i SCIENCE CAREER COACHING teanics SCIENCE CAREER COACHING 3 Current Electricity Ehstvic Guneend = enee-sedlon Sf a tebe, uct Sed Boone Elche Cusanbi= oe 3 8-6 Tp the vale of flue oh cage vale ob eae ihe Santeat PEP be OSenkeea Cae) tee z= dt ae 52} 606%64|| je-8 21) ee SLA ee SSL, Unit of the cuanent La Ampere (AD: RAMEE rhe, cutsant “Hogigh @ wive nAvat all tere elections crosses the atta A in time t, Hone change crossing tha asia in time + is QeneAwe cuwant ox 2 ov Te emu Se Se Laas sss age ee Seeeg e et e Secs ie cia Seats oe ee hehe Ga ncod parte other end eee ee)SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Ohm's Law - = bday pect OR PT Sear, EA falco oe Sere rE te cele ih se Pe! a5 LAS cath SHO : a wee” athematcally Vale of tesletonce R cuperds upon tra maha 9 cexhchy phere var Where propedtionality constarct Rk Calld the yeslitanae, of the Conductor: 1ST Unit of reslstance Jb ahem (A). Resistance (R) Soe sft Ce Se, eee 8 cht Sie et “he Ry tohm = LMR ev Limp ER yt che st, chil ser) « epee - NS ‘wpere faba chan a eras ailjcamee nop i Rate a applied acres he Barns, adh eriacb # Dimension of resistence th CMICFAYY SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Factors on ehich Resistmee depenals (Length °F Conductor = Resistonce of @ conduchoy Ja ivectly Prpottiong) Jo the length) of conduct Rak cress. section oma A « p= saaistivity a — bength 4 (2) Area of Cross-Section of. Conductor Resistance ef a Corchctoy win imetele Prportional to the ana of Cross. section of cenduckis R= Yq (@) Nature of material & Temperahere - Fron above, ov R= ph [ &* & | vohine P Jk Known as specific resistance ov electrical Tatitvity o} the made Sf the Conductor a aol ea a ae EE]Electrical Resistivity (P)- Th leimy Azdmt anan Tras, the greethty the tmdeal oh 0 conductor Be OP cms Techn Ba wmleleiOe, he coset ¥ST Unit of electreal resistivity is olen -meler (2-m) factors affecting Electrical Resistivity - ve Rmetaty ( ex) eo ee ‘Thus raistivity of Conductey cupends upon = (i) Pn. Since the vahue of n cupends upon the rbea oh octnblly hemes! fac, sabi 9 Conductoy clapends. por the nature. of miler Gi) #4 He. Lit the inevense. in tempering of mae conduc, e cleoaes bane. a P ven GB ]* Pete, Somat a nt tan PO * path , soto Tt ten tL Sort Geum Gi) SCIENCE CAREER COACHING nine Veviaton of Resistivity /Resistance with Tenperahre Raciatty ond valency of the mcallic. Guce Incenieh sath increate on tentpanh The resistance of a conduct Ju clivecty propio 4o the cherge in tempnaduiz ane idial veldime. Sod R= R aR and Ra~Ry « (tart) Ra Ri Ri (tants) OF Rar Ry = AR) (tart) Hence femperodune variation of the resistance Con he gin ca Riz R Cie alte) or ae eR R xGa-t:) ilenk cf venstans 5 afnel lanes. ped. unit chiginal Fasllenea per degra Caley er Kun ibe of Songun. Ne Ko that R= MY For small fimperoduae viation, vesnivity of the wast of the medal varith accoraing 40 the ‘givdh relation -SCIENCE CAREER COACHING su SCIENCE CAREER COACHING su ‘Note- Curvent Density (7) For metals o ds posith Wetiant oluntity (5) at a point na smatal ivereaies usith sajna a eng (ore a So RS SLE Sten Seth " dees the Corrkulge waumll Beak poh ply act inal ane sevicoruckys a Ja negative, So the | | Sin “A Lia Ga‘Wheciten rowel fo tu commend resiotance dlecrentel sith wise in temperature. aie an electrolyle Solution — 7 eds ew] a z= neaws The unit of coment cenditg Gs empere|mesk CAfet] Note- 5} he cian vechy of the. cmucdor la vot slong tht untae than ‘co Gulcninde chit loly Wwe houlel take the component ch onta wet Alena! pny eeareaeaenaa ap ep oy ey aCe tr Resfstance ancl Ruslotivi a The unit oh slechical conductivity Js mhefmder« 1) Fee Mahala GD Foe Macgein oF UM) Fae Trade Coaster er eokeee Conduchanes Ca) ~ The Tnvense. ob vesistmnce (8) Ja Cobtest Conductenes. of a conductor. Conductance, a@-t The. unit ob Cmdvetance Ja mho Gr) ea RTT eres RTTSCIENCE CAREER COACHING ohmic Devices- Limitation of ohms Law / Non- SCIENCE CAREER COACHING _ Relation behween J, o emel © T+ nea We Krew Mah T=nea (282) = nese o Rs moze ov = + & “ Free Superconductivity - Te ryreicerd alle hn te, ee Ee imetenial 3 cusled fo 8 evifical, de the medoual fetitanie ib when the madehind bane *b, Fhe, wesistanee maitre Sper. Uae Sepersencicting mgteias ones ong! phen toe or Be eden “asses iq poser” cole ity SB bead te preduce very seal for the tmnumission fa eigen acted Bien gion yee ee ee ere oie Wnt aT sa scans fe wie on ee “Ve ae Soe nemo OZT= SCIENCE CAREER COACHING KA rere fundarrantal breakelwon oh oes Lave ‘git he” Ths cas tho wave Chamseter ef alechyens, which. teade de! TnlesferoncaSfgecte. Umi Tneveaaes , vestetonce Os ret RY Secon fitted Le neater iT Ra Terni TT SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Color Code for Cavhen Resistors - vats one vats, FeStnce Sbhpes ate ot Ce Ee real pe in suelo The fieat three bends ay b oma c oledpwrine Ha valine Yop the vesiatonee ed fouth Gand cl gi The Felenance? of the. vaslatoree (en nd cond bd) | ap ida) [elas FBIS\s fais lala is alas) he ey Ley See eo be Serre ee Le The all oP AE Tears, alle cbt ha TETSCIENCE CAREER COACHING san SCIENCE CAREER COACHING BD wm @ given valstor the fivst abip be red, Secomd. Ship be beng, ord tard ahip be tied Founda! be od Maen calewate the yes of ae hae sol aint 2 5% sega res The clove attacheal Jo the members 2,4 ond 5 ake. Yes), ellag ard green. Tue caer or 87 ca gall Therahore, Phe colors ob ships in semuanea for the given Geneon Yenlier one. veal, Yellars, qrean om gol GA Th seein oh calresl barla bn fue conto BS aloee Ry mel Ry a > Braan «yey» Bas She E> Smege? tide, groan 2 sr eh Pte Sb Aezeroling te Cale ales , relshenee of ero store a “Tew ratallle weed oh the tema wenden bg Qk A ee ae Re ™ a gre by - oe ee ¥) vee (SE) Ae gem tamperactine [va ef |r potential sbijeene (2) Tm seni carkinadine ebpective: length y= 2L (o> Tm pall) Coon eect [So Auer cp Sy cre ess scien | ee “ficat, secernd amd tind sings =f Ber er baci ahd ellen calora, veapecH at hte Dothe valu ob Catuant in tony #imgis the year, Sele Resistance ofp Carbon reslthey Re 2 30SCIENCE CAREER COACHING sou, GD A aire ob 1 reslttamee a gradually stretch Combination in "BS to clable. Os cmiginal length. Eta Hun cub tore equal pants” These Ponts one, han Invpartid, Ggjen aay Cutergs tin! the comet SRR poe Bey. Se Let oviginal Crus sectional Qi eal Lingth of jee euitltamce, ane Acoma cond after seth the. cammbimadion Hey besome Al ond U resp ~ Ebtective reslstone after connecting. them indo pall Combinadion is 7 Th Re Se eee ee caiman Jens equal’ ceslifona op @ Teme Totes tn pal te aac th a ISCIENCE CAREER COACHING ()_Resistors in porallel- D Find he equvalint vanlatente behwean A od arlshra_ eas eid do be cometed Spe gta! Praga, kination ib poked cipeente™ acess ech = Ww atte pos chcaie, Bled cumnent mt wolene (Re ak the equlvelinh veittonce of pana Gethesten. = : Pialafalavoriepocerer ya earner ee are * Tea valu of equvalnt wesistnas for vaielore Cemnected” igh pala towrtinnion Ua aly’ tess Wan the Vahul oh the Smallest vastabemse Tete E54 Lab be the equivalint velatance of inte nehonk eR eee EE | | mm aR TETin the gee figs ort eae SR SS ioe Sy eee ots b= ot os ae ree ee ie reer eae eo ile a, 2 24 ee) 2 Ree = us Se . sane x 2 ts8 wake of ele sa veh hn gel Te Siie Greiner ee SCIENCE CAREER COACHING wan, Dee the comnt shown by Hae Gomer ane Santee cash ee peat oH nt Shown by ammeter or =X es aero. Ce oer ed % Teal resistenu of dre neh 5 27s 4 ge 2 3a8e = ack Cument drown te fig = a ae SRT cma no (ET)SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Electrical Power - The valk af whith elechle work is alone by he source of emf in maintaining the eusrent im electric elrcult ii callid electrid. power of the Unit of electrical Power Jd ‘Wath’ Liat The power of an elchricl circuit is aid Jo be one. walt ip one apa chan flows nope O ponent alernee opt vate, Electrical Energy - The total werk olnt in maintaining the case in etecrie civeult by the sounce of erif Ls Called electrical enagy given do the civeuit. Electrital Enugy = Electrical Power x time. woo (ver) «x & or ws ret = yt Tf this work dane appease ob haat then amount ef heat preduceal (H) Ja given by — He Wt Fete = te Abou equstion ia Known as oule's Las of heating. aid SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ntaea eS L illowadt-haw or one unit 28 the elichiea ergy which da wed ima clrewt of power tk ash A Kilewatl hewn = 2000 tout x agoo see: eG Killoweelt hows (9m) = Tm mechanics the unit of pour ia Uhevse prsee! (8) 4 Horse Foon (UR) = 746 batt Number of Orit ee ee eee trad oe Eee We Pet = vr (umdt) x 4 Cran) = MEE Keitewadt howe (Ove) ones ET a ee OISCIENCE CAREER COACHING EMF, Intemal Resistance and Terminal Petential Difference of a cell - SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Ietoson toe ecb of Oe ele lhan Bo careal Hi cee Pea aE Sa Slashes! by Internal Resistonce ~ ee tnkevnel ventiance, of a call a clined a the alton eijeed by shu eetholgle red alechedaa of 2 tell than tha, Slectie “curred Hote threugh Tnkewnal Rasones of @ ell deperss on the. elo fee F falising Distomen between dhe slechndis Natuney Concenbrion anal damperature ef elechalye. HL The mature of Electrol Gv) fives ob Electrodes jmmerseal in the -clechlyte. Sha call ino cloteal civeuity wihun cuonent ab chao fom the CLE ais clanated by V. "hy aor gh ata ke a eet ob potential cevess tha internal resistence of Aecording to the clipinition of terminal potential sg eee] open chen (Ene a enw toa init (RD Hs ome According to the eufinition of terminal potential slifpesenel. iY Internal Resistance of @ Cell in ems oy EER The terminal pobential alfjoece hare sos e Best Suen Sop he ver ow rek¥ We Know that 9 Ey E-V soooys SY = Ev aL Nefe= ‘At the time ob caging of a minal potenial ijauna. Bese. cu Sit ™ Ve eri v aa oe —— EESCIENCE CAREER COACHING scans Internal Resistance of Cell in tems of EVER ae ferera aevese the. Rotomee oh the 2 Sree, Fee 7 r . =m vs aa — ow red he Kraw that zy s EnV soy: £¥ = EY t TR v= (€-1)R Difference behween emp. and Potential lilference a]__—EMF Fo poten al Dire fie rt oh cat ine Lali pal ioe en Jnaximuon peentia aifomra| [the hoo pants a the afew chacin wlth pit cten| [OP plo tahtan sal Tal ke eal is im He dpm Cl] |plinds fra cloed chet 2}rt a independent of the fsstonee of the. ciraat ond pen the pa i des ord cece J3]he term emt ds wed only]s] Tt co muawrtd beboean lfor the. sou Sb emp’) omy How pants. of he Cleat Re SCIENCE CAREER COACHING suse 2 Series (b> Paseallat Combinadion of tye valiwors Git comected, sre-Rgone atest PLU Sq which case will the tersrinal potest! diffeunae, dese fhe cell hove a higher Value ? equivalent yesistames. ofp the gone Ds) preter tion ‘a geniea Pgenbrncdiony the Heesl value of yesishane termina) potential if a ocrnst re cat Defi, Bente! gine coe rd cat fe hilar reistnce cumrent 2 i Jue A call oy emp € ond Internal vealatenca Ls yf Gimneched acres a vaninkle vetlator R. Plot & SS graph Shewing the veriodion ob terminal peter Yo with vauistlnee Re 8 2S seen Wahoge vt aaSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Cells in Series Combination - an SCIENCE CAREER COACHING sau i pu comme! bt Col ape cd ke Te erase ooh y Se ee ee: Heal Schad Bonen. Bik sai tape ey a a oh ae ete * total infexnad vedanta of the ballery Ja the’ sum. oh the mividul ateral resitnese Total emf of the bedlery = ne [fern cellt) len ce fH Cs he tee sh the dota infernal vesislance the reciprocal ah the individual et Totad intemal resistance of sone ee ae . Total vesletemee ofp the nea Total internal vesisterce of the kallery = ¥/p 7 Total vesistone of the cireuit © oR 2 cused 1 * a coment RE. (a) Zh R > tn then or = Ele (Conclusion = Lee inked reste ib negligible tn Senelusion — comparison, othe external reslstante , then the Col chu Connected in sedien 40. gth maximum cuaderd. shan extemal vasistante Js, nepligite in Comparison, fo the inanad reunite » Het She cl ie enected in” "Pamlil te ped moc“ Cornenk ane a HET eed coe nemo CTSCIENCE CAREER COACHING a SCIENCE CAREER COACHING estas Mined Grouping of Celle - Tt will be 30 if SRR -JAY =o Th some, cells az connected in serie 0 . te a ore = ar Breed tn Perle ae RS ait sll SLO : or mR = ny ceoncehet FA Sised qronpeg. £45) — 5h R= BE] oor mene ites eer Conclusion : t dee be equal to the total intemal resistance ee ai as ae aoe gee Te eo oh eaten Gh Tet ok the sowie ee ee 8 coats Gobel sae Tetel intemal raletence = or thar ik the emf of ench cell? v Tota) Intemal resistance ob the chreuit = Rene so [ Cummnk or = 08 7 a+ Ain or = mne Gar env) aAgteae Sol, Je wont Zi] be matin if (me snr) Set Texminal Fotenfia) tifienenes ociess the cell fe ae 5 emnam Taina esl cee oe Clima Seer} ayrmar J + 2am = ion by V = Eq Dh v =36- rr) thin Teo then VE SE from the gph whin Tee, ve ew Ee ew Heme oemf Es 2h ET_ SCIENCE CAREER COACHING “Tao calle of emf 26 md © yard Infos! SP Telotwncr aetond 4 veapectiey Son, Comat Stari” Sich pl tpn for Shee Suelant gonf Gnd sie? feteneed Pesishnce. SRE onion oe Neb awed Ts Rtn —@ Set ee ny) 2 —o FeO yee > ms ey ie by subatinding the wae 0b Tote in og O- __SCIENCE CAREER COACHING seni B Toe calle ey ond Ex in the given chret ESE clicgrem have, an emf ch sv jared tv onal itolmal vatinienee of "bh. cmd 1:2. respec Glewate the wus ef cummed Howing Prraugh the yeniatanen of 3 font 4. piss =| a1 eg ee ecenent ruben oh Ga od as 28 nt vats ates He Grit oo Potential difjermer oovess (644s) is 1 eal aint cone oad Bo 4-3 FL vit ea ceg % Cunnenh traugh vasisienes 9.0 ee cet vk sh + ossn Néte- For parallel Comiimedion af Tuo cella bo TE) ond [oq = | ia oe a a ae aR)SCIENCE CAREER COACHING sesnen DA epirdinicl, metalic wine se shetded do ‘Ge, ereate its dungth by 107. Caleulade the percentage SP chenge tn Sts rato se Volume of the wire VF AL Paeantoge Rise ob velitlone = 20 7. science career coachine Kivehhoff's Law GO) _Rivchheff's Curent Lew CKCL)- rin Cee “Sree Secs LE Tasig + Entry = # Kivenef’s cunend law supports Ua of Centervadion of change charges Cannel accumulate ab a juretion Tre numer frat anne at a poole) ty a given time in the seme dime In oceorebnce fie conte Tee ahi gen 9) sll, tan cope me fs, Ey I pk Ua BE st, 83 Eav re a RR BT]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING un. Sign Convention the esiatoy beh ve te a aS taben megane For Lowp Agen Bam Re For Loop ACDA Cah )ea + RG re Se ee eid ae ets ta traversed in the ivction o Sewity Aaie ened ats Sets resistor Jk being traversed in the alivection the, Cument then potential diflewnee acres pea consessecion of ensigy- + Kivchofils voltage Law (evi) suppots the Lm of ae OT Saar ma oS .. sal. cep ac ve 5 nua in the given circuit, find oss. the _unkecion Yesistor Potewbial chap acrst R.EF and AG ib some becuse Fhete ane ponaltad So Heb V = Vey = 42K a a ATorm manne ect © lig Ries ree, deteanine the aan of ton welitnce the yeu 0 ap Sp Po gh Ke al a Se Sees dest ira, cama, sed El: Given that no eunent should wesltiomee ye "Lat Carvent Coop AFEDCOA 84 opplging KL in Leop aren - AAT pint de-9 2 oe 0 tTeaa Preaugh 40 “taro ne. Se eee sian Peep he ey Sa artes oe Bee rece hte ee yee a fe ele th ae ees cacao ae — ET SCIENCE CAREER COACHING su $2) pccorcing Jo the Fyne fay Ra amd Ra ane in Ponallad, Boyne “cpivalank resides Rad News A (2 6.0) a fr serdey with 4.) se their epllab esistarce Req = Ry Rea 2 648 Rey = toa By Kel at node A we ger Tt hthedy —o® By Applying xvi in Jnop ADA — Iynae ~ set, = 6 met Tye 8y applying KL sue By applying Rot hSCIENCE CAREER COACHING ae SCIENCE CAREER COACHING By equtim QD we ge Wheatstone Bridge Deleh+h 9 yen TA an anongiment of foun wesitors ez From anuaition @ we gee ante eter eee tee eee cee ned Consider the fquse given elms, which ls on RB FB emangerant af wesitid art’ ia Known “an whe store 5 eye St ye gen ard tet edhe ord Sh SR > Tete 2 wil pth gears aces a tae Be - a i a Mtge be canst fan vane = aaa statties bee west oe ee seater fice pert apt oe oe ott Sey ee soy ofa ast Shamma ete she af spe stint rere RTE ae a at Se Equivalent Resistance Regs nD De se tela Camenk ors potential Thus for @ balanced bridge [We = Ve Now we have to find ihe condition for the balanced ond Cuonend thaigh 20 veastor Ja given by- ental eer oftteg Ake eee Us isxghsy 9 ds os eo ee ae Sarees TET ea aa a ERR TTaaa pr EE = Sete =o oe ee or asus ee from equation © ond @ we ge- ee =e « [ESE zs Tis apusien, ghee Hafan fr te baba me Cag r ge eed oe pote Fie he bike Jk a pmshal fam oh sh Bett, of cette rege iy tah aie Oa pu SCIENCE CAREER COACHING The wine la shrelded behaeen the Copper ships on 9 Rebicantad “toned Bound mater SBE Se, ted Oem the. wveedlan Geancl padallat ip the angi a ihe ve Thee is apethey copper ty oan Th ordes “do provjelel are gar tom te alas on tre bye siee pigs oa i ecirenyreie ia Wee terminal Be 3 Peiu ee tit a eal SS Soret fe nore meget ee Seance ty 2 tle teed cent. re £74 ee ee “ps resistance of the length £ of wire AB =r oo if = vestence yee So by knowing Lend R we san cleulabe $. Eocaantaed TTanes ae ease Spee oh mr, oth ote ee ae fgg cers Seta Sy, Gaulate the coast demon pm the battery TEE in the given network. SCIENCE CAREER COACHING — in the rill point condition tn bdge ia tale fe, by spaying the condition af tabreed abatingeal SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Potentiometer Potemlometer is an orcusate intiment used 4 Campana omid! oh Cells." mannune, the ond oh 8 STE aspera “tahten oe pede TB So potentiometer tb bose on the, principle that petentind ahop aces amey_ porting” of tnd cate o ined Te aso i Vio 8 Conatart alot 7 patenlincher cost of a dong uniform. wive af manganite Conitantayshebeed of 0 seco bd W med ecole. ci fired en the beaud poral do the fangih ep the snes “he potentiometer Ja proved with a jockey 3 tit the hulp "op hich Be entnct oun be wine at ny pet of Ha ie? SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Tre ow nd f at Loti 5 oboe ao ps or woke Th Curent = vor aR Doherty ds the potential cliffeuncs acres the sie of lmgth Ly thus = VETR © Ih 2 kk * vad (ero kt) ee sect tlle ome oy ete, SS Pk acl rere ap fe hens R= La callad potential gradient be. she fall oh potential per tmit Lingth chy the wire. Depenctaney of Petentiod Gradient ~ by formula Re ew BE aD > on cument Cae) on Resistivity (KP) Gm the mmaas of wire Cm eb) aR TTSCIENCE CAREER COACHING. vaislana ive dk tuneal In potentiomater: SCIENCE CAREER COACHING. a (A) Comparison of EMF's of two cells using potentiometer — Positive terminals of too cells of emf e cand) Ea Cuchose. emf he te be compas ) are Caml ‘fo the damimal A” and negative teonioals are ‘cwnetel FR Hoey “Brag a hoot way Key Ra ond a faker by grmph behutn he . ofp Peni pene Se ene argue Slope of the graph = tone = y = K ( Petewtial Gradient) a i © Sinilaly colo ard Shan ne Fla "fame eee Ge Por dem eee Hence we con find the Talo Ge a an a —— re ———— eTSCIENCE CAREER COACHING sus [FA catence point can net be obtained on the wire if Fe Gf pelewlial long. the. pobentle mete Dice td a0 aliving celta Sess than the emg Bho emg af the Teall do be bedanced (©) Determination of internal resistance of the cell The cell wshote fnternal veslatence ls te be i fed." fe tne feurrinal Af the “pesetance box Howaugh & Key Kas SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Thus boy Kraing the value of i sda amd Ry the Twteanal vesistance v of the Cell con be deteamined. Difference between voltmeter and potentiometer Patenbometer © Fit clase, the ey Ki nd sbfain, the it Lak ty be the dungth of this mull pot from teorinal A then - ©: Kh (ine hoa) 2 tin ig fae Jy ele the ell ses cnet anon hits “bos ES Th, Vals the terminal potential etifference end null pent Gi abfainel at Lugth Ja, then = ve kA (tne bs AT) Eh me [Eek The vesittence 4s infinite Te does nat alae ony Jeurvent from the Sauve oh ox} 3. be tencitivity Ga Low | ats sensitivity Sn high. Tey based om sft 4 cto Rt al ems ean testy sr lester tram the acual value: a a a TET_ SCIENCE CAREER COACHING SCIENCE CAREER COACHING the. primary civevit ib the Cres sect Prd As resid fen find ne polediol redionh "Tecate teniemaer can be ner by ES aR EE aT a TEE]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Internal vesintance of the cell =