Test Bank for American Corrections,

10th Edition : Clear

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 Chapter 1: The Corrections System

5. Systems learn, grow and improve according to what?

a. policies
b. procedures
c. feedback
d. laws

ANS: C REF: 12 OBJ: 3, 4

6. Probation and parole officers state that their original decision to become involved in this particular
career field is based on their desire to:
a. Receive promotions
b. Help people
c. Take criminals out of society
d. Become a warden

ANS: B REF: 23 OBJ: 1, 3

7. Now more than ever correctional systems are in a new era of correctional policy in what areas?
a. Politics and policy change
b. Financial and social change
c. Psychological and political
d. Socially and politically

ANS: B REF: 7 OBJ: 4, 5

8. Which of the following is the central purpose of punishment?

a. To provide housing
b. To protect society
c. To carry out the criminal sentence
d. All of these

ANS: C REF: 8 OBJ: 1, 3

9. Corrections ideally serves which goal(s)?

a. Moral outrage
b. Protection
c. Punishment
d. Both protection and punishment

ANS: D REF: 8 OBJ: 1, 3

10. Corrections can be seen as a series of:

a. processes.
b. agencies.
c. loops.
d. both processes and agencies.

ANS: D REF: 9 OBJ: 1, 2, 3

11. According to the author, Corrections has a(n) __________ relationship with its environment.

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a. reciprocal
b. inverse
c. oppositional
d. purposeful

ANS: A REF: 11 OBJ: 1, 2, 3

12. Which of the following countries has the highest incarceration rate in the world?
a. The United States
b. Russia
c. South Africa
d. Japan

ANS: A REF: 4 OBJ: 1, 3, 5

13. Which important scholar argued that criminals and their punishment are functional in society, help
to define norms and expectations for conformity?
a. Emile Durkheim
b. Cesare Beccaria
c. Travis Hirshchi
d. Cesare Lombroso

ANS: A REF: 8 OBJ: 5

14. As systems grow and mature, they become:

a. familiar.
b. more complex.
c. strange.
d. boring.

ANS: B REF: 8 OBJ: 4, 5

15. According to the author, which system of government divides power between federal and state
governments?
a. Federalism
b. Democracy
c. Communism
d. Capitalism

ANS: A REF: 16 OBJ: 3

16. Approximately _______ of all people under correctional supervision are living in the community
on probation or parole.
a. one-fifth
b. one-half
c. one-third
d. two-third

ANS: D REF: 16 OBJ: 3, 5

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 Chapter 1: The Corrections System

17. Clear, Cole, and Reisig divide some of the controversies, issues and themes that arise in the study
of corrections into two main areas:
a. managing the correctional organization and portraying a strong public image.
b. working with offenders and interpreting U.S. Supreme Court interpretations.
c. managing the correctional organization and working with offenders.
d. portraying a strong public image and interpreting U.S. Supreme Court interpretation.

ANS: C REF: 17 OBJ: 3

18. The theory that offenders can be corrected:

a. is widely recognized.
b. faces dispute.
c. is backed by evidence.
d. is supported by politicians.

ANS: B REF: 17 OBJ: 1, 3, 5

19. According to the author, __________ is a method of applying scientific knowledge to practical
purposes in a particular field.
a. Technology
b. Language
c. Politics
d. Persuasions

ANS: A REF: 21 OBJ: 2, 3

20. One result of funding squabbles is that organizational turf is:

a. destroyed.
b. disputed.
c. lost.
d. nurtured.

ANS: B REF: 18 OBJ: 2, 3

21. Because correctional workers work directly with people, they have been referred to as:
a. professional.
b. street-level bureaucrats.
c. having a thankless job.
d. none of the above.

ANS: B REF: 18 OBJ: 2, 3

22. The effectiveness of correctional strategies is:

a. sophisticated.
b. uncertain.
c. unlikely.
d. predictable.

ANS: B REF: 19 OBJ: 1, 4

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23. Organizations develop _________ to keep operating with inmates having regular and predictable
responses to the staff.
a. routines
b. policies
c. procedures
d. all of these

ANS: D REF: 21 OBJ: 1, 3

24. Interdependence between staff and offenders is considered:

a. informal enforcement.
b. exchange.
c. security.
d. screening.

ANS: B REF: 21 OBJ: 3

25. According to the text, Every aspect of the corrections field raises questions that concern deeply
held values about:
a. money.
b. honor.
c. social relations.
d. punishment.

ANS: C REF: 22 OBJ: 1, 2, 5

TRUE/FALSE
1. Conservatives and liberals tend to share the same ideas about how to deal with crime.

ANS: F REF: 6 OBJ: 5

2. The rate of incarceration in the United States is one of the lowest in the world.

ANS: F REF: 4 OBJ: 1, 4

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3. The nonprofessional staff that works within the prison system normally possesses a college
education.

ANS: F REF: 20 OBJ: 4, 5

4. Although the increase in prison populations receives the most publicity, a greater proportion of
correctional growth has occurred in probation and parole.

ANS: T REF: 5 OBJ: 3

5. The organizational turf of criminal justice agencies is very clear because there is no blurring
around the edges regarding the responsibility for different types of actions.

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ANS: F REF: 18 OBJ: 2, 3, 4

6. Corrections consist of subunits, each with its own function and responsibilities. Some examples
are probation offices, halfway houses, and prisons.

ANS: T REF: 13 OBJ: 3

7. People who undertake careers in corrections do so because they find the field an excellent place to
express their most cherished values

ANS: T REF: 23 OBJ: 3,4

8. Correctional practices and processes all affect one another because offenders pass through in a
kind of assembly line with return loops.

ANS: T REF: 10 OBJ: 2, 3

9. Large corrections systems damage families and communities, and increase racial inequality.

ANS: T REF: 4 OBJ: 4, 5

10. Corrections has one clear primary goal.

ANS: F REF: 8 OBJ: 1, 4

COMPLETION
1. The phrase “under some form of correctional supervision” is referring to the following three forms
of control: __________, ___________, and ______________.

ANS: probation, parole, and community corrections

REF: 13 OBJ: 1, 3

2. A system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national
government and individual state governments is known as ____________.

ANS: Federalism
REF: 16 OBJ: 2, 3

3. An institution for incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felons, is called
___________.

ANS: prison
REF: 16 OBJ: 1, 3

4. A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods no longer
than 48 hours is called a ______________________.

ANS: jail
REF: 16 OBJ: 1, 3

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5. The twin goals of corrections are _____________ and ___________.

ANS: punishment, protection

REF: 10 OBJ: 3

6. According to the authors, key issues in corrections are divided into three main areas: managing the
correctional organization, working with offenders, and ___________.

ANS: upholding social values

REF: 17 OBJ: 4

7. The term “_____________” refers to methods of applying scientific knowledge to practical

purposes in a particular field.

ANS: technology
REF: 21 OBJ: 1

8. The states of __________ and _________ have the largest prison populations in the U.S.

ANS: California, Texas

REF: 14 OBJ: 4

9. A mutual transfer of resources based on decisions regarding the costs and benefits of alternative
actions is referred to as ______________.

ANS: exchange
REF: 21 OBJ: 1,2

10. Public service workers who interact directly with citizens are known as ___________.

ANS: street-level bureaucrats.

REF: 19 OBJ: 1, 2, 3

MATCHING
Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
a. Houses people convicted of serious crimes f. Method of applying scientific knowledge
b. A facility authorized to hold pretrial g. One of the goals of corrections
detainees
c. Mutual transfer of resources h. Common goals influenced by the
environment
d. Workers who provide programs and i. Conforms to the rules of society
services
e. Power between national and state j. Manages accused or convicted offenders
government

1. Exchange
2. Corrections

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 Chapter 1: The Corrections System

3. Social Control
4. Prison
5. Jails
6. Technology
7. Punishment
8. System
9. Federalism
10. Street-level bureaucrats

1. ANS: C REF: 21
2. ANS: J REF: 8
3. ANS: I REF: 8
4. ANS: A REF: 16
5. ANS: B REF: 16
6. ANS: F REF: 21
7. ANS: G REF: 8
8. ANS: H REF: 10
9. ANS: E REF: 16
10. ANS: D REF: 19

ESSAY
1. Twenty-five years ago, the “three P’s”—probation, prisons, and parole—dominated correctional
practice. Today all kinds of activities come under the heading of corrections. Identify at least three
other practices or programs that are considered part of corrections. Discuss how their existence
has fostered the growth of corrections.

ANS: Answers will vary OBJ: 4

2. Correctional practices affect the community, and community values and expectations in turn affect
corrections. Give an example of each and discuss the reciprocal relationship between corrections
and its environment.

ANS: Answers will vary OBJ: 4

3. Define what is meant by the term “exchange.” Present some examples of “exchanges” in your
daily life. How would interactions be different if reciprocity was not practiced? Why is”
exchange” is important concern for correctional officers and inmates?

ANS: Answers will vary OBJ: 1

4. Corrections has always struggled with conflicting goals. Identify several corrections goals and
explain how they fight against one another. How can this conflict be minimized? Is it possible that
this goal conflict may actually be good for corrections?

ANS: Answers will vary OBJ: 1

5. Discuss the concept of social control and how it has affected the correctional system as a whole.

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ANS: Answers will vary OBJ: 5

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