (n+1) (n+2)
Tn =
2

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 n (n+1) (n+2)
Tn =
2
1 2
=
Tr r (r +1) (r +2)

1 (r +2) – r 1 1
= = –
Tr r (r +1) (r +2) r (r +1) (r +1) (r +2)
n
Σ
r=1 Tr
1
=
1
1.2
–
2.3
1
+
1
2.3
–
3.4
1
+…+
1
n(n+1)
–
1
(n+1) (n+2)
n
1 1
Σ
r=1
1
Tr
=
1.2
–
(n+1) (n+2)

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Example
Does there exist a G.P. containing 27, 8, and 12 as three of its terms
(consecutive or not) If it exists, how many such progression are possible ?

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Example
Does there exist a G.P. containing 27, 8, and 12 as three of its terms
(consecutive or not) If it exists, how many such progression are possible ?
Solution :
Let 8 be the mth, 12 the nth and 27 be the tth terms of a G.P.
whose first term is A and common ratio is R.
Then 8 = ARm–1, 12 = ARn–1, 27 = ARt–1
2
8 2 12 2
⇒ = Rm–n = , = Rn–t = ,
12 3 27 3
3
8 m–t
2
= R =
27 3
⇒ 2m – 2n = n – t and 3m – 3n = m – t

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⇒ 2m – 2n = n – t and 3m – 3n = m – t
⇒ 2m + t = 3n and 2m + t = 3n

2m + t
⇒ = n
3
There are infinite sets of values of m, n, t which
satisfy the relation.
For example, take m = 1
2+t
Then = n = k ⇒ n = k, t = 3k – 2.
3
By giving different values to k we get integral values
of n and t. Hence there are infinite number of G.P.’s
whose terms may be 27, 8, 12 (not consecutive).

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Example
If a, b, c and d are different positive numbers in H.P., then
(A) a + b > c + d (B) a + c > b + d
(C) a + d > b + c (D) None of these

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Example
If a, b, c and d are different positive numbers in H.P., then
(A) a + b > c + d (B) a + c > b + d
(C) a + d > b + c (D) None of these
Solution :
a+c
Since b is the H.M. of a and c, > b (A.M. > H.M.)
2
b+d
Again c is the H.M. of b and d, > c (A.M. > H.M.)
2
a+c b+d
Adding, we get + > b+c
2 2
⇒ a+d>b+c; Hence (C) is the correct option.

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