Test Bank for Human Anatomy, 6th

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2ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ2

6) Theȱstudyȱofȱstructuresȱbyȱviewingȱthemȱwithȱspecialȱinstrumentationȱisȱcalled
A) cytology.
B) embryology.
C) physiology.
D) histology.
E) radiography.
Answer: E

7) Theȱanatomicalȱspecialtyȱthatȱexaminesȱchangesȱinȱformȱfromȱconceptionȱtoȱmaturityȱis
A) developmentalȱanatomy.
B) comparativeȱanatomy.
C) medicalȱanatomy.
D) surgicalȱanatomy.
E) systemicȱanatomy.
Answer: A

8) Theȱstudyȱofȱanatomyȱincludesȱwhichȱofȱtheȱfollowing?
A) organs.
B) communities.
C) ecosystems.
D) colonies.
E) populations.
Answer: A

9) Atȱwhichȱlevelȱofȱorganizationȱdoȱmultipleȱtissuesȱformȱlargerȱstructuresȱthatȱperformȱspecific
functions?
A) cellular
B) organ
C) organȱsystem
D) tissue
E) organism
Answer: B

10) Theȱlargestȱlevelȱofȱorganizationȱlistedȱis
A) molecules.
B) organelles.
C) cells.
D) tissues.
E) organs.
Answer: E

11) Theȱmolecularȱeventsȱthatȱresultȱinȱmuscleȱcontractionȱmostȱdirectlyȱinvolveȱwhichȱlevelȱof
organizationȱofȱbodyȱstructures?
A) chemical
B) tissue
C) organ
D) cellular
E) organism
Answer: A
3ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ3

12) Theȱmajorȱfunctionȱofȱtheȱ ȱsystemȱisȱprotectionȱofȱtheȱbodyȱfromȱtheȱexternal

environment.
A) digestive
B) cardiovascular
C) urinary
D) respiratory
E) integumentary
Answer: E

13) Theȱbasicȱfunctionsȱperformedȱbyȱallȱlivingȱorganismsȱinclude(s)
A) reproduction.
B) metabolism.
C) growth.
D) movement.
E) allȱofȱtheȱaboveȱareȱperformedȱbyȱallȱlivingȱorganisms.
Answer: E

14) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱincludesȱonly structuresȱenclosedȱwithinȱtheȱmediastinum?

A) lungs,ȱesophagus,ȱheart
B) heart,ȱtrachea,ȱlungs
C) esophagus,ȱtrachea,ȱthymus
D) pharynx,ȱthymus,ȱmajorȱvessels
E) brain,ȱspinalȱcord
Answer: C

15) Organsȱofȱtheȱurinaryȱsystemȱinclude
A) uretersȱandȱkidneys.
B) liverȱandȱpancreas.
C) thymusȱandȱspleen.
D) bronchiȱandȱalveoli.
E) noneȱofȱtheȱabove.
Answer: A

16) Theȱserousȱmembraneȱthatȱlinesȱtheȱinsideȱsurfaceȱofȱtheȱthoracicȱcavityȱisȱthe
A) visceralȱperitoneum.
B) parietalȱpericardium.
C) parietalȱpleura.
D) visceralȱpericardium.
E) noneȱofȱtheȱabove.
Answer: C

17) Theȱ ȱlinesȱtheȱbodyȱwallȱwithinȱtheȱabdominopelvicȱcavity.

A) visceralȱpleura
B) parietalȱpericardium
C) mesenteryȱproper
D) superficialȱfascia
E) parietalȱperitoneum
Answer: E
4ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ4

18) Mesenteries
A) provideȱaȱpassagewayȱforȱbloodȱvesselsȱtoȱtheȱabdominalȱorgans.
B) allowȱmovementȱofȱabdominalȱstructures.
C) supportȱandȱstabilizeȱorgansȱsuchȱasȱtheȱkidneys.
D) doȱallȱofȱtheȱabove.
E) doȱnoneȱofȱtheȱabove.
Answer: A

19) Mostȱanatomicalȱtermsȱhaveȱbeenȱderivedȱfrom
A) Romanceȱlanguages.
B) German.
C) LatinȱandȱGreek.
D) English.
E) Arabic.
Answer: C

20) Inȱtheȱproneȱposition,
A) theȱbodyȱfacesȱposteriorly.
B) theȱbodyȱisȱlyingȱinȱanatomicalȱpositionȱfaceȱup.
C) theȱbodyȱisȱlyingȱinȱanatomicalȱpositionȱfaceȱdown.
D) theȱheadȱisȱturnedȱtoȱtheȱleft,ȱandȱtheȱeyesȱareȱclosed.
E) theȱbodyȱisȱsituatedȱasȱinȱbothȱAȱandȱB.
Answer: C

21) Inȱanatomicalȱdescription,ȱaȱpersonȱisȱsaidȱtoȱbeȱsupineȱwhen
A) standingȱuprightȱinȱtheȱanatomicalȱposition.
B) standingȱwithȱhandsȱrotatedȱoutȱofȱtheȱanatomicalȱposition.
C) lyingȱfaceȱdownȱinȱtheȱanatomicalȱposition.
D) lyingȱfaceȱupȱinȱtheȱanatomicalȱposition.
E) lyingȱonȱhisȱorȱherȱsideȱinȱaȱfetalȱposition.
Answer: D

22) Aȱcoronalȱsectionȱisȱinȱaȱplaneȱthat
A) isȱatȱrightȱanglesȱtoȱtheȱlongitudinalȱaxis.
B) dividesȱtheȱbodyȱintoȱleftȱandȱrightȱsections.
C) dividesȱtheȱbodyȱintoȱanteriorȱandȱposteriorȱsections.
D) dividesȱtheȱbodyȱintoȱsuperiorȱandȱinferiorȱsections.
E) dividesȱtheȱbodyȱintoȱfrontalȱsections.
Answer: C

23) Theȱthoracicȱcavityȱisȱseparatedȱfromȱtheȱabdominopelvicȱcavityȱby
A) theȱinferiorȱborderȱofȱtheȱribȱcage.
B) aȱsheetȱofȱconnectiveȱtissue.
C) theȱdiaphragm.
D) theȱliver.
E) noneȱofȱtheȱabove.
Answer: C
5ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ5

24) Theȱliningsȱofȱbothȱtheȱoralȱandȱnasalȱcavitiesȱare
A) mucousȱmembranes.
B) serousȱmembranes.
C) lymphoidȱtissues.
D) contractileȱtissues.
E) sheetsȱofȱtendon.
Answer: A

25) Whatȱisȱtheȱfunctionȱofȱtheȱparietalȱpartsȱofȱtheȱmembranesȱliningȱtheȱventralȱbodyȱcavity?
A) Theyȱsecreteȱlubricationȱtoȱallowȱorgansȱtoȱslideȱbyȱoneȱanotherȱwithoutȱfriction.
B) Theyȱsupplyȱnutrientsȱtoȱtheȱvisceraȱwithinȱtheȱvariousȱsubdivisionsȱofȱtheȱcavity.
C) Theyȱsuspendȱorgansȱfromȱtheȱmediastinum.
D) Theyȱmaintainȱorganȱseparation.
E) Theyȱdoȱnoneȱofȱtheȱabove.
Answer: A

26) Theȱspaceȱfoundȱbetweenȱtheȱlungsȱandȱsuperiorȱtoȱtheȱheartȱisȱcalledȱthe
A) mediastinum.
B) pleuralȱcavity.
C) pericardialȱcavity.
D) ventralȱcavity.
E) thoracicȱcavity.
Answer: A

27) Theȱpericardialȱcavityȱcontainsȱwhichȱofȱtheȱfollowing?
A) heart
B) liver
C) intestines
D) brain
E) bothȱAȱandȱB
Answer: A

28) Theȱvisceraȱ(orȱguts)ȱoccupyȱaȱspaceȱknownȱasȱtheȱ ȱbodyȱcavity.

A) cranial
B) orbital
C) dorsal
D) ventral
E) vertebral
Answer: D

29) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱorgansȱoccupiesȱtheȱpelvicȱcavity?
A) brain
B) urinaryȱbladder
C) spinalȱcord
D) esophagus
E) pancreas
Answer: B
6ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ6

30) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱisȱconsideredȱaȱradiologicalȱprocedure?
A) CTȱ(computerizedȱtomography)
B) MRIȱ(magneticȱresonanceȱimaging)
C) ultrasound
D) angiography
E) allȱofȱtheȱabove
Answer: E

31) Grossȱanatomicalȱspecialtiesȱinclude
A) radiographicȱandȱsurgicalȱanatomy.
B) cytologyȱandȱembryology.
C) histology.
D) bothȱAȱandȱB.
E) bothȱBȱandȱC.
Answer: A

32) Chooseȱtheȱarrangementȱofȱitemsȱ1-5ȱinȱorderȱofȱdecreasingȱcomplexityȱofȱlevelȱof
organization.
(1)ȱ organism
(2)ȱ tissue
(3)ȱ chemicalȱorȱmolecular
(4)ȱ cellular
(5)ȱ organȱsystem
A) 1,ȱ2,ȱ3,ȱ4,ȱ5
B) 5,ȱ4,ȱ3,ȱ2,ȱ1
C) 1,ȱ5,ȱ2,ȱ4,ȱ3
D) 5,ȱ3,ȱ2,ȱ4,ȱ1
E) 2,ȱ4,ȱ1,ȱ5,ȱ3
Answer: C

33) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱareȱbasicȱfunctionsȱperformedȱbyȱallȱlivingȱorganisms?
A) responsivenessȱandȱgrowth
B) movement,ȱreproduction,ȱandȱabsorption
C) metabolismȱandȱexcretion
D) allȱofȱtheȱabove
E) AȱandȱCȱonly
Answer: D

34) Excretionȱinvolves
A) changesȱtoȱadjustȱtoȱanȱorganismȇsȱenvironment.
B) creationȱofȱaȱnewȱgenerationȱofȱindividuals.
C) transportȱofȱsubstancesȱwithinȱanȱorganism.
D) eliminationȱofȱwasteȱmaterialsȱfromȱtheȱbody.
E) bothȱBȱandȱC.
Answer: D
7ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ7

35) Growthȱandȱdifferentiationȱoftenȱinclude
A) specializationȱofȱindividualȱcells.
B) increaseȱinȱcellȱsize.
C) increaseȱinȱcellȱnumbers.
D) changesȱinȱformȱandȱfunction.
E) allȱofȱtheȱabove.
Answer: E

36) Support,ȱprotection,ȱmineralȱstorage,ȱandȱbloodȱcellȱformationȱareȱfunctionsȱofȱthe
A) skeletalȱsystem.
B) cardiovascularȱsystem.
C) immuneȱsystem.
D) reproductiveȱsystem.
E) excretoryȱsystem.
Answer: A

37) Howȱareȱtheȱstructureȱandȱfunctionȱofȱaȱbodyȱorganȱorȱsystemȱrelated?
A) Thereȱisȱnoȱrelationship.
B) Organȱstructureȱonlyȱoccasionallyȱrelatesȱtoȱfunction.
C) Structureȱandȱfunctionȱrelateȱonlyȱgenerally.
D) Allȱspecificȱfunctionsȱareȱperformedȱbyȱspecificȱstructuresȱorȱorgans.
E) Atȱsomeȱtimes,ȱstructureȱrelatesȱtoȱfunction;ȱatȱotherȱtimesȱitȱdoesȱnot.
Answer: D

38) Theȱtwoȱlayersȱofȱaȱserousȱmembraneȱare
A) pericardialȱandȱparietal.
B) doubleȱsheetsȱofȱperitoneum.
C) visceralȱandȱparietal.
D) pleuralȱandȱparietal.
E) AȱandȱBȱonly.
Answer: C

39) Theȱprimaryȱsiteȱofȱbloodȱcellȱproductionȱisȱwithinȱthe
A) cardiovascularȱsystem.
B) skeletalȱsystem.
C) integumentaryȱsystem.
D) lymphoidȱsystem.
E) endocrineȱsystem.
Answer: B

40) Organsȱsystemsȱare
A) anatomicalȱunitsȱwithȱrelatedȱfunctions.
B) formedȱbyȱtwoȱorȱmoreȱorgans.
C) oftenȱlargeȱenoughȱtoȱbeȱstudiedȱwithoutȱmagnification.
D) interdependentȱonȱeachȱother.
E) allȱofȱtheȱabove.
Answer: E
8ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ8

41) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱpairsȱconsistsȱofȱanatomicalȱopposites?
A) distal,ȱcoronal
B) proximal,ȱlateral
C) cranial,ȱcaudal
D) cephalic,ȱposterior
E) medial,ȱventral
Answer: C

42) Whyȱdoesȱtheȱtermȱcaudalȱdifferȱinȱmeaningȱinȱhumansȱversusȱfour-leggedȱanimals
(quadrupeds)?
A) Allȱhumanȱanatomicalȱtermsȱareȱdifferentȱfromȱthoseȱusedȱforȱquadrupeds.
B) Humansȇȱuprightȱstanceȱmakesȱcaudalȱtheȱsameȱasȱinferior.
C) Caudalȱisȱaȱrelativeȱterm,ȱmeaningȱposteriorȱinȱhumans.
D) Itȱdoesnȇt;ȱtheȱmeaningȱisȱtheȱsameȱinȱboth.
E) Noneȱofȱtheȱaboveȱexplainsȱtheȱdifference.
Answer: B

43) Aȱtransverseȱsectionȱatȱtheȱlevelȱofȱtheȱumbilicusȱwouldȱpassȱthroughȱwhichȱbodyȱcavity?
A) dorsalȱcavity
B) thoracicȱcavity
C) abdominalȱcavity
D) pelvicȱcavity
E) noneȱofȱtheȱabove
Answer: C

Fill-in-the-BlankȱandȱMatching
1) Theȱliteralȱtranslationȱofȱtheȱwordȱ ,ȱwhichȱisȱderivedȱfromȱtheȱGreek,ȱdescribesȱthis
branchȱofȱscienceȱandȱmeansȱȈtoȱcutȱopen.Ȉ
Answer: anatomy

2) Theȱstudyȱofȱanatomyȱleadsȱtoȱanȱimportantȱconceptȱthatȱstructureȱdeterminesȱ .
Answer: function

3) Studyȱofȱgeneralȱformȱandȱsuperficialȱanatomicalȱmarkingsȱisȱcalledȱ ȱanatomy.
Answer: surface

4) ȱanatomyȱisȱtheȱconsiderationȱofȱanatomicalȱstructuresȱlargeȱenoughȱtoȱbeȱviewedȱby
theȱnakedȱeye.
Answer: Gross

5) Studyȱofȱtheȱchangesȱinȱformȱthatȱoccurȱduringȱtheȱperiodȱfromȱconceptionȱtoȱphysical
maturityȱisȱcalledȱ ȱanatomy.
Answer: developmental

6) ȱisȱtheȱstudyȱofȱtheȱsmallestȱlivingȱunits.
Answer: Cytology

7) Moreȱthanȱoneȱ ȱcombinesȱtoȱincreaseȱcomplexityȱandȱpromoteȱtheȱlevelȱof
organizationȱtoȱtheȱorganȱlevel.
Answer: tissue
9ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ9

8) ȱisȱtheȱprocessȱofȱproducingȱaȱnewȱorganism.
Answer: Reproduction

9) ȱisȱaȱbasicȱfunctionȱofȱaȱlivingȱorganismȱthatȱgovernsȱhowȱtheȱindividualȱreactsȱto
stimuli.
Answer: Responsiveness

10) Theȱprocessȱofȱcellularȱspecializationȱtoȱperformȱcertainȱfunctionsȱisȱcalledȱ .
Answer: differentiation

11) ȱisȱtheȱpropertyȱofȱlivingȱorganismsȱwherebyȱtheyȱdischargeȱuselessȱorȱharmful
wastesȱproducedȱduringȱnormalȱfunction.
Answer: Excretion

12) Theȱpropertyȱofȱlivingȱthingsȱtoȱchangeȱpositionȱisȱcalledȱ .
Answer: movement

13) Theȱ ȱsystemȱcontainsȱglandularȱstructuresȱthatȱdirectȱlong-termȱchangesȱinȱthe

activitiesȱofȱotherȱorganȱsystems.
Answer: endocrine

14) Theȱ ȱsystemȱbreaksȱchemicalsȱdownȱandȱabsorbsȱthemȱintoȱtheȱbody.

Answer: digestive

15) Aȱ ȱplaneȱisȱaȱhorizontalȱorȱcross-sectionalȱplaneȱintersectingȱtheȱhumanȱbodyȱatȱright
anglesȱtoȱtheȱlongȱaxis.
Answer: transverse

16) Aȱmidsagittalȱsectionȱdividesȱtheȱhumanȱbodyȱintoȱequalȱ ȱandȱ ȱportions.

Answer: left;ȱright

17) Mostȱofȱtheȱdigestiveȱorgansȱareȱcontainedȱwithinȱtheȱ ȱcavity,ȱwhichȱisȱnamedȱforȱthe

membraneȱthatȱsurroundsȱit.
Answer: peritoneal

18) Theȱhipȱisȱ ȱtoȱtheȱknee.

Answer: proximal

19) Theȱnippleȱisȱ ȱandȱ ȱtoȱtheȱumbilicus.

Answer: superior;ȱlateral

20) Theȱanatomicalȱnameȱforȱtheȱfrontȱofȱtheȱelbowȱisȱ .
Answer: antecubitus

21) Theȱhipsȱareȱ ,ȱorȱinferior,ȱtoȱtheȱshoulders.

Answer: caudal

22) Anȱimbalanceȱinȱtheȱfunctionȱofȱtheȱbodyȱisȱknownȱasȱ .
Answer: disease

23) Theȱouterȱsurfacesȱofȱeachȱlungȱareȱcoveredȱbyȱtheȱ ȱpleura.

Answer: visceral
10ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ10

24) Theȱbladderȱisȱlocatedȱinȱtheȱ ȱcavity.

Answer: pelvic

25) Theȱ ȱseparatesȱtheȱthoracicȱfromȱtheȱabdominalȱcavity.

Answer: diaphragm

26) Heartȱisȱtoȱpericardialȱcavityȱasȱ ȱisȱtoȱpleuralȱcavity.

Answer: lung

27) Organsȱsuchȱasȱtheȱliver,ȱstomach,ȱandȱpancreasȱareȱlocatedȱwithinȱtheȱ ȱcavity,

superiorȱtoȱtheȱlevelȱofȱtheȱpelvis.
Answer: abdominal

28) Theȱ ȱlayerȱofȱtheȱserousȱmembraneȱisȱattachedȱtoȱtheȱsurfacesȱofȱorgansȱinȱtheȱventral

bodyȱcavity.
Answer: visceral

29) Theȱpericardiumȱliesȱwithinȱtheȱ ,ȱaȱportionȱofȱtheȱthoracicȱcavityȱthatȱliesȱbetweenȱthe

leftȱandȱrightȱpleuralȱcavities.
Answer: mediastinum

30) Theȱbranchȱofȱanatomyȱthatȱstudiesȱstructuresȱtooȱsmallȱtoȱbeȱseenȱwithȱtheȱnakedȱeyeȱisȱcalled
ȱanatomy.
Answer: microscopic

31) ȱisȱtheȱdisciplineȱthatȱmightȱexamineȱstructuralȱinteractionsȱwithinȱaȱsheetȱofȱmuscle
tissue.
Answer: Histology

32) Aȱ ȱsectionȱisȱproducedȱifȱtheȱbodyȱisȱseparatedȱintoȱtopȱandȱbottomȱportions.
Answer: transverse

33) Damageȱtoȱbodyȱstructuresȱatȱanyȱlevelȱwouldȱmostȱimpairȱfunctionȱatȱtheȱhighest,ȱor
,ȱlevelȱofȱorganization.
Answer: organism

34) Theȱ ȱsystemȱallowsȱforȱgasȱexchangeȱwithȱtheȱenvironment.

Answer: respiratory

35) Theȱrespiratoryȱsystemȱmakesȱitȱpossibleȱforȱtheȱbodyȱtoȱconductȱgasȱexchange;ȱthisȱprocessȱis
alsoȱfacilitatedȱbyȱtheȱ ȱsystem.
Answer: cardiovascular

36) Theȱcalfȱisȱmoreȱappropriatelyȱcalledȱtheȱ ȱ.
Answer: sura

37) Theȱthoracicȱandȱabdominopelvicȱcavitiesȱconstituteȱtheȱ ȱbodyȱcavity.

Answer: ventral

38) Painȱoriginatingȱfromȱtheȱspleenȱwouldȱmostȱlikelyȱbeȱfeltȱinȱtheȱ ȱabdominopelvic

quadrant.
Answer: leftȱupper
11ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ11

39) Theȱ ȱabdominopelvicȱregionȱisȱsandwichedȱbetweenȱtheȱrightȱandȱleftȱhypochondriac

regions.
Answer: epigastric

Matchȱeachȱanatomicalȱdirectionalȱtermȱwithȱitsȱopposite.
(a)ȱ medial
(b)ȱ inferior
(c)ȱ caudal
(d)ȱ anterior
(e)ȱ distal

40) cranial
Answer: c

41) proximal
Answer: e

42) lateral
Answer: a

43) superior
Answer: b

44) posterior
Answer: d

Matchȱeachȱanatomicalȱtermȱwithȱtheȱareaȱofȱtheȱbodyȱindicated.
(a)ȱȱtarsus
(b)ȱȱmanus
(c)ȱȱbucca
(d)ȱȱgluteus
(e)ȱȱcervicis

45) buttock
Answer: d

46) ankle
Answer: a

47) foot
Answer: c

48) cheek
Answer: c

49) hand
Answer: b
12ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ12

Matchȱeachȱanatomicalȱapproachȱorȱspecialtyȱwithȱitsȱemphasis.
(a)ȱȱradiographicȱanatomy
(b)ȱȱdevelopmentalȱanatomy
(c)ȱȱsystemicȱanatomy
(d)ȱȱmicroscopicȱanatomy
(e)ȱȱregionalȱanatomy

50) Usesȱmagnification
Answer: d

51) Changesȱoverȱtime
Answer: b

52) Studyȱofȱallȱthingsȱinȱanȱarea
Answer: e

53) Studyȱofȱoneȱgroupȱatȱaȱtime
Answer: c

54) Usesȱradioisotopes,ȱmagnets,ȱandȱX-rays
Answer: a

Matchȱeachȱlevelȱofȱorganizationȱwithȱitsȱdescriptionȱbelow.
(a) organismȱlevel
(b) cellularȱlevel
(c) organȱlevel
(d) chemicalȱlevel
(e) tissueȱlevel

55) Cellularȱstructuresȱandȱfunctionsȱfocusȱattentionȱatȱtheȱ .
Answer: b

56) Atomsȱinteractingȱtoȱformȱcomponentsȱwithȱdistinctiveȱpropertiesȱinȱtheȱbodyȱshow
organizationȱatȱtheȱ .
Answer: d

57) Multipleȱtissuesȱthatȱinteractȱtoȱperformȱaȱunitedȱgroupȱofȱfunctionsȱshowȱorganizationȱatȱthe
.
Answer: c

58) Specializedȱcellȱtypesȱunitedȱtoȱperformȱaȱdistinctiveȱgroupȱofȱsharedȱfunctionsȱshow
organizationȱatȱtheȱ .
Answer: e

59) Interactionsȱamongȱorganȱsystemsȱdemonstrateȱfunctionȱatȱtheȱ .
Answer: a
13ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ13

Matchȱeachȱwordȱwithȱitsȱmostȱspecificȱdescriptionȱbelow.
(a)ȱ disease
(b)ȱ sign
(c)ȱ symptom
(d)ȱ diagnosis
(e)ȱ pathology

60) Anȱunusualȱfunctioningȱofȱtheȱbodyȱasȱdescribedȱbyȱaȱpatient.
Answer: c

61) Theȱstudyȱofȱillness.
Answer: e

62) Illness,ȱorȱimbalance.
Answer: a

63) Aȱspecificȱdesignationȱofȱaȱconditionȱofȱfunctioning.
Answer: d

64) Aȱvisibleȱclueȱonȱaȱpatient.
Answer: b

Essay
1) Howȱdoesȱmicroscopyȱdifferȱfromȱviewingȱstructuresȱwithȱtheȱnakedȱeye?
Answer: Microscopyȱinvolvesȱtheȱstudyȱofȱstructuresȱtooȱsmallȱtoȱbeȱseenȱbyȱtheȱnakedȱeye.
Whenȱstructuresȱareȱviewedȱwithȱtheȱunaidedȱeye,ȱtheȱentireȱthree-dimensional
structureȱcanȱbeȱseenȱasȱwellȱasȱitsȱrelationshipȱtoȱotherȱstructures.ȱStructuresȱobserved
byȱmicroscopyȱareȱseenȱonlyȱinȱaȱtwo-dimensionalȱplane;ȱsomeȱsectionsȱmayȱbeȱdifficult
toȱinterpret.

2) Howȱareȱtheȱlevelsȱofȱorganizationȱofȱbodyȱstructuresȱrelatedȱtoȱeachȱother?
Answer: Eachȱcomplexȱlevelȱisȱtotallyȱdependentȱuponȱallȱtheȱlevelsȱthatȱareȱlessȱcomplex,
becauseȱdamageȱatȱtheȱlevelȱofȱtheȱsmallestȱstructureȱaffectsȱlargerȱandȱmoreȱcomplex
structuresȱthroughoutȱtheȱsystem.

3) Inȱgeneral,ȱwhyȱmustȱlargerȱorganismsȱhaveȱspecializedȱstructuresȱtoȱpermitȱsomeȱlife
functionsȱtoȱoccur?
Answer: Inȱlargeȱorganisms,ȱspecializedȱstructuresȱareȱrequiredȱforȱmovementȱofȱmaterials
throughȱexposedȱsurfacesȱandȱtransportȱofȱmaterialsȱbetweenȱbodyȱregionsȱbecauseȱ(1)
manyȱcellsȱareȱtooȱfarȱfromȱanȱexposedȱsurfaceȱandȱ(2)ȱthereȱisȱnotȱenoughȱtotalȱsurface
areaȱtoȱallowȱallȱofȱtheȱbodyȇsȱcellsȱtoȱexchangeȱnutrients,ȱoxygen,ȱandȱwastesȱdirectly
withȱtheȱenvironment.ȱOtherȱlifeȱfunctions,ȱsuchȱasȱreproduction,ȱareȱalsoȱcomplicated
byȱorganismsȇȱlargerȱsize.

4) Whatȱisȱtheȱroleȱofȱserousȱmembranesȱinȱtheȱbody?
Answer: Serousȱmembranesȱprovideȱaȱslipperyȱcoverȱforȱtheȱinsideȱofȱtheȱventralȱbodyȱcavities
andȱtheȱoutsideȱofȱmostȱorgansȱlocatedȱinȱtheseȱcavities.ȱThisȱslipperyȱliningȱprevents
frictionȱbetweenȱmovingȱorgansȱandȱtheȱbodyȱwall.
14ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ14

5) Whyȱisȱitȱimportantȱtoȱbeȱfamiliarȱwithȱmajorȱanatomicalȱlandmarks?
Answer: Majorȱlandmarksȱhaveȱaȱconsistentȱlocationȱwithȱrespectȱtoȱotherȱstructures,ȱandȱcan
giveȱanȱideaȱofȱtheȱlocationȱofȱstructuresȱthatȱcannotȱbeȱseenȱbecauseȱtheyȱareȱinternalȱto
theȱskin.

6) Howȱdoesȱtheȱdefinitionȱofȱposterior,ȱasȱitȱisȱusedȱinȱhumanȱterminology,ȱdifferȱfromȱtheȱusage
withȱfour-leggedȱanimalsȱ(quadrupeds)?
Answer: PosteriorȱmeansȱȈbehind,Ȉȱwhichȱisȱequivalentȱtoȱdorsalȱ(ȈtheȱbackȈ)ȱinȱhumans.ȱBecause
ofȱtheȱdifferenceȱinȱstandingȱposition,ȱtheȱtwoȱtermsȱareȱnotȱequivalentȱinȱquadrupeds,
dorsalȱstillȱmeaningȱtheȱbackȱofȱtheȱanimal,ȱbutȱposteriorȱmeaningȱtheȱtailȱ(orȱcaudal)
end.

7) Howȱdoesȱcomparativeȱanatomyȱcontributeȱtoȱtheȱstudyȱofȱhumanȱgrossȱanatomy?
Answer: Observedȱsimilaritiesȱofȱanatomicalȱstructureȱamongȱdifferentȱspeciesȱofȱanimals
demonstrateȱevolutionaryȱrelationshipsȱandȱtheȱsimilarityȱofȱdevelopmentalȱprocesses.
Comparisonȱofȱtheȱsameȱsystemsȱamongȱdifferentȱanimalsȱalsoȱshowsȱhowȱthese
systemsȱareȱadaptedȱtoȱserveȱdifferentȱanatomicalȱandȱphysiologicalȱfunctions.

8) Howȱdoesȱtheȱregionalȱapproachȱdifferȱfromȱtheȱsystemicȱapproachȱinȱtheȱstudyȱofȱanatomy?
Answer: Systemicȱanatomyȱconsidersȱallȱofȱtheȱcomponentsȱofȱeachȱorganȱsystem
simultaneously.ȱRegionalȱanatomyȱconsidersȱallȱofȱtheȱsuperficialȱandȱinternalȱstructures
inȱaȱspecificȱareaȱofȱtheȱbody,ȱregardlessȱofȱtheȱorganȱsystem.

9) Whatȱisȱtheȱfunctionȱofȱanȱorganȱsystemȱinȱtheȱbody?
Answer: Organȱsystemsȱareȱgroupsȱofȱorgansȱthatȱfunctionȱtogetherȱtoȱproduceȱcoordinated
effects.

10) Whatȱisȱtheȱbasicȱanatomicalȱpatternȱthatȱhumansȱandȱotherȱvertebrateȱanimalsȱshare?
Answer: Allȱofȱtheseȱorganismsȱshowȱbilateralȱsymmetry,ȱtwoȱsetsȱofȱpairedȱlimbs,ȱandȱaȱcephalic
locationȱforȱmostȱofȱtheȱorgansȱofȱtheȱspecialȱsenses.ȱAllȱvertebratesȱhaveȱaȱhollow
dorsalȱnerveȱcord,ȱdorsalȱandȱventralȱbodyȱcavities,ȱandȱaȱpostanalȱtail,ȱalthoughȱin
humansȱthisȱstructureȱisȱreducedȱtoȱtheȱfourȱelementsȱofȱtheȱcoccyx.ȱAllȱvertebratesȱalso
shareȱtheȱȈtubeȱwithinȱaȱtubeȈȱpatternȱofȱhollowȱbodyȱcavitiesȱthatȱcontainȱtubular
structures,ȱsuchȱasȱtheȱdigestiveȱtract.ȱAtȱsomeȱstageȱofȱdevelopmentȱ(oftenȱonly
embryonic),ȱvertebratesȱalsoȱhaveȱaȱnotochordȱandȱpharyngealȱ(gill)ȱarches.
15ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ15

LabelingȱExercises
Figureȱ1.1

Identifyȱtheȱlevelsȱofȱorganizationȱinȱtheȱfigureȱabove.

1) LabelȱA:ȱ
Answer: Organismalȱlevel
16ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ16

2) LabelȱB:ȱ
Answer: Organȱsystemȱlevel

3) LabelȱC:ȱ
Answer: Organȱlevel

4) LabelȱD:ȱ
Answer: Tissueȱlevel

5) LabelȱE:ȱ
Answer: Cellularȱlevel

6) LabelȱF:ȱ
Answer: Chemicalȱorȱmolecularȱlevel
17ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ17

Figureȱ1.2

Usingȱtheȱfigureȱabove,ȱidentifyȱtheȱlabeledȱpart.

7) LabelȱA:ȱ
Answer: Cephalonȱorȱheadȱ(cephalic)
18ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ18

8) LabelȱB:ȱ
Answer: Craniumȱorȱskullȱ(cranial)

9) LabelȱC:ȱ
Answer: Faciesȱorȱfaceȱ(facial)

10) LabelȱD:ȱ
Answer: Orisȱorȱmouthȱ(oral)

11) LabelȱE:ȱ
Answer: Mentisȱorȱchinȱ(mental)

12) LabelȱF:ȱ
Answer: Axillaȱorȱarmpitȱ(axillary)

13) LabelȱG:ȱ
Answer: Brachiumȱorȱarmȱ(brachial)

14) LabelȱH:ȱ
Answer: Antecubitusȱorȱfrontȱofȱelbowȱ(antecubital)

15) LabelȱI:ȱ
Answer: Antebrachiumȱorȱforearmȱ(antebrachial)

16) LabelȱJ:ȱ
Answer: Carpusȱorȱwristȱ(carpal)

17) LabelȱK:ȱ
Answer: Palmaȱorȱpalmȱ(palmar)

18) LabelȱL:ȱ
Answer: Pollexȱorȱthumb

19) LabelȱM:ȱ
Answer: Digitsȱ(phalanges)ȱorȱfingersȱ(digitalȱorȱphalangeal)

20) LabelȱN:ȱ
Answer: Patellaȱorȱkneecapȱ(patellar)

21) LabelȱO:ȱ
Answer: Crusȱorȱlegȱ(crural)

22) LabelȱP:ȱ
Answer: Tarsusȱorȱankleȱ(tarsal)

23) LabelȱQ:ȱ
Answer: Digitsȱ(phalanges)ȱorȱtoesȱ(digitalȱorȱphalangeal)

24) LabelȱR:ȱ
Answer: Halluxȱorȱgreatȱtoe

25) LabelȱS:ȱ
Answer: Pesȱorȱfootȱ(pedal)
19ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ19

26) LabelȱT:ȱ
Answer: Femurȱorȱthighȱ(femoral)

27) LabelȱU:ȱ
Answer: Pubisȱ(pubic)

28) LabelȱV:ȱ
Answer: Inguenȱorȱgroinȱ(inguinal)

29) LabelȱW:ȱ
Answer: Manusȱorȱhandȱ(manual)

30) LabelȱX:ȱ
Answer: Trunk

31) LabelȱY:ȱ
Answer: Pelvisȱ(pelvic)

32) LabelȱZ:ȱ
Answer: Umbilicusȱorȱnavelȱ(umbilical)

33) LabelȱAA:ȱ
Answer: Abdomenȱ(abdominal)

34) LabelȱBB:ȱ
Answer: Mammaȱorȱbreastȱ(mammary)

35) LabelȱCC:ȱ
Answer: Thoracisȱorȱthorax,ȱchestȱ(thoracic)

36) LabelȱDD:ȱ
Answer: Cervicisȱorȱneckȱ(cervical)

37) LabelȱEE:ȱ
Answer: Buccaȱorȱcheekȱ(buccal)

38) LabelȱFF:ȱ
Answer: Aurisȱorȱearȱ(otic)

39) LabelȱGG:ȱ
Answer: Oculusȱorȱeyeȱ(orbitalȱorȱocular)

40) LabelȱHH:ȱ
Answer: Nasusȱorȱnoseȱ(nasal)

41) LabelȱII:ȱ
Answer: Fronsȱorȱforeheadȱ(frontal)
20ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ20

Figureȱ1.3

Usingȱtheȱfigureȱabove,ȱidentifyȱtheȱlabeledȱpart.

42) LabelȱA:ȱ
Answer: Shoulderȱ(acromial)

43) LabelȱB:ȱ
Answer: Dorsumȱorȱbackȱ(dorsal)
21ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ21

44) LabelȱC:ȱ
Answer: Olecranonȱorȱbackȱofȱelbowȱ(olecranal)

45) LabelȱD:ȱ
Answer: Lumbusȱorȱloinȱ(lumbar)

46) LabelȱE:ȱ
Answer: Gluteusȱorȱbuttockȱ(gluteal)

47) LabelȱF:ȱ
Answer: Popliteusȱorȱbackȱofȱkneeȱ(popliteal)

48) LabelȱG:ȱ
Answer: Suraȱorȱcalfȱ(sural)

49) LabelȱH:ȱ
Answer: Calcaneusȱorȱheelȱofȱfootȱ(calcaneal)

50) LabelȱI:ȱ
Answer: Plantaȱorȱsoleȱofȱfootȱ(plantar)

51) LabelȱJ:ȱ
Answer: Lowerȱlimb

52) LabelȱK:ȱ
Answer: Upperȱlimb

53) LabelȱL:ȱ
Answer: Cervicisȱorȱneckȱ(cervical)

54) LabelȱM:ȱ
Answer: Cephalonȱorȱheadȱ(cephalic)
22ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ22

Figureȱ1.4

Usingȱtheȱfigureȱabove,ȱidentifyȱtheȱlabeledȱpart.

55) LabelȱA:ȱ
Answer: Cranial

56) LabelȱB:ȱ
Answer: Posteriorȱorȱdorsal

57) LabelȱC:ȱ
Answer: Anteriorȱorȱventral

58) LabelȱD:ȱ
Answer: Caudal

59) LabelȱE:ȱ
Answer: Proximal

60) LabelȱF:ȱ
Answer: Medial
23ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ23

61) LabelȱG:ȱ
Answer: Distal

62) LabelȱH:ȱ
Answer: Distal

63) LabelȱI:ȱ
Answer: Proximal

64) LabelȱJ:ȱ
Answer: Lateral

Figureȱ1.5

Usingȱtheȱfigureȱabove,ȱidentifyȱtheȱlabeledȱpart.

65) LabelȱA:ȱ
Answer: Pleuralȱcavity

66) LabelȱB:ȱ
Answer: Pericardialȱcavity
24ȱȱȱȱȱHumanȱAnatomy,ȱ6/e Chapterȱ1:ȱȱAnȱIntroductionȱtoȱAnatomyȱȱȱȱȱ24

67) LabelȱC:ȱ
Answer: Thoracicȱcavity

68) LabelȱD:ȱ
Answer: Diaphragm

69) LabelȱE:ȱ
Answer: Peritonealȱcavity

70) LabelȱF:ȱ
Answer: Abdominalȱcavity

71) LabelȱG:ȱ
Answer: Pelvicȱcavity

72) LabelȱH:ȱ
Answer: Abdominopelvicȱcavity

73) LabelȱI:ȱ
Answer: Heart

74) LabelȱJ:ȱ
Answer: Visceralȱpericardium

75) LabelȱK:ȱ
Answer: Pericardialȱcavity

76) LabelȱL:ȱ
Answer: Parietalȱpericardium

77) LabelȱM:ȱ
Answer: Airȱspace

78) LabelȱN:ȱ
Answer: Balloon