LECTURE 10

4.7 MOMENT OF MOMENTUM

4.7.1 Equation for Fixed Control Volume
The moment of momentum equation for a system was given by

(4.3a)

where total torque exerted on the system by its surroundings, and

angular momentum of the system.

F
r
Tshaft
Torque, , applied to a system may be written

(4.3c)

The relation between the system and control volume formulations is given by

(4.11)

where

If we set and , then

(4.46)

Combining Eqs. 4.3a, 4.3c and 4.46, we obtain

Since the system and control volume coincide at time to,

and

(4.47)

4.7.2 Application to Turbo-machinery

(4.48a)

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For uniform flow into the rotor at section 1 and out of the rotor at section 2, Eq 4.48a
becomes

(4.48b)

or finally in scalar form,

(4.48c)

The rate of work done on a turbomachine rotor is given by the dot product of the rotor
angular velocity and the applied torque.

or (4.49a)

Eq.4.49a may be written in two other useful forms.

(4.49b)

Blade motion V
1 Vrb 1  1 1 Vn
1 1

Vrb 1 Vt 1

a. Velocity relative to blade at inlet b. Velocity polygon at inlet

Vrb 2
2
U 2   R2
Vrb 2
 2 2
Blade motion
V2
Vn 2
Vt 2
Vrb 1
a. Velocity relative to blade at outlet b. Velocity polygon at outlet
Fig. Geometry and notation used to develop velocity polygons for a turbomachine.

Dividing Eq. 4.49b by , we obtain a quantity with dimensions of length , ofen term the
head added to flow,

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 (4.49c)

Example 4.14
An axial flow fan operates at 1200 rpm. The blade tip diameter is 1.1 m and the hub
diameter 0.8 m. The blade inlet and exit angles are 30 and 60o, respectively. Inlet guide
vanes give the absolute flow entering the first stage an angle of 30o. The fluid is air at
standard conditions, and the flow may be considered as incompressible. There is no
change in the axial component of velocity across the rotor. The relative flow may be
assumed to enter and leave the rotor at geometric blade angles, and properties at the mean
blade diameter may be used for calculations. For these idealized conditions, draw the inlet
velocity polygon, determine the volumetric flow rate of the fan, and sketch the rotor blade
shapes. Using the data so obtained, draw the outlet velocity polygon, and calculate the
torque and power required to drive the fan.
Solution:
Apply the moment of momentum equation to a fixed control volume.

Computing equations:
= 0(2)

Assumptions:
(1) Neglect torques due to body or surface forces
(2) Steady flow
z
(3) Uniform flow at inlet and outlet sections
Rm
(4) Incompressible flow Stationary CV
is flow channel
(5) No change in axial flow area flow
(6) Use mean radius of rotor blades 2

The inlet velocity polygon is

α1 = 30o
Vrb1
Vn1
V1 3
Vt1 β1 = 30o

U = ω Rm
The blade shapes are
Vrb1
β1 = 30o

Blade z
motion

β2 = 60o
Vrb2
From continuity

or

Since A1 = A2, then , and the outlet velocity polygon is as shown in the
following figure:

Vrb2
α2
V2
Vn2

Vt2 β2 = 60o

U = ω Rm
At the mean blade radius

From the geometry of the inlet velocity polygon,

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So that

Consequently,

and

The volumetric flowrate is

From the geometric of the outlet velocity polygon,

or

and

Finally,

The moment of momentum equation becomes

So that for uniform flow

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Thus the torque on CV is in the same sense as . The power required is

4-7.3 Equation for Rotating control volume

(4.3a)

With , then the xyz frame is restricted to rotation about XYZ, and the equation
becomes

So that

Since the mass of a system is constant,

or

(4.50)

From the analysis of Section 4-6, (previously)

(4.37)

With xyz restricted to pure rotation, , The first term under the integral on the right

side of Eq.450 is then

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Thus Eq. 450 reduces to

(4.51)

From Eq.4.42 (previously) with (since xyz does not translate),

Substituting into Eq. 4.51,

or

(4.52)

Now, using the time rate of change as observed from the system, we can write the last
term as

(4.53)

The torque on the system is given by

(4.3c)

The relation between the system and control volume formulation is

(4.26)

where

Setting N equal to and , then

(4.54)

Combining Eqs. 4.52, 4.53 and 4.54, we obtain

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Since the system and control volume coincide at time to.

(4.55)

Example 4.16

Water flows at the rate of 0.15 m3/sec through the rotating nozzle assembly shown in the

sketch. The assembly is rotated at 30 rpm. The mass of the arm and nozzle are negligible

compared to that of the water inside. Determine the torque required to drive the device
X
and the reaction torques at the flange.
Rotating CV

L = 0.5 m 
V 2
x d
 
d  0.05 m
V CV 2

m2
Q  0.15
sec   30zo
1 Z

D  0.1m   30 rpm Coordinates xyz Coordinates XYZ

rotate with CV are fixed

Basic equations:
= 0(1)

(continuity)

= 0(3) = 0(1)

where represent all external torques on the control volume.

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Assumptions: (1). steady flow
(2). Uniform flow at each section
(3). constant (tangential)
(4). Neglect length of nozzle section compared to L
(5). Neglect mass of arm and nozzle assembly compared to that of water
inside
(6). Neglect torque due to body force
From continuity

Thus, since CV is fixed in xyz system.

Since the moment of momentum at section 1 is zero by symmetry, the basic equation
reduces to

(1)

Let us evaluate these terms separately. By assumption (4),

and i

k j

Thus there is no contribution from the control surface integral. Within the control volume
. Since , then

and

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 (2)

Also within the control volume, , so that

and

(3)
Substituting Eqs. 2 and 3 into Eq. 1, and using gives

The torque required to required to maintain steady rotation of the nozzle assembly is

The reaction moments at the flange are

Any Questions?

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