PHYSICS Class 12th 9. Ray Optics Handwritten Notes UMESH RAJORIADUIENUE CAREER GUAUHING [Umesh Rajorta Roy optics & Reflection of gh Spherical Ni'swoxs New Cortesian Sqn convention Mires formula for Cencove mirror Mirror formula for Convex mirvor Linear Mogni fication ob a Sphoricod Practicle application of sphoucal Minox Refraction efaenes through a Rectangular gloss Real clipth 4 apparent olepth of a tank Tetal internal yeflection Application of total Internal reflection Sphurtcal refracting surfaces Rafreetion from vaver to denser mecliun a G~yvex spherical vefracting. suxfau Refraction from rancy to olenser medium| ata concave spheritol Rafracting surface: Refraction fem denser du rown medivi Lenses Lens Maker's formula Lens formula Linear magnification produced by a Lens Combmatio of fLensey In Contact Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Vvesh Rajoria I Prism «| Scotters ng os ie < Ee ye | Defects of Vision -| Simple Microscope (magnifyhog qh) -| Compound Microscope ‘| Astronomical Telescope 0. } Reflucting type Acleacope CCasseqranian Telescope) Newtonian te flecti ing type telescope -| Resalvi Ing, power. “| Vou, Tmportant Questions: THERE WILL BE OBSTACLES. THERE WILL BE DOUBTERS. THERE WILL BE MISTAKES. BUT WITH HARD WORK, THERE ARE NO LIMITS.SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ‘Umesh Rajoria 93. Ray Optics Ray + Ray Optics - Ay of Li as the strat ine Poth Howeol by Li in in} one ‘point to another. 4 arg The ics therefore Uses the ed eh sted “ees ER weprese nt = =macroscepic Frenontd Tbe rectilinear peopagotton, replecton, refracten pa e+tv , pos -R then =oRs4u . -—u —-R+V Vv or UR - UV = -VR + UV UR+ vR = 2uVv Dividing both sices by UVR , we get - L «2 vrwu oR d+ L Tat 4s the vequireel mirror formula. Near Nawalgarh Bus Sta Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 08SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Mirror Formula for Convex Mirror - The wmed ina conver mirror ua ad viatuel ond eee pater be the position oh the ject. Lat P be the le, Fo ws the inciped CUA and c Jas the centre oh cravatine of conlrek ee oF smal aperturr. Let PF = f is the focol length ond PC = R 5 the vadius of Curveture 2b the mirror. AB As an object held In“ femt of mivrby prpenclicular ao dts Pi mciped axis a voy 0 Ai starting trom A omd incident on the mirror hank avd in a Aivee tion porall to the principal axis «3 seplecteSl adong DE. On producing back, DE appears 4° Come F. Arothern rv Incident whe eal along AP as veficltebj clon Pa. such frat — 2APBR=s Li = LBPG@e Lr 0 prodtucin: back , PG meets DF at Al. Thertfpre Al ib vivtucl? jmoge “ok A- A +Hhisd inciobant Oo +he mimor along Ac falls normally on lhe. mivroy and velvacts ts jas om reflection This also appears =to Come trom al. sbraw A's! perpendicular ao principal axis, x ve, AB! af vitctuod i P oe iv way ch after reflection at T cobvers sit 7° ex mirror: As A Awe and AaAlclc ane Aimilor, So the - AB - ce . Ae ~ eB @ ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar ‘Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [05 |SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajria Again ab Aap omd aplalp ae Aimilar , So - AB. PB Ad” par —& frm 29 @ and G) we 7- c& = Po. = cal Pol ® measueing the alf distances m the pole P,we can write - d ve Pp ' cB = PB+ PC cel = pe - Pe So b : 7 POt+ pC. _PB _ qm @ pc — Pa! Po © Using Nevo Cartesian sign Conventions - PB=-U, PB = +V and pc = +R So dom <3 (GD we get - tutR 2 au R-Vv Vv -uUV+VR = -UR + UV ov VR +UR = 2uv Hivieling both sides by uvR , we get- VR 4 UR = 2uUV uw uvR uvR ve do +1 : u Vv tet: @q suBSCRIBE NOW I- aly ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 10SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Concave Mirror’ on oth. PPE pe oe per] = Praibin [sie Nature Soa [ato | at ree | P virial | Mlpare| sey [ama [mcs [ono Image Formation Sphoica) Mirrors (1) When object is placed at infinite (i.e. u = 0) Image — AtF — Real — Inverted — Very small in size — Magnification m << —-1 Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131, 9309068859 (11)SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ics ais (2) When object is placed between infinite and centre of curvature (i.e. u > 2f) Image — Between F and C — Real — Inverted — Small in size — m<-1 (3) When object is placed at centre of curvature (i.e. u = 2f) Image — ATC — Real — Inverted — Equal in size — m=-1 (4) When object is placed between centre of curvature and focus (i.e. f -1 (5) When object is placed at focus (i.e. u = f) Image — Ato — Real — Inverted — Very large in size — m>>-i1 \Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar ‘Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ithe bohen in Je ppweneal 3b virtual as shown in figure then, Using Contesiany Sign Conventions. Alo! = +r , AB= +40 PR =+v , Paz-u oe ore “ome Aa . pp! co AG “PB et we get C FB e e m —f ee So m da Positive. Im Cour of Convex mirror as shown tn faye , using men Cartesian sign Conventions — Ald c 41 AB= +0 So m 4s Positive. Note - Qi) when med, imoge Jermed 4a enlarges. Uiy when m} mot vehicles, telescope 5 Solar choksrs etc. Gv) A tencave mivror Js also usedl a4 & Shaving mirror or make up mirny as at can form eteect amd magnified émoage- 3 An chject ia placeol 18 tm. cose the image is formes! at oN the mirror, caleulate ths immyY Convex or concave ? as ok the image ? Whot is the yaolius Of Curvature op tne mirror ? Sel Here Us=-48em. 5 v= Uem. fron ste as a u + t bhet-Lo sz $ 4W 128 36 Sof = 36, = Su em. As ‘fecal Lingth 4s potitive, the mirror must be Convex. The Image is virhicd 5 erect omd gmaller in size. Also Rr 2 = 2x54 = fo-28Cm. ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 © [4SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ‘Umesh Rajoris A ae Condle 2: tm in size ts placacl 27¢m- rat of G Concave minr of roclius of Cravature + Al what diastanw Pm the mire! shod & Soe be placecl in oles to remive a Shap image? Describe. the nodwre Gnd Size of b tre image - tae Comdle is moved closeé +o the minor , Kow w Screen have to be moved ? Sole Sixe of candle (0) = asem. , U=-27em Re-Beem, f= R[x = ~1BCm. 4 ot 4ik = 2. eit-i atv OS se pedigt « HL =-S5 ‘ Vi =18 27 “sy or ia, So the Screen Showd be Placwcl at su cm. fom the mirror on the Jame sick as the object « Th I size of image then as the image is reol - -iL av Sy meno ay u -I = (-su) = 2 = ¢ = I=- i se Cat > scm Minus sign indicates that imege is invertect. When the Candle wa moved closer +0 mirror, 2 the screen Nos do be mov: ouoy Pre mivvr. However dohen Candle us a “distance Less than 1a.¢m the miner , image aes would be Virtua anal sckean us not eq utr as the virtual image can nol be taken om the Screen. Sa Use +e minor equation 40 Show tat — ston (a> Pn ekject placed between F ond 2f wb a Concave. mirror produus a real imag fe ond of. (®) A Convex miner al brciuess a Greed image inckpenolent of Hw lococlion of He object. (c) Am ecbject placad betwten the pole and focus of a Comcave mirror produus a virtual + enlarged imoge . ‘Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [15 ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, SikarSCIENCE CAREER COACHING aimesii napers > for amir f-b44 for concave mirror flul vigil > HK Vv tut > tft oor ay
v>-pgl Hence. image form beyond 2 on the same sie sel ek object- Gh) for convex mirror f>0 od uo Hence verge Hence A virtual Imoge of object ~ + >0 or V>o Vv Herne te Image da formecl on RHS of mivnr Ge. wirtued “image. 1, «at - 2 4 ft Alsoby — pF TW ful 2 RS im In) — PL > Mm >L 4) Hence. image dis entorgect Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.; 8003024131, 9309068859 gSCIENCE CAREER COACHING [Umesh Rajorta REFRACTION when a beam of Li travelling im one temsporent medium fi om ancthe Fra parent maeclium, a past of LU Ss veblecteed back into “the fest medium Sb Ge. Fee op digudt excters into othe meclium. The otivection” o propagetion eh an obliquely incident vay of ti thot enters™ the other muctium chem ot the” fate ce. off ture medlig: THia phenomeng ds O refraction ‘of Ls . |e, ot Pa 3 en aie iti i Refractive Inelex - The vedio of speed of Light in vacuum | air to the g of Light in the medium Ja Called the refractive Imelex CU) of a medium. Me Speed of Light im vacuum/aiy Cc) Speed of ight in the medium Cv) When the Li Poses one meclium L to another, medium 2.5 the refractive. Inadex of meclium 2 with respect 4o medium 1 va waitten as 4, and dd Gute! relative refractive index- tu = Ua = C/v2 = Me Speed of Light in meclim L Hy e/y Ve speed of Hight Tn medium 2. feo meclium with hi yepractive index is saidl * ato be optic denser? Cenmy to the medium with Lower refractive index. ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contaet No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 7SCIENCE CAREER COACHING [Umesh Rajorta * Rotractve Index Ww a Ghoracterlatic propoty, ob of the’ mectium 5 whose -veduc. Of material “of the meclium and the Color nia wavelength light Laws 6 Refraction - G) Whenever Aight fom oe meeclium to anothor, the freguenvy “of aioe, amd phase of Li lo net change - However the velocity ob Rye emo the wavelenath of Sigtst charge Gi) The Incident x “ cteol shine and normal be the Ideface ad! ? eal os tneideter, all Lie m the same lene Gi) The product o; cHive incix and sine of angle of pre fe ot @ point ina lth is’ constant Constomt > = ANSin ty = ALSinin ZH i= bt omol ir = 5 then JA Sinl = ABSin®Y ov Ms = Sint 2 ly My, Sin ¥ ~ tohere 1, Gs vefrachve tnelex of medium 2 with respect to medium 2. b *K Tha Law us also catltcl Snell's Law. a piiigeNgal volus of 4 ey incolene, the vasinr . given i Hence velocity of List 33 minimum mM meolium A as angle of vefraction is mintmum List) . ‘Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [18 ] ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, SikarSCIENCE CAREER COACHING cane Re fraction through a rectangular Glass Slab vay & in dine Oe ABCD Wa necton is inciekent alo nats, Zi;- It w re: rat ct. The repfractect Lm fells om oe ep ot Li, ana een along ! MN at 2%. chal aon u AIR (Ha) aN. Oo yarer meeclium to pices Mes, a denser | ere towards the normal we in n clenser to & varer medium, To oes Guveuy x the normal. , my pplying Snell's Law of L~- Ma Sin iy = = Ag Sin x, Sint: 2 wg —@ sin ty Aa Again applying snell's Lav at m - Mg Siniz = Ua Siny, Ha_ > SiN sme —¢é Ma Sinta © ¥ eed adh - a ugh renersibility of Ui when fi at ofytes. an wefichibes ad en ye é number chions ab v oe at the { va x redoce entire path: ~“y ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9308068859 fisSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Vimesh Rajoria Wwe know that Mg = aye Hence form |e97- ® and (2) we get. Sin i = _Sin Yo Sin ¥, Sin tz i) From figue - in= yy So Sini, = Sinx, Hence from: 27 @ - Sin Ya = Sim li or Ve 1 # Hence the emugence ray MN 2 patallef to the incident rouy KL. Expvre ssion fer Lettered Sisple: Cement — fer M, dw mn! perpencticilar to KL produtd Seo the Leterol Auplacement of tHe on Passing trowgh the pakellil Slab ob ae 3 bet ZMWN' = & = cleviecion On fivat veprocton - , y . MN LMN sim& = — In A im «. MN! = Lmsing -® In A ttm CoA = ke LM tm = bt! «—t Conky Cobh tohere t= LU = thickness of jos Alab S. . we = fo + s; o fmm <9 oO ge MN! = oe ins ov tsin Cir- 5) CoAr, TAM is the expression for Lateral olisplacement, ® Loterol chaplatement in peoperHenal te the thickness (4) ef the slab and angle off incidence i. ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [20SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ‘Umesh Rajoria Real Depth anol prrent Depth of a Tank A wodter tank ear Less oleep than whed at actually is. This aa he +0 refractim ok Lighs. Proof - Prof Suppose © is @ point object at an actucd depth oA below the surface of Water XY in 4 tank. A rey of Light incident on xv, normally along CA passes stro oA. Another. & oy Li remo Li om x odong oR abe away ptm the normal. cH inciclent at Tt us ve, at Ly along Be. On producing back, BC meets OA ot L- Mrrrefore” ZF is the virtuedtl image Of 0 Clwhen sean theo water ,o Appeans at 1)S Thenefpre apparent dept = AL (Less than oa) LAc® = ZL0BN' = b ard Late = LNBc = ¥ In A oas sint +48 In A IAB Siny = ¢ As the Li is deavelling from denser meolium (water) to Yares Pia Cair). d a = Siny = AB,OB = OB Mes sinc re a IB When ANGE AL Ame , B id Close 20 A. So ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar ‘Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [21SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria # for air and water Wi, = 4/a S82 IA = BOAR eet ee eet Total Internal Reflection Suppose an imterface Xy Separates Q rarcr meclium (a) ais fom a 2 rmedium (b) sy wodter - 'R MEDI WATER (b) \UM. ° © us @ point object in the clenter meolium. A + of Ls steating fem ° ond incident normally aleng foA on xy pames “A aught aleng AG. Amother. vouy inciclent al OA, eviates away trom normal ema ais refrackes! along AB). Clearly a 4 refraction ia greater then the omgle of thebibice ba it Imcreases with Increase im the omge 0} incrolence - For particular volue of b= c, the critical angle, the incident yous OA is refracted at Lr = 90 oma gee along the interface, long Ar®2- When b> C ars for the inciclent oA the reuy goes along As@— ae st is we ected evern intertace ~ x¥- TRIS phenomenon cb C Total Internal Reflection « Toted Internod Reflection — It is the phenomenon of veflechon of sight into a censer meclium $M an interface of tris clenser medium ond a rarer “medium. ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar ‘Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [22SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria Essential Conditions for total Internal Reflection — Ui) Light show travel fom a denser meclium do Qa On medium. Gi > Angte of imciclence in clenser meclium showd be greater than the critical omgle for the pair of media in Contact. Critical Angle - Cc) - The ompte. of inciclence, in the clervser medium Corresponcling +0 which angle vefracHon iw the work mecliuey Is 90° 5 Us) catledl eriticed omale for the pair of meclium iM certact. It ws vepresentec| by 'C' and ste value clepends on the notuat ef medium in Contact. Relotion between Refractive index & Critical Progle. when i= C > ve 30 Applying Svcs Law at Ar, MeSinc = Ma Sin So! Ap = _1 Ma sine Q = TOR a = ae sme b = cere As A ckepends on wavelength, there: critical omgle for the Same pair of medium im ‘Contact will be Liferwnt for clifferaent Colors. Applications ef Total Internal Reflection C1) The brilliamce of cliamenel - The. bAilliona of cliamond 3s clue +o toto] intemod reblection of Lights LU for olamond Js 2u2, se thet cridicod ter Heamone ole interface a4 Calculotect fom 4 a Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar b= tsinc ds UU" Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 [2.3SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajorla fodal intesnal reflections Tre cliamon ol Penna so thet Li wing the. diamond at gon any face ata 4 grate. than, 24-4", St Su fe multiple to inteaned reflection s Page vauiows faces and remain within the cliamona dows not Come out. Hence the diammd sparkles. (2) Mirage - Miroge 1s on optical illusion cohen OCCURK LAL in cleseat on hot oe tect TR. an ib pects Such a a tree tree is on the bank avs art a pared y "water. On a het summer olay » tempercctince of air neak +e surface of =n Js maximum. Tha upper Louyers © our have. of ecrendin: temperature. mak a eel ipo re imolex of” J Te eos es Py incr! ane lightly with heigl above Me aeSCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria A Yr °; the O of a tee pn Aortiech Artal eR che Se, auouy groom eee At a particular layer, when omge o eee becomes arenten. than the Critical om Be interned cHirn eceusAS Ame the oe reuy reaches” tre observer atong Ae, ta ribet corne fom L, the mirror image % Thaur invertec| |} b, Ste creates the Imprexsion of reflection poh a pond of water. q3)> Totally veflecting glass prisms - TRese ee “a omy fed prisms wohidh tuan the Light or Ze. are. bosect om the eo ox toted imternof reflechon oF Ai a 4 Js bs So that critical angle for glows - ain PH oe ws ur’. Th totally ye flectin ng Gos, P pAisms, le of inciclence ds made” 45°- Cohich us thon the Critical Ga, Gagle of the lars- ie j coca. Hence the din Suffers total Cnterned reple ction. (u) Optical Fibers - ne e ibers comsist ofy Several thousand, ve So. bers o glass oO quaxte, mH sts Ree te te adh fide ey a . In Sean 4 OK 164 em worth repractive ty lex os rates oe te onder “of 15+ ‘Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024131, 9309068859 25SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Umesh Rajoria The fibers ane Ccoateol with a Hin Aoger off material ok lower refractive index of the order of bus. Protective cover Cladding ‘\ CN Glass - = Air a, Light ray | Total internal reflection LK Ineiclent on ene end of the Biber ot a small le enters the fiber rer” ve, im and undergoes “repeatecl tote! “internot reflections inside the pier Ft'finally Comes out of the! piber ab the other” encl , even if the fib is bend “or twisted in am form Ana there 2S almost no loss Aight through the Sioles of the. pea. Applications of optical Fibers - C1) Opticod fibers) Qe used, in transmission ancl reception “of electrical Signeds by Converting Hum Brat onto Light Signals. (@) A bundle opticed fibers Js Cate! Light pipe- This pi Cav’ transmit an image. Hence St is useol in meolicod ame! optical examinations of even the. imaccersible ports of human bocly, as in endloscopy: (3) Optical fibers are useol in telephone and other transmitting cables. Each fiber Com Ci upto 2000 telephone Herseages without “much Loss of intensity: \Near Nawalgarh Bus Stand, Sikar Contact No.- 8003024132, 9309068859