CHEMISTRY Class 12th 2. Solution Handwritten Noteswuwscesikarcon SCIENCE CAREER COACHING CHEMISTRY UNIT-Z VY SoluTzOn// at Lntroductio: bad at A solution Ls a homogeusut mixture of two mbee ki = ig dubetance whose i Waried usith in certain Limits - Solution alto be lla Aingle phase Which Coutains more than out Components. A binary solution Ls mace up of two + Simi ’ toematy and quarternary Aolutions Aespectively- — The Uhich Ls in ee amount Ln solution ds talled Aolvent and the othr which i peuent in Lesmer dmbut is Called doluk- a Types of dolutions ‘> 4+ Gaseous Solution 2 cuba gas 1 mined with Other gat, then gatious Aoltion is obtained - All gasebus mixtures are homogencout Solutions « 2- Liguisl dalution 2 hthen gas, Liquid ox dolid is aiselveal in 3- Solid Aabetions :~ dbhen gar, Lipuid be koliol Ls mixeal with Othe Holid drrapularly then @ dolid delukiow Ls Obtained: 7 On the basis of phycical state of Aolute 4 dolvent, dolution Gan be clastificd into 5 different types t City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859 [7 ]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING CHemoTey www.scesikar.com ‘GLASS 12th T Gas Mixture of & gated, air guid | blater curs in ale hig Nicblinettion. of a Saled inte gas 2g: Camphor, NHycl Gas Soda water ummeuital Jalor Cqucol — |adiredere of miscible Liquias rire alt in Weiter Sugar in Water Gas Adsorption of gates over metls Soltol Liguiel | €-3 Gdtorption of Hy over fd Soltd Hain Cu, yin 2n Alloy Ca-Aur2n-tw 3: Sold Solution + Deliemination of Lontibuation of the dolutinn The ‘ dolute present in certain ambunt of dolvent is Aallecl ie Daban of idan: The concenteation of dhodution Gan be expressect in various Commen hlays as identical below t 1. Mass percentage (ful) The prncentage mars means the mas oj the aLlde fa planed pasted Pr tomy of Hue dolution + Amount of dotut Lin g) Maws percentage = oF of solubion ling) faa ling) =dmbust of Sckute ling) X loo Amount of solute (in 9)+ Ambunt Of Soluent (ing) —G elute Ls representid by B ane kabieat ts seprcseited by A 8% he) * Ta K lod City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859 [2 ]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING CHemsTRy www.scesikar.com CLASS 12th fuample» Soom! Kolution is formed by Ig oxalic acid The don- Aity of this (meen 2 get pean ead free i dn he tai. oxalic + acid = Ig mass Fv doludion = Sco ml KIigme™* = 5509 Mars perceritige of oxalic acid = aX lod = 2 Yalume percentage bf) This method ds used Ln the deteemnation Of Cones of Anlution having holute £ holvent in Liquid state + ‘The percentage volume meant the mast of the belute dis -olved in loom ox [oome Of the . Volume of solute Lin me) Volume percentage = Volume of Solute lin me) = Volume of Solute Cin mt) K loo Volume of solute + Volume cogselvent cmv) ‘; — ax f tov = aK il Va = Volume af salute < V4 = Volume of solvent (me) Example > The aquceut doletitne of Ls Lolv[V) of ethaxto) meant that 25 ml Megaltl ts pretend | fn 15m water and the total volume the holtion ds loome. B+ Mass -Volume e. pententage 2» Chil) Mass-Volume pert at the mumber Of parts by mass of, by volume of dolutitu + K leo e is defined Cy Sinisa City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859 [3 ]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING camneeTRy www.scesikar.com CLASS 12th { Amount of solute tin a) xi } Mass-Volume percentage = Amount of svlitiouCin mL) Example-» How many grams of dlacl ostll be Aequieed to make Soom) aqueous Aolution Of 1% “Wy waci ? Aw - _ Amount of Soluteling) Mads Volume fo = Tee Of colitientin muy 2 = 4G x tee We = 109 (Mass of Solucte - Nac!) G+ Fartspor million (PPm)t- bihen a Solute Ls preset tn vi minute amounts. Dts Couc- Ia expressed in [ry = Reset ot PPm - Ss Normality ~ $ sia fnecl as the number of g-equivelents af CN) cual pa bee tne Wy he dala —— Udvalents of 60 { Necmality Ste 08 of cite j Volume Bf colution in Ler = A doledion having normality egual to unity Ls called a no . fio hang mermalily qual to wey omaly 6. Molarity(M)+—3¢ Ls defined as the number af geam mole, the ede end ia Ld. of te taleeeee 4 { Moles of Salute } Molavity (M) = “Yoleume of coludions tn bt ad Aalitiah. having molar ite equal to 1 unity Ls called molar Both nowmality and molar: 4 Aolution change with chauge fn temperature - ag City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859 [4 ]wmuwscestkarcon SCIENCE CAREER COACHING CuemisrRy CLASS 12th T+ Molality (rm) %- $4 Ls defineal as the ruumber role of Dhe Solute pectin im |ooogm (1kg J cf the Solvent « : Mole of Salute [omotality (™) = ‘mole of Solvent Chg) bue mole ef dalub pee lovogm- Of Solvent equal to Ly and ts called a molaf dalution 06 a Aplition does mot change Usith Lemperaturs » “Relation, Bly molarity and netmality —alHolority x molecule mass ef solite = Normality x Eval moss of clit) Fox acid $ Nor = Molavity x Basich fox Bases Normality = Molarity xteidiby « — Gasielty Ls the mumber YH" [out furnithed by each prolecule of — Neidity is the number of OH fous furnished by each molecule of tee dolution - “v —> A dolution has molali The mol: + Relation Blur molarity Ou) 4 mats pertentage — % maw KdK10 prolee raat epee | 7 eel) + Normality = Yematd Yemastxdxlo _. Cquivalerd mash 04 Solute * Motarity = & Dilution. fetta > Ythe dolution of dame dubttance ds diluted adding Aolvert from Volume Vy to Volume V, then lgitial molarity Mi aad fnal molarity My ace elated ax- Mxv, = Ma xu | oe Molarity Of a riindisee—> $4 V; rot of a dolution Of molarity m, Ls mixed sith Vemi Of another “aadian dasa City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859 [5 ]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING chemorae www.scesikar.com Aubitance wit mol a then molart: Of the Yectulting mituce iidioa axigeae i by - 4 [. MV tM, Me view, Mole frnetion—- It is defined as the Akio of umber of moles. of Ome fo tte total number of moles ofall the Components protent in the Solution » Let ut duppase that a Solution (ontains the lomponent A and B and suppose that Wy, Of A aud Wa of B are protect inn it then - WA moles of A (a) = moaxmarsof A We n, = males 05 8 808): ere Total no- of moles = 74+" , NA =% rele fraction of A = mai A x, role fraction of B = ae B New, the Aum of the molec faction of delute 4 Aolvent in binary olution Li unity. A MQ = Tat" = 4 ATX AEA TatMge =~ MATNG A mole faction Lt indepenaeut of the timperature + ¥ Relatten Ber molality (mm) and mole fyaction, of hela — _ ™mX Molak mass of A B™ Too + MX molak mass of FA (Ce molar mass of A = Ma) m = [oPX*B aX CM Mg) City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859 [6 ]www.scesikarcom SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Gasca Relation Blw (olarity (02) and. pole fraction > mx (Hla) (eama-"Mg) + lowod [» _ loved Xa ~ taxing +*ax(mngy — bhi A ds holuent and & is dolute- 4g = ~Ffo oe ees les peaatbth a peeet evel mh moles) 0, the fente Aolute predont fn dno Li Hee dotution 4 . 4 WH is sspresent by F's [ number of profes Of fomte solute Fs Volume of olution in Lite ~— Foumality ofa Aelution change with change in tirnperatire- + i —> The maximum amount of Soliel Cin g) tat Gam be dissolve in (opm: liquid delvent at certain temp erature is Called ility of Sotid « The olution is called Aalution in th kage - 7 Faetors affecting Avlubilty of halide -» 1+ Nature of dolid solute and sowut -> Donic scliols are Acluble in polar Solvent - €-g--Nacl ) Ke}, KNOg ete- These ate daltion Tn water . Dts main reason is Luter ionic dipolar 6 tos. The ils Uariout fanie Lollele are difperont moe ee a > The onic solids whore Aattice eusepy Ls more than tydration are Inddluble In water ushile Hose Solids usthose Lillice Ewa ex than tydration are £oluble in water - Non-Ppolor Aolicds (eg-L, ,S, etc-) axe doluble in nen- polar Aolveuts Like ccly cs, ete- City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859wmuuscesikarcon SCIENCE CAREER COACHING CHEMISTRY CLASS 12th 2 Temperature : ~ There. is an equilibetiom bf insoluble Solid aud in saturated Solction t Pnsoluble solid + solvent == = Solution, AH= tk cal, to he-chatelicr’s pelnciple sf AH >, then heat is Abibebed bu dicublyi Ablute at this Condition, the solubi- dolid Solute will increase on Increase in temperate + £:g- NHyCl KCl, AgNOs, Nanos Kr efe- Ty An Hel >S0, >H, 6 > CO, > GH, 2022 N, > Np 0, and Co, dee move Kaluble Im ethyl ateoso/ than Watir -wwwsecsikaccon SCIENCE CAREER COACHING CHEMISTRY CLASS 12th 7 02 ts Atadily doluble in blood ~ 2- Nature of Solvent — The polk ae doluble in polas solvents ushile mbn-polar gades aee Koluble in nen-polar Aolvesdts « Tt is dike distolves Hike tule o-g- Hel gat Lt more doluble in Wate Han Lipuid benrenc « B+ Efgect of temperature > clecording to Le-chatelir's peinciple » _ at Contant prise, the" keluhilly of gases decreates Usith, intreate fn temperature lace te wmaltion Kinetic encepy of gaseous molecules dn Liquid increases On Inercading temperature anol tunce on heating eleaping tnalancy of gaitout molecules inercacss + Excception —- Heat of absorbeal on dissolving Ha cond He in diqutal Henee the Anlubilety ily of these Inereate ust He inc reasis torrpercoliue - me ‘¢ 4. Effect of pressure> The Avlubility of gases is more affected by Nn pressures Hi prepoed a Hwlalitnihip between presurece) anal the ompssitlor Ch olution yskien is cabled Henry’s law + te this Law,“ The mass of @ be th distolvedt ina ‘ven. aa 1g prac a a pet p petsent in enuidibrtun ihe he Gy the mest ges Ls m hich £4 dissolved tn unit volume of Aclyent at prevture CP) then according Lo Henny law: in skp a) Usher , Ke Henry Contant — Ou the bast of equation (1), a dteaight Lins is obtained On Anauslig a geaph blo Avlubility of gages and equilibrium pressure City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING amen www. scesikar.com ‘CLASS 12th then mbee ran ore gates together ant Lome in Contact with Solvent then the amount of Aobibility of each gas Ls clireatly prspertional to its partial pressure- The ambunt of gas from all gates is detiemined by its mole fraction - nar bthict - % = mole fraction of gas Py = Paxtiod pressure of gas x= k'Py on Pe Wk ot P= kx [ee] At Couttant prescure, the Volume of gasin Solution ds met affec - nn pressuve + Let mq of gat of moteeutar weiput (1) at temperature (T) has Velma W}- fa, Aoluble ty centain volume of Solvent at equilibrium pressuse (P)s Then, ideal gas equation is. PV = RT or Pv =™_ rr mM oe via RT POM — Recording to Henry law sat Constart temperaticre > m_ = Constant , v= Contant P Mnitations of Henry lat Hesvrety doco is applicable uthen ? (a> Burscure Ls viet very high « Ub) Temperature is mot very tp. ley Gas oloes mot Acact chemically wit soleut and also cloes not associate anol lenise- (d) The Aolubilet, of gas Ls fester int Solvent meant the Aclubion City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859wwwseesikarcom SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Chemistry CLASS 12th Ls dilute. + Vapour Pressuse of Liquid Solutions :— Ita Liquid is fakun dn un open Contains then the process Piles of eitelorpe pails op wile fou ty og Iresce) imtecoustte Ltmsxpiicke dus toopen candaiies But tha Liquid ts taker Bn cleseal Conteluer Hon the ela- ~poralien cles not take place to unlimited time because y there ds tortain place for the movement of molecules of Wapours, ee ee ata is ec ot “The pro es by which the moleeules of Uapours aye mixcol at the tdelass of Ljuid ive, change of Vapour to Lguid dtate Ls kmory as Comentation. — Evaporation and Conduuation are opposite reactions of tack Other « ‘ bihon tha tate of curporation is equal to the rate of Conclentation , Hum tre equilibrium is ectablithed - Evaporation == Conderuation Kaeo Ka=t Vapour cae arent mie ¢ cleutiation from City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859 [11wwscesikarcom SCIENCE CAREER COACHING chemistry AP Kabult's haw as a Special caae of Hays Lead = rding +o Raputt’s law, the Vapour pressure of a Yoledtile Compenent tn a giver holtion Cs _in tt holution of a gas in a Liquid ,bne of the Componen- “te Ub bo Volatile that if enists As A gat anid We have Aen thet its dolubility i piven by Henvg's Law thet - CP =kyx] 34 we the equations for Raoult’s law asd H. a. thot the ‘B % gas is enny'é law, pressure 6f the Volatile Cemponet “el ely ot ats mole fraction in Aobition - the propotHanality Constant ky differs from Pe. os Retlt's lao } In wshieh Ky becbmet equal to pi” a Kpecial Case of Henry's asd alasady bthich stales “te Mapua. pra ofan of atEds fr ipla a tn this £ype Holutions dolution Consints of Aolid dissolved in Liquid: 2-9. Sodium choice (Nacl), glucere , Uren And Cane ugar In water ein (oline ed Aulpluve dissolved fn Carbin disulphide 7 dome physical propertie of thee dolutions are quite diffecut bom Bae ye Lele 2g. presdure- Hiquids ata given tumperaturt Vaphuriae anol under epuilibrium Conditions the preduce enerted by the Yapout of te Liguial Over the Liquid phase 7 Called Vapoue pressure 7 Ser om pure Liguicl the evitice durface Ls deeupied by the molecules the Liguicl Tha non-Volatile solute is added toa dolvent to glve a Lolition, the Vapour premure of He deladion Ls Solely from the solvent alene- This Vapour preuce of the Solution ata given tempenatiee it found to be Lower than the Vapour pressure af the pure SoNeut City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859 [12]wwwseesikarcon SCIENCE CAREER COACHING cemisTRY CLASS 12th at a same dump: Tn He dolution the durface tras both Lolute ana holt mote- ~ tudes 1 the fraction of the durface Coveread by the holvect mol gets Avcliced - “a x, ee the neembere of bolvent molecules caeaping a i Aodlutesl, thus the ve presduce Ls Scasemal te “ O-Solvent @ Solute} Uapbur preniure 4 the dolveut on actount Of the presence of solute fn Solveut - (@ ew ism of the Prolecctos of the Solvent it bs ened) “ Renton ease @ Dn a delution Actuate particles have been denoted by @ anal they also Occupy partof the durface aroa. The dececato in the Uapour presturt of Lollent depericls on ' te sadly of poste dle pant he an fe of tte nature. Eg: decreate in the Vapour preure of water by 4:0 mol vit Kucwoxe to thy. of water Li neatly kimila® to thad proucee! iveg 1-0 mo} to tHe dame water at the Loman set ete —Raaul t's Laud in ih pinteat spom tan be tte as — “fs olution the partial Vapour pressure of cach volatile Componant falthe dslalion a disaty’ poptiondl i wot City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859 [13]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING cemoree www.scesikar.com 73 a binary Aaledion, Letusdencte the dolveut by 1 and dolute by 2» hlhin the Aolute is non-volatile , the Solveut molecules Art portent be Vapbure phase and. > Vapour pressuse- > The \apdur pressure of the Solvent, x, be UA mole fration, Py be ifs Vapour pressure in the pure ddate- Then sareording to Repult's lero - Ppa my s < Pam PE 2 —> The p rHomality Constant ds equal te tha Epa presture of pute Solvay er. A plot blo the Uapout pressure £ the > mmole fraction the Solvent is Linear ° ole fa o + Cott) > Figo gpa doludion seoult's Law for all conc, Le Uapour pressure Would cuay Soca from zexo to the Vapour pressure of te pure Aolvent- +H Loleal Solutions Tie dolution wthich obry Kabult's lao at the entine kauge of Loncentuation ancl temperature Ls Called ideal solution - ti) Le obeys Rapult's law So, Pa=PA% fa = Fa *a P=Parfe P= Pama + Pox ify The total Volume of the Aolution iy equal to the dum of Volume af Solute (8) and Solute (&) and solvent (A) AVemirinegs =0- bey Chasyge in volume is equal to zexoSCIENCE CAREER COACHING chamster www.scesikar.com CLASS 12th Clit) Heat ds neler absorbed nox emitted ou mining dolate (6) and bolveut (A)- AH cmbring) = 0-1-8, the Lhasge Le enthalpy Lizero- (WV) The mapnitucl of attractive force between A-B is equal to te Kiem of atteactie forces preseut in A-A aud 8-0 in) solutitn. W The Aclute and solvent having dimilee physical and chemical prspetirs prom Ideal dolution - Example» (@) n-Hexane +-Heptane (alkane) ©) Metharwl + EHvano/ (alcoho!) © 1- chloro butane + 1-Beomo butane (abkyt halide) (d) benzene + Toluene (aromatic J (e) Cely +Sicly (ehboride of geoup 14) (F) chloride + boride (alky! halide) @ benzene + Bedmobensent Caryl halide) +# Non- [deat Solutions t-> Those Solutions phic do not obey Raoult 's law and are accempanitd Change in volume and Change in enthalpy tig thie feral ee Called nim-ldeat Solutions + . , Pog nbn-ideal binary solution — WIPAEPAX, and Pathe Oh) AVitaing #0 Wii) AH mi, ig +0 Non-isleal doltions are of two types? CP) Noncideal dolutions wit positive oeviationt—In kuch type of Adolution, folveut- solvent (4-A) And Solute - Salute (8-8) (idler molecular forces of attraction axe Steouger than solvent - — (A-B) ar eae 1 positive dewi: _ C2) Pa > PAM, and Py > Pg2g di OH docing = praitive (exdothvemic) City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859 [15]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING cuemstRy www.scesikar.com uib AVmining = positive (high volume of Solution) SS There art following eocamaples of Some non-ldeal solutions showhs e toe ing posit U) Methane) + water Uly Methane! + CCly (iil) Ethane! + Water Ph UW) Acedoue + Ethrane! W) Acetone +S Oe -Vapeus pressure Curve Abowing Gove deviation from Raoult's law - ago Uli) Non-[dea| dalutions usith negative deviation + Tn duch type of Solution the partial vapour pressure of Cath, aon Aolution is lex than the Vapour premure as expecta according te Rooult’s Las. Pa < PAX & fy < Pex fos racgalid e deviation, MH mizing =” ive Ceccothumit) AV micing = negative (Lew volume of Colution) There axe folloring examples of non - ideot solution Basing negative de- = Viakiow ' U) CHClg+ Acetone id wlater + HC] Gly Acéloue + Autline (ene Wu) Methand| +aceticacia W) CAC, + Benzene iq; — Vapout pressure Curve show? Ret fon “ASO fig apoue pre wy es mole traction apa negative deviation from Kasult's law < Nininuun Vaporisable a In this type 04 mixtures He point of azeotrspic Solution it ghee a oy ee tek aie pee Component « mbn-ideal Aclutjon oe ve deviation eG Acetone +chlovo4orm 5 Metarol + Acetic acid ete. + Colligative Propertios and detrrmination of Molar Mass Some crite (etptlel atconet lat bolute dissolved bn Aalution » These are not sclaled to nature of Aolute aval its These propertios Bag goa OE athe Lome Clligative proper. of given below - U) Relative Lrdoeing of oT Predurs - Lis Bevin fe bo vig clit Depreicion f In tr zing point Civ) Osmotic. pressure. City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859 [47]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ChenioTRy www.scesikar.com CLASS 12th I) Relative lowering tn V we The rulative lgweriug in a Tene gd ia rel “Volatile folid Aolute is equal te mole fraction of Hee atolute- fa xg PA fee Ne — Wa/ Ma Ng = No- ch moles of Solute xe nag Dalit, p]Mg NA> No-of molet of Solvent Na= Mass of Aa = Mass of Solvent According to Rapult's Law, Maz Molecular. mare of Solute a Ma> Molecular, mars of Solveat j x@= Pa-fa PA We /Ha = fa-Pa Na/MatHe/Me Pa Wl, Fos dilute Lolutions, 8 <<< Ma A So, We in above equation Gn he aucum, igibte « a 4 e meplipibt “. WelMe _ Pr-Pa Wa Ma a Molecular mass of nin-Volatile Aalute an be detoeminedl fem above equation, 4 tre values of alf the obwxs prtpectios ate known Example» Vapour preseuxe of pure benzene at a gilen Lb 0-850 hase-0-5q non-Volatile dolute 1s dissohed in 39 benzene: The Vapour presure of doludion obtained ds 0-8YSharr. 7 Determine the molecular mass of delat (Mol- mask of benzene 169 mol) City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING CusistRy www.scesikar.com Aw - Peete = 0650 barr Vapour preriure 04 olution Py =o0.Bus barr. We=0'S85 Met, = 789 3 Wen, =3995 Ma=? = MexMecHe | Pe gt Me Ween, Pane-fa Me = O'S K78& 0-850 3g.~Ss«BSO-0- BUS Mg = +10 gm- Ub Elevation tn beiling id 1 The betling poled of a. Hyuid is med as the timperature at ushich ibs Wapaur pressure hecbmes equal to atmespherit prescuet - ple kneutn that, the Vapour pressure of solutioer having non- Volatile folute ds Lows Hence» move temperatirxe Ltill be Aequirecl for the Vapour presiuct Of dolution to be equal to the atmompheric pressure: Lee-» the bailing point of dolution is more than boiling poied of pure Solvent > M4 the bailing poind Aclutiow is Ti, and boiliup peiud Solvent ie Ty, Hen - 4 P % Elevation in boiling point , AT = To- To ee Vapour precducte SUBSCRIBE NOW & City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING coemusraey www.sccsikar.com According to Raoult's law» the Lowering in Vepouk prescuce Aolute it” proportional to the mole fraction. 7 % AP x xe (X@= mole fraction of dolute) AT, « Xg 41% =Kxg We/Me ta [Ma tla /Me = We/M 47% = Mea xXg= For dilute dolutiong , —B— Relatisnihip blw eevation, In bailing ond molteulak mars Of mén-Volatile solute — ae ble know that, ATp= ky fs . _ Wexlovo tnd molality of solution m= ei Waxlevo fo OTp = Kp Bee Be Mak Nag ot Mp = fe n-tlextove [Here Ha = mays of Solute ate V6 Mp = Molecular mass o Aolecte Wa = Mass of Solvent ky = Mola elevation Coattaut J “AT, = k City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING berate www.sccsikar.com (CLASS 12th mA ing to Van't hoff, Ky Ls related to latent tuat of Vaporisa -Hon of dolvent as follows? MaRT2 ; Ke “GHaprisattonk 000 Here ~ Ma = Molecular mass Of dolvenrt R = Gag Conttart h = Boiling point of Solvent (AH vaporisation = Latent heat of Vaporisation ) Example > The boiling peint of benaeee Lt 353-23 K+ The backs Point of doltion becomes 354-11 K du dissolving 180g 64 Volatile Aolute In 90 3 benenc+ Gleulate the moleculae mare of Ablute - lk, pr benzene = 255k keg mot *) oe Ma= Kb» HB xteoo 4%, Wa Given s ky = 2°53 Kkg- moi OT, = 354-1) -$53-23 Th = 0-88k Wg = 1-809: Wa = Gog “Mm 23x 182 Kicoo = 689 mot Uit) Depreseton in Exeezing point i> The temperature of which the Vapour preiduee of bot solid and Liguid dtate becomes equals 46 Called preening point of Liguid - hlhin nbm-Volatile Aolute aatved La Aolvent, the Vapour press~ ure of Aclution becomes Leider than dolvert Hence, Aolutitn freezes at Low tumperature as Lomparsd to solvent, So, freezing point of Molution becomes Lesser than solvent City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024134,9309068859 [24www.scesikarcom SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ica otf inulg aie Aolvent is TF and freesing point of Pepa a daang pe ion in zing point Temp: —> In figure, Curve Bc és vapour presture f pure Lolvent- The holvent freezes in the term of delid at point B: The freezing point Oh bale Sapa at Tf at ptint B. The Vaptur pressure ¢f Aahatian decrcues oor detnsoding trapuratine Temperature wthieh Le Lhewn the curve DE “t The Aolution freezes at polut D ushich repectont the frets! point of dolution (Tp). 4 $0 » According to figure » OT¢ = TH - 7; wedents the depresion Tn freezing poind- ip of gS Ete At wae to Rapult's daw. the Le in Vapour preseune te t role fraction of aoe Soy AP XQ (xg- mole fractien Of dolute) AT; =kx@ Xg = Wa/mg WalMA +hla/Mg fate =k. Melme J Hp]oIg tre ]P g City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859 [22]www.scesikarcom SCIENCE CAREER COACHING cae tor dite dolution ~ oA. <<< a a - alee ATp=k wa] Ma , 4T¢ = K+ Ma ma KWA Hee - m= molality of tolution kg = Molal depuration Contant br erycscopic lonstarct Relation blw af none vale paring freezing point and molecular mass le knsw Hat, ; Ty = kgm wt my 4 i OTe = ky re or Mg = Fi Mh xtoce a Here — We = mags of Solute Ma = Molecular mass of Aolute Ala = Mars of Solvent kp = moles deperition lonstant. larg to Vass't Hoff » Ky £5 detent toot of Uaporisation of Solverdt at Ie * T MART kf = BH vapyrisation K lov0 Here - lq = Moleculax mast of Solvent Ty = Frecsing poind Of celvet R= Gas condtort MWapovication = Lotint heat of Vaporisation City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar ontact No.:; 8003024131,9309068859 | 23wmvwscestkarcon SCIENCE CAREER COACHING cusmisrRy CLASS 12th Example - The deprescion in freezing peivt Is found to be 06k oH ahi a9 make elop Maphthalene - Determine the molecular formula of sulphur « (Kg for naphthalene = 68k ky mol*) ” yy =k Mg aif Fick loro Given» kp =6-8Khy mort Mg = SSK 266 x joo 47 = 068k (ose Ag = 2569 Ma = 286 Wa = lovog > let the molecular formula of dulohur in Sxu— *. Moleeulax wseigid = XK32 X32 = 256 x = 256 Lp 32 “The malseular formula of ulplusr ds Se Hh Diffutlon’ pln potasciom pecmanganate added ir Container . Of water Uren efter dome time Violet Colour Aprsads Ly The process dn whith the movement of molecule Takes place from high Lone. area to Low) lone: arta is knoin at diffusion. + Qsmosiss—slhen thistle funnet havir ce es membrane filled wlith Colouseel of As hauging Ln a Conal- -nor of water, Hum thistle” funned celles to Poss molecules of dolvert Hheoeph is but cloes ot ablew the molecules of Solute The process of passing of Solvent proiecules from the of Lower Coreeutiation to dolution Of higher ; Crcentuation Lough a demi-permeable sent pouam table membrane is called Osmosis . Fig. - Oemic City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859 [24]wwwscesikarcom SCIENCE CAREER COACHING chemstRy CLASS 12th — demé peemeable membeane Ls made of chemical dubttance phen! & potassium Serrocyanicle « Semi peemtable mumbtane is like 2 Continuous dheet bthich Conlains a netudork of Veep dmall pores pipieh allow) to pak molecules of Lolveut only - (Comoe precue- # f inne a apparatus is taken according giemased das a thambt divicled into $ lompartmendt by 4 demi-pemeable membrane + Botr the Compartments art fitted wits pistent h& A+ Two ments ALB of tHe apparatus axe filled Mith Solvent 4 solution Abbpestively: The molecules 0 Solvent move Trwdeds olution i-e-, frtm A Gopedmed * 8 Compartment due to osmosis: 7 Dus to this, the pirtore P, wil! - ditplaced cipwards and } Pe . will be displaced dodndards - Fig- ocmotic proseuce. To Atop this movement of colvuct, ble have fo appyy mechanical presure ty Solution Aisle The presture Just cufficlut +o disp osmosis will be the Osmotic presitre- 9 Henee the osmotic Pratt. ip be (nad at the excess press wre That must be applied to Side t prevent the Passage of doivent Luts it peli demi-permtable membrane Qsmotic presure is Arpruented by the dymbol 7 Link fs in discription Box City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859 [25]wuw.seesikarcon SCIENCE CAREER COACHING aoa CLASS 12th H Ruler Ruler for osmotic Pressure -> Van't Hoff used gar laws bu dol ten and oerived 2 dolulitn egua- - tion which is ax follows ?- a Van't Hob Boyle low + The Osmotic presiuee of a dolution is ~ dinactly pesportioual to Lh Concentration () ata particular tmperaturc - aA © 4 «Gone * Didionwa a Teer Ul) Ven't Hoff prescwee- Temperature lywoi- The dLmotic presure of salient eet to its absolute temperature at a particular Cone eT On combination of above two Laws- Tr. nat ST Ac 7 AV= ST (For 1 mole) AV=ANST (for 7 moles) Here $ = solution Condtant nthase value it equal to gas Constant (Q). $0,R is written in place of S {Av=ne7j XK Osmotic pressure and molecular, max of dolute — v= RT Ne UT mote of Holute n = + =Me (Hews - bg = Mass of solute Me Mg =Molecelase mass of delete ) City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859www.seesikarcon SCIENCE CAREER COACHING cumeorey x= pe —er WigkT Me” Example i- Deheming the Ouumotic pressute of io polation of uxta at 27° erature. (R= 0-062 atmLk tmot *) dwe- av = nkT A= BRT A = CRT Given- C- Cone ate mole R=o-82tatmL kK moi T= 214373 =300k x = 4Ko082! Xx300 = 2-46 atm #k Lsotpnic Solytlonst- the two solution which Gon mot allow the OF bolvent through pemé-peemeasle » Te-, these have equal molan Lone. membrant after AK Hypettonle Solutions: 7 dolution having higher osmotic press- ure than some otter ion is Anis to be hypertonic usith respect to the other dolution- a6% Hypotonic solutlons—A telition having Lower osmatce press- -ure relative to dome Aokution Ls called hypotonic solution. Example > Ut usa polution is Liotonie to l2% Aoluliou of otter Organic Compound A+ Gleulate the molecular mass of ave - wR dot- dsmotic presturela) = “rt bsmetic prescure of Wonca Aoludtion my)— GREET x lex City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859 [27]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING cemoree www.scesikar.com * The sheuetnal formula of urea Le AH,CONH, cand smolecular mass is bo - damotic presmuce Of 12% dolution of Compound 4 - A, = IEKRKT x opp MK Ip Psotenle Aclutions have equal osmotic pressure - yapst it JE Kane me 72 ma (84 (Molecular mass of Compound A= 18g) sbYbnonaal Molecular Mass?> The molecular mau of dolute Zs Caleulated from olligetive prepectizs accurately only wthen C) The doledion is dilute, bo that Ranutt's Law Ls cheyed- Gi) The Aolute neither wndor goes clissoeintion nov association in Aolution - Th the dissectction be astacietion of Solute takes place au dissolving it in Solvent, then the number of particles Ln itn be dlecreatet and the molecular man of Aolute Ls diftercat from actual molecular mas dus to change in Colligative proportion This mibletulak mats Ls Glled abnormal molecular mass 1 mole of Nact Cac, KylfeCcny] eléssolves tm weler ara (onization 1s |00% then 1 mole of them form 2,3,5, mole ion —> ince Colligative prop ds inw reportional to Hu molec - -ulak mass. vo et jenulenc aie 04 Of Above Compounds , City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859wvwscestkarcon SCIENCE CAREER COACHING cuemistRy CLASS 12th ak obtained ast 1,1 part Acspectively from actual molecular Mass- S0, formic acid, acetic atid »benrcic acid form climeet in ben- zene dolidion duc to H-bonding « gonna He chy News c No—u---0oF Mince + Colligative prep Ls trversly proportional to molecu- -dax mars «So, ge Sip of lethal ae obtained at twice te actuel molecular marss- “He Van 't Holt factor >» van't Hott inbuoduced a factor (i * to explain Cae felt abnormal moleculae mars This ts fale Van't Hotf's factor - Van't Holt's factor Gan be dofined as follows- _ obsexved talus of colgation property os of calligative property 1 =Meof pactieles obtained after disseciation /assctation No. of Particles tokon before dissociation (association £ =APobseeved _ ATonserved _ 47 ohcenved bPeabeulated ATy egteulad “D7p Caleudatad CHg i = Robseeved 7*aleulated 94 ft, the olute oes not clissccioted # associated tn dolut- (én lot, the dolute is Lisociated - (61 the Salute 46 associated - a The uation of Colligatie extion ew poll Oe da fae City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859www.scesikaccon SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ch) Relative lowering of Pa-Pa ft Vapour prescirce PR a CHEMISTRY CLASS 12th Gy Elevation tm bailing =» 4Tp = i+kyem peiect . oo Wek (coo AT, = LK KLX Hg xtla Cit) Deproseion in freeing > 4tp= tekpom oe OTe = i-kg x Wak lore, Maxon Ww) osmotic Pressure => n= icrT A = LeWgxRXL Me xv > Relationship bly) vam't Hobp's preter (1)and elapece of elizen- - ciation (4) —> . Luppose A mole of elute i dissolved in solvent and dissortatir to give n- particle +The dagece of dissociation of solute iu. 8B No-of melesin = 2 o initial stage No -Of moles after yo ne Sens No +0 obseane mol kolute = (-K +x nebo tet Of = (taA(n-L) No: of Hepritical moles of Solute = £ [= Moo moles apter: abies jociatitu No.of moles befsre dissociation Link fs tn cliseriiption Box: City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859SCIENCE CAREER COACHING chemoree www.scesikar.com iz {+ Atn-2) Example > 0-1. dalution o¢ ky CFeCcu),] alas 46% lontted at 27°c temperature -Gleulate the osmotic prescuce of holtion - (R= 0-08 raftn LEE moi *) K = icRT Met Given van't Uaif's factor - be lta(n-) 2 and «= 4b ( fox jonie compoune ky [feces] ) Tos n=s e 4G ai => (2 (+hhcs-s) 6 = i55 = 2:84 CH 0-4, RE 0-08 2, T= 274278 =300k ME IcRT =2-84 K 0:1 KO-082 K 300 = 6-98 atm - —> Reledionthip bud van't Holf's pastor and dexeco of axtocia -tion (a)— Let 1 molecules of dolute assdciate te form a rmoleente freitiad Mo-ofmole 2 No- af moles after (l-«) Sy association No. of observed preles of dolute =1-0 +e No- of theevitical moles of Solute = 4 City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859 [31]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING chemistry No- af moles association Alo af moles before association ‘www.scesikar.com ° a+ Kk >ie! "1 4 e D> b = lata n => Ln =mn-nata > In-n = a-na an(i-t) = @&li-n) Example—> 0-34 benzoic acid Es dissolved in Dog benzene: The ion in freezing paint of this lution is o-ginks Gleulate the ofassociaticn of benzeic acid- Ckg for benzena = S+4 Kky moi) i a Wd Am - Mg dbsexwed Beye GEE oro Given - kg =S-Lkgmet*, ATE = O-SITK, We = 0-29) lla =20g Se1KO-3K loo observed = Me O-S17 K 20 Me obsexued = 24/ te Heeoritvcal molecular mare (Of benroic acid) "Observed molecular mass @ = 122. = 0.906 > oat 0-50 Bemoic asid forme dimer in benzene. $0 N=2- : a = nli-t) 1-7 City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859 [32]SCIENCE CAREER COACHING Street www. scesikar.com * = 2(0-s06-2) 4-2 A = 2xXC-0-494) = a = 0-988 XK = 48-8%www.scesikar.com SCIENCE CAREER COACHING (Question LAnssers) Ques +4 Define the tvcm mole fraction « CHEMISTRY CLASS 12th All India 2012» 2010, 2009, Dethi 20/2] Ant The mole fraction of a Lomponeut Ls the Kakio of the no- 04 moles of the Component to the total number of moles of all the lomponudts in the Solution - Mole fraction of a Component > = No- of moles of the Component _ Total No-6f moles of all the Componente — for et froction 04 Lompousnt a, yAtNg Nimilasly » for Bs Xe = lg mtg And *a+%B aL Quest 2- Explain tre Henry's law about clissolution af a gas ina Liquid’: CAI! India 2012 12011; DeLhi 2011 7 dee - Henry" laud Atatet thet —» the partial preseure of He ges in We phase CP) Ls i Prepor- ~Uisnal to the mole fraction of te gab (x) in the ion: [P= Ker 2] here> Ky - Hensey's lad Conttard Different gases have déffert Ky, Values at the dame Lemperdtunt Quer: 3-(7) date the main aalvantage bf mola lity over polarity at the unit of Concentration - LDeths 26107 Ui) bthat ts the muout by molality of He £olution CAN Lndia 2009) Het -3: 1) Molality does not chasege with change in temperature wthile mol deercates “usith ALie it temperature - City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859 [34]wwwseesikarcom SCIENCE CAREER COACHING ChemistRy CLASS 12th CD) Molality is define as the nit-0f moles of tre Lolute per kp Of Hue doWent. Tt 14 Aspreented by ‘m’- 2 _ No. af moles of Solute [i ig Goa) "(Maks Of Solvent Ci ky) DuetiyA Solution of glucose €6,%) £1 water ts labelled 24 fo% weight + lshat weuld be the molality of He Solution? (Molar mass of glucore =\ogmott) “CAI! Padia 20/3] fog - A lot glucose Aclution by weight means that log glucose Lb precint in loo ¢ Aolutibus - No. of moles of gucase In log. glucese =e. = 00555 mo! wleight of gtucore = 10g Weight of water = Jog = 12 okg = 0-09 kg 5 _ Moles of solute mately (mt) Mats Of Solvent m = 9085S mol O-0gky = 0s ci m = obImekg® or 6.06) m Ques s5- ate Hewry's Jaw ana mention ibs 2 fenpostant applica - -tiens - CAI) Pnclia 2010, Delhi 2008) Awt-5+ Ant 04 Puss-(2) Pape Mo B4) It). Applicatious of Hewry! & (aid > O) To inereate the ‘ Coin Aoftdeinks dnd toda vitor, the bottle 2s fell ee : Gi To minimise the painful effect of bends Ot decompression Aicknes In deep dea cliverse , oxygen diluted with letd dalubde Helis gas ls uled as bisathineg ee City Light Colony, Piprali Road, Sikar Contact No.: 8003024131,9309068859