wdfrdams; ;yvq wdY%s; .eg¿ 100.

mDIaÀl wdfrdamK >k;ajh σ jk wmßñ; úYd,

ikakdhl ;yvqjl isg d ÿßka ,laISh q wdfrdamKhla
95. wmßñ; úYd, taldldr f,i wdfrdams; ikakdhl ;enQ úg th u; we;s jk úoHq;a n,h jkafka,
;yvqjla u.ska we;s lrk úoHq;a lafIa;%h ms<sn`oj lr (i) qσ/εo (ii) qσ/dεo (iii) qσ/4πd2εo
we;s my; m%ldY i<ld n,kak. (iv) qσ/4πd 2 3
(v) 3qσ/4πd εo
(A) taldldrh.
(B) wÍhj úysfoa. 101. taldldr f,i Ok wdfrdams; wmßñ; úYd, ;yvqjla
(C) ;yvqfõ isg wE;g hk úg ;Sj%;dj wvq fõ. iïnkaOfhka lr we;s my; m%ldY i<ld n,kak.
ñka i;H jkafka, (A) ;yvqfõ bÈßfha ´kEu ia:dkhl § úoHq;a lafIa;%
(i) A muKs. (ii) B muKs. (iii) C muKs. ;Sj%;djh tluh.
(iv) B iy C muKs. (v) A iy B muKs. (B) ;yvqfõ bÈßfha ´kEu ia:dkhl § úoHq;a úNjh
tluh.
96. wmßñ; úYd, taldldr f,i wdfrdams; ikakdhl (C) ;yvqfõ bÈßfha wE;g hk úg úoHq;a úNjh
;yvqjl isg x ÿrl § úoHq;a lafIa;% ;Sj%;djh E kï 2x taldldrj wvqfõ.
ÿrl § úoHq;a lafIa;% ;Sj%;djh jkafka, by; m%ldY w;ßka i;H jkafka,
(i) E/4 (ii) E/2 (iii) E (iv) 2E (v) 4E (i) A muKs. (ii) A iy B muKs. (iii) C muKs.
(iv) A iy C muKs. (v) B iy C muKs.
97. A yd B hkq wmßñ;, taldldr f,i wdfrdams; iu;,
;yvqjl m%;súreoaO me;sj, msysá ,laIH folls¡ ;yvqfõ
102. rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ ;nd we;s wdfrdams; iudka;r ;yvq
isg A g we;s fláu ÿr ;yvqfõ isg B g we;s fláu ÿr
Odß;%lhl OX ÈYdj Tiafia úNjh V ys fjkia ùu
fuka fo.=Khls¡ A yd B j, úoHq;a lafIa;% ;Sj%;djh
jvd;au fyd¢ka ksrEmKh lrkq ,nkafka,
ms<sfj,ska EA yd EB kï, my; i`oyka m%ldYj,ska i;H
jkafka l=ula o?
(i) EB = EA iy tajd m%;súreoaO ÈYd Tiafia fõ¡
(ii) EB = EA iy tajd tlu ÈYdjg fõ¡
(iii) EB = 4EA iy tajd m%;súreoaO ÈYd Tiafia fõ¡
(iv) EB = EA iy tajd tlu ÈYdjg fõ¡
(v) EB = 2EA iy tajd tlu ÈYdjg fõ¡
(1983)

98. me;a;l È. a jk >khla újD; wjldYfha ksoyiaj

wj,ïnkh lr we;¡ thg q wdfrdamKhla ,nd fokqfha
tys wdfrdamKh tys mDIaÀl lafIa;%M,h u; taldldrj
jHdma; jk whqreh¡ >kfha tla uqqyqK;l flakaøhg
hka;ñka msg;ska msysá ,laIHhl úoHq;a lafIa;%fha
úYd,;ajh ,nd fokqfha (1996)
(i) q / εo j,sks¡ (ii) qεo / 6a2 j,sks¡ (iii) q2 / εo j,sks¡
(iv) q / 6εoa j,sks¡ (v) q / 6εoa2 j,sks¡
2 2 103. taldldr f,i wdfrdamKh lrk ,o úYd, f,day ;yvqjla
(1982) Y=kH úNjhl ;nd we;¡ rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ – 1 V
iuúNj mDIaGhla 1 cm ÿrlska ksÍlaIKh lrkq ,nhs¡
99. rEmfha oelafjk >klula iys; wmßñ; È.lska hq;a f,day ;yvqfõ isg 2 cm by<ska we;s iuúNj mDIAGfhys
ikakdhl ;yvqj σ taldldr mDIaÀl wdfrdamK >k;ajhla úNjh jkqfha
orhs¡ A, B iy C m%foaY ;=< úoHq;a lafIa;% ;Sj%;d
ms<sfj,ska,

(i) - 2 V (ii) - 1 V (iii) 0.5 V (iv) 1 V (v) 2 V

(2000)

104. tla tla ys tla me;a;l +σ taldldr mDIaÀl wdfrdamK

>k;ajhla iys; úYd, ikakdhl fkdjk ;, ;yvq
folla fmkajd we;s mßÈ tlsfklg iudka;rj msysgd
we;. P ,laIHhl úoHq;a lafIa;% ;Sj%;djh jkafka,

(i) σ / 2εο, σ / εο, σ / 2εο

(ii) σ / εο, 0, σ / εο
(iii) 2σ / εο, 0, 2σ / εο
(iv) 0, σ / 2εο, 0
(v) σ / 2εο, 0, σ / 2εο
(2000)

15 Mahen Jecob
 (i) 2σ/εo (ii) σ/εo (iii) σ/2εo (iv) σ/4εo (v) 0 ms<s;=re
(2013)
01. 36. 71.
isyska lïì wdY%s; .eg¿ 02. 37. 72.
03. 38. 73.
105. z- wlaIh u; we;s wkka; È.la iys; Rcq isyska 04. 39. 74.
lïìhl f¾Çh wdfrdamKh >k;ajh -λ fõ. ialkaOh m jQ 05. 40. 75.
l=vd +q wdfrdamKhla lïìh jgd xy ;,fha we;s wrh r jQ 06. 41. 76.
jD;a;dldr m:hl .uka lsÍug i,iajhs. wdfrdamKfha 07. 42. 77.
wdj¾; ld,h fokq ,nkafka, 08. 43. 78.
(i) 8π 3 r 2m ε o (ii) 4π 2 r 3 m ε o (iii) λq 09. 44. 79.
λq λq 8π 3 r 2 m ε o 10. 45. 80.
11. 46. 81.
(iv) λq (v) 8r 2 m λ 12. 47. 82.
4π 2 r 3 m ε o ε oq 13. 48. 83.
(2020) 14. 49. 84.
15. 50. 85.
16. 51. 86.
17. 52. 87.
18. 53. 88.
19. 54. 89.
20. 55. 90.
21. 56. 91.
22. 57. 92.
23. 58. 93.
24. 59. 94.
25. 60. 95.
26. 61. 96.
27. 62. 97.
28. 63. 98.
29. 64. 99.
30. 65. 100.
31. 66. 101.
32. 67. 102.
33. 68. 103.
34. 69. 104.
35. 70. 105.

16 Mahen Jecob
ikakdhl fkdjk ;yvq wdY%s; .eg¿ jd.aud,dj – Vocabulary

39. rEmfha mßÈ mDIaÀl wdfrdamK >k;aj σ=1.77×10-22Cm-2 wdfrdamKh charge l+f,daï kshuh Coulomb’s
jk ikakdhl fkdjk ;yvq folla tlsfklg law
wdikakj ;nd we;. iaÓ;s úoHq;a Electrostatic ,laISh Point charge
wdfrdamKh
ikakdhl Conductors mdrfõoH;djh Permittivity
mßjdrl Insulators idfmalaI relative
mdrfõoH;djh permittivity
fm%arKh Induction mdrúoHq;a dielectric
ksh;h constant
N+.; lrk Earthed wl=Kq .eiSu lightning
,o
(i) ;yvq folg by<ska msysá ,laIHhl wlKq Lightning .s.=reï Thunder
(ii) ;yvq fol w;rueo ,laIHhl ikakdhlh conductor
(iii) ;yvq folg my<ska we;s ,laIHhl úoHq;a lafIa;% iaj¾K m;% Gold leaf úoHq;a lafIa;% Electric field
;Sj%;d fidhkak. úoHq;a Electroscope ;Sj%;dj intensity
(ms<s;=re : 2 × 1011 N C-1 by<g , 2 × 1011 N C-1 my<g) o¾Ylh
úoHq;a Electric field n, lafIa;%h Force field
40. rEmfha mßÈ wmßñ; úYd, ikakdhl fkdjk ;yvq lafIa;%h
;=kla tlsfklg iudka;rj hï mr;rhlka ;nd we;. i%dj Flux modle i%djh Flux
m<uq ;yvqfõ isg uksk ÿr (x) wkqj úoHq;a lafIa;% wdlD;sh
;Sj%;djh (E) fjkia jk wdldrh m%ia;drfha ±lafõ. tal,s; Isolated f.da,h Sphere
Es = 6.0 × 105 N C-1 kï ;=kajk ;yvqfõ mDIaÀl .jqia Gauss’ i%dj >k;ajh Flux density
wdfrdamK >k;ajh / fojk ;yvqfõ mDIaÀl wdfrdamK m%fïhh Theorem
>k;ajh fidhkak. úoHq;a n, Electric lines úoHq;a i%dj Electric flux
f¾Ld of force f¾Ld lines
úNjh Potential úNj Yla;sh Potential
energy
úNj Potential úNj Potential
wka;rh difference wkql%uKh gradient
iuúNj Equipotential mDIaGh Surface
talflakaøSh concentric l=yr hollow

isyska lïì wdY%s; .eg¿

41. È. Rcq ikakdhl lïìhlg 22.2 μC m-1 l f¾Çh

wdfrdamK >k;ajhla we;. lïìfha isg 10 cm ÿrlska jQ
,laIHhl úoHq;a lafIa;% ;Sj%;djh fidhkak.
εo = 8.85 « 10-12 C2 N-1m-2 o f,i .kak.
(ms<s;=r : 4 MV m-1)

42. rEmfha oelafjkafka f¾Çh wdfrdamK >k;ajh λ jk mßÈ

wdfrdamKh lr we;s b;d È.= A iy B iudka;r Rcq
lïì folls¡ tajd w;r mr;rh 2a jk mßÈ tlsfklg
iudka;rj ilia lr we;¡ P iy Q ,laIH foflys
iïm%hqla; úoHq;a lafIa;% ;Sj%;d fidhkak¡

(ms<s;=re : λ / 2πεo a, 3λ / 8πεo a)

20 Mahen Jecob
04. wjldYfha fmfoil wdfrdamK >k;ajh ρ jQ taldldr úYd, úoHq;a lafIa;%hla mj;ajd .ekSu i`oyd wefkdav
iDK wdfrdamKhl jHdma;shla we;' fuu fmfoig lïì Ok wêfjda,aàh;djl (~ 3 kV) mj;ajd .kq ,efí¡
wNHka;r wrh a iy ndysr wrh b jk f.da,dldr l=àrh 90 % la wd¾.ka iy 10 % la CO2 fyda CH4 jeks
lfnd,l yevh we;' my; i|yka ,laIHh j, wKql jdhqjlska iukaú; jdhq ñY%Khlska mqrjd we;¡
iïm%hqla; i%dj >k;ajfha úYd,;ajh;a ÈYdj;a fidhkak'
(i) r < a (ii) a < r < b (iii) r > b
fuys r hkq flakaøfha isg wkqrEm ,laIHhg we;s ÿrfõ'
(1983)

05. iaÓ;s úoHq;fha .jqia m%fïhh i|yka lrkak'

rEmfha fmkajd we;s wkaoug kHqÜfrdaKhla Ok wdfrdams;
f.da,Sh uOHhlska o th jgd iDK wdfrdams; f.da,Sh
ljphlska o iukaú; fõ' Ok wdfrdamKfha úYd,;ajh
1.60 × 10-19 C jk w;r th wrh 0.5 × 10-15 m jk
f.da,Sh m%foaYhl tAldldrj jHdma; ù we;' iDK
wdfrdamKfha úYd,;ajh - 1.60 × 10-19 C jk w;r th
wNHka;r wrh 0.5 × 10-15 m iy ndysr wrh 1.0 × 10-15
m jk f.da,dldr ljphl tAldldrj jHdma; ù we;'

(i) 1.5 × 10-15 m

(ii) 0.75 × 10-15 m
(iii) 0.25 × 10-15 m
hk ÿßka msysá ,laIHh j, úoHq;a lafIa;% ;Sj%;djfha
úYd,;ajh fidhkak' (εo = 8.85 × 10-12 C2 N-1m-2)
(1989)
(ms<s;=re : 0, 1.7 × 1021 N C-1, 2.9 × 1021 N C-1)

06. iaÓ;s úoHq;h ms<sn`o .jqia m%fïhh m%ldY lr, th Ndú;

lrñka σ mDIaÀl wdfrdamK >k;ajhla we;s wmßñ; f,i
úYd, wdfrdams; ikakdhl ;yvqjla ksid we;s jk úoHq;a
lafIa;%h fidhkak.
ialkaOh 2 × 10-5 kg jQ 10-9 C wdfrdamKhla we;s l=vd
f.da,hla fiao ;ka;=jlska t,ajd we;. Ok f,i wdfrdams;
wmßñ; f,i úYd, f,day ;yvqjla f.da,h wi, isriaj
;enQ úg ;ka;=j 30° l fldaKhla isri iu`. idok nj
ksÍlaIKh lrk ,§. ;yvqj mDIaÀl wdfrdamK >k;ajh
.Kkh lrkak.
uq,a ;yvqfõ we;s wdfrdamK >k;ajhg iudk yd
m%;súreoaO wdfrdamK >k;ajhla we;s wmßñ; f,i úYd,
;j;a f,day ;yvqjla, f.da,h ;yvq fol w;r isák fia,
isriaj ;nk ,§. fuúg ;ka;=j isri iu`. idok fldaKh
ks¾Kh lrkak.
fojk ;yvqj, m<uq ;yvqj iy f.da,h w;r ;nk ,o
kï ;ka;=j isri iu`. idok fldaKh fldmuK o?
(ms<s;=re : 2εo « 105/√3 C m-2, tan-1(2/√3), 0°)
(1985)
07. f*dafgdak iy wfkl=;a Wm – mrudKql wxY= wkdjrKh
lsÍu wê Yla;s wxY= fN!;sl úoHdfõ § jeo.;a fõ¡ nyq
lïì iudkqmd;sl l=àrh (Multiwire Proportional
Chamber – MWPC) hkq tjeks ld¾hhla i`oyd Ndú;d
jk tla wkdjrlhls¡ MWPC ys fhÿï kHIaál ffjoH
úoHdj, fm%daàk iaMál úoHdj iy wê Yla;s fN!;sl úoHd
mÍlaIKj, wxY= m: wkdjrKh jeks lafIa;% .Kkdjl
±lsh yelsh¡ tys uQ,sl úkHdifha, MWPC WmlrKhla
(a) rEmfha fmkajd we;s mßÈ ;=kS f,day lef;dav folla
w;r iuñ;slj ;enQ isyska (~ 20 μm úIalïNh) iudka;r
iy iudk ÿßka msysá wefkdav lïìj,ska iukaú; fõ¡
kshudldr ls%hdldÍ;ajh i`oyd l mr;rh, idudkHfhka
lïì w;r mr;rh s (~ 2 mm) fuka ;=ka fyda y;r
.=Khla fõ¡ lef;dav N+.; lr we;s w;r, lïì jgd b;d
wdfrdams; wêYla;s Wm – mrudKql wxY=jla wkdjrlh
yryd .uka lrk úg th bf,lafg%dak – Ok whk hq.<
tla;rd ixLHdjla ksmojñka l=àrh ;=< tys m:h Èf.a
we;s jdhq wKq (m%Odk jYfhka wd¾.ka mrudKq) iu`.
.eà whkSlrKh lrhs¡ fuu whkSlrKh m%d:ñl
whkSlrKh kñka ye`Èka fõ¡ tjeks tla bf,lafg%dak –
whk hq.<hla ksmoùfï l%shdj,sfha § wê Yla;s wxY=fõ
pd,l Yla;sfhka 30 eV muK m%udKhla ydks fjhs¡
l=àrh ;=< mj;sk úoHq;a lafIa;%h ksid fufia ksmo jQ
m%d:ñl bf,lafg%dak wefkdav lïì foig p,kh jk
w;r Ok whk lef;dav ;yvq foig p,kh fõ¡ fuu
m%d:ñl bf,lafg%dak wefkdav lïì wdikakhg .uka lrk
úg, lïì jgd we;s m%n, úoHq;a lafIa;%h, tajd ;ajrKhg
Ndckh lr tajdfha pd,l Yla;sh jeä lrhs¡ tjeks,
Yla;sfhka wêl bf,lafg%dak, wefkdav lïìh foig .uka
lrk w;r;=r wd¾.ka mrudKq iu`. .eà wefkdav lïì
wdikakfha ;j;a bf,lafg%dak – whk hq.< we;s lrhs¡
oaú;Shsl whkSlrKh kñka ye`Èkafjk fuu l%shdj,sh
fndfyda jdr .Kkla kej; kej; isÿfjñka úYd,
bf,lafg%dak – whk hq.< ixLHdjla idohs¡ ish¨u
bf,lafg%dak wefkdav lïì u.ska tl;= lr .kakd f;la
th È.gu isÿfjhs¡ oaú;Shsl whkSlrKh u.ska tla
m%d:ñl bf,lafg%dakhla oaú;Shsl bf,lafg%dak – whk
hq.< úYd, ixLHdjla we;s lrk wdldrh (b) rEmfha
fmkajd we;¡ fuu ixLHdj msßisÿ wd¾.kaj, 103 jk w;r
wd¾.ka iy CO2 ñY%Khl tys w.h 106 muK úh yels
h¡ wjidkfha, b;d fiñka lef;dav foig ixl%uKh jk
Ok whk j<djla b;sß lrñka, b;d flá ld,hla ;=< §
wefkdav lïì u.ska ish¨u bf,lafg%dak tl;= lr .kshs¡
wefkdav lïì u.ska tl;= lr .;a bf,lafg%dak, Odrd
iamkaohla f,i ksÍlaIKh l< yels w;r, miqj th

22 Mahen Jecob
 fjda,aàh;d iamkaohla njg yrjd .; yelsh¡ MWPC
u.ska ksmojk iamkaofha úia;drh wxY=j wkdjrlh
yryd .uka lrk úg ydks jQ Yla;s m%udKfha ñkqula fõ¡
fuhg wu;r j iamkaofha úia;drh Ndú;d l< jdhqj,
wefkdav lïìj,g fh¥ fjda,aàh;dj, lef;dav ;yvq w;r
mr;rh, lïì w;r mr;rh iy lïìj, úIalïNh jeks
wkdjrKfha .=Kdx. u; r`od mj;S¡
(i) MWPC WmlrKh Ndú;d jk lafIa;% folla fokak¡
(ii) jeäu úoHq;a lafIa;%hla we;af;a wkdjrlfha l=uk
m%foaYfhao?
(iii) oaú;Shsl bf,lafg%dak – Ok whk hq.<hla iE§u
i`oyd m%d:ñl bf,lafg%dakhla Yla;sh ,nd .kafka
flfia o?
(iv) oaú;Shsl whkSlrKh isÿjkafka (b) rEmfha fmkajd
we;s wdldrhg kï, tla m%d:ñl bf,lafg%dakhlg
oaú;Shl bf,lafg%dak 4 la ksmoùug (m%d:ñl
bf,lafg%dakh o we;=<;aj) bf,lafg%dak – mrudKq
.egqï fldmuK ixLHdjla wjYH o?
(v) Ok whk jeäu ixLHdjla ksmojkafka wkdjrlfha
l=uk m%foaYfha o?
(vi) Ok whk j<dj lef;dav fj;g ixl%uKh ùug jeä
fõ,djla .ekSug fya;= folla fokak¡
(vii) iamkaofha úia;drh ks¾Kh lrk, wkdjrlfha .=K
;=kla fokak¡
(viii)tll È.l λ wdfrdamKhla /.;a wrh a jQ, È. Rcq
lïìhl wlaIfha isg r ÿrl (r > a) úoHq;a lafIa;%
;Sj%;dj E i`oyd m%ldYkhla ,nd .ekSug .jqia
m%fïhh Ndú;d lrkak¡
(ix) wefkdav lïìhl wrh wvq l<fyd;a, iamkaofha
úia;drhg l=ula isÿfõ o? Tfí ms<s;=rg fya;=
olajkak¡
(x) MWPC WmlrKhl wefkdav lïì folla iys;
fldgila (c) rEmfha fmkajd we;¡ fuu rEmh Tfí
ms<s;=re m;%hg msgm;a lr f.k fuu fldgi ;=<
úoHq;a n, f¾Ld rgdj w`Èkak¡
(xi) wkdjrlhg we;=¿ jk pd,l Yla;sh 100 keV jk
wêYla;s wdfrdams; wxY=jla, m%d:ñl bf,lafg%dak –
hq.< 100 la ksmojñka wkdjrlh yryd .uka lrhs
kï, wxY=j wkdjrlfhka msgjk úg tys Yla;sh
.Kkh lrkak¡
(2007)
(ms<s;=re : 3, 97 keV)
08. jdhq ;=< úoHq;a úi¾ckfha (electrical discharge) tla
jeo.;a fhÿula jkafka iaÓ;s úoHq;a wjlafIamlh
(electrostatic precipitator) kï WmlrKhhs¡ oyk jdhqj,
(combustion gases) wxY=uh øjH bj;a lsÍu i|yd fuu
WmlrKh Ndú;d lrk w;r tu.ska jd; ¥IKh wju
l< yel¡ úYd, m%udKj,ska ÿï (smoke) ckkh lrk .,a
wÕ=re n,d.dr yd l¾udka;Yd,dj,g fuu WmlrKh
úfYaIfhkau m%fhdackj;a fõ¡ kùk wjlafIaml u.ska
ÿïfrdgqj, wvx.= w¿ (ash) iy ¥ú,s (dust) 99% la lg;a
jvd (ialkaOhg wkqj) bj;a lsÍug yelshdj we;¡ iaÓ;s
úoHq;a wjlafIamlfha uQ,sl woyi ,nd fok ieleiaula
rEmfha fmkajd we;¡
N+.; fldg we;s ndysr is,skavrdldr ikakdhlhlg
idfmalaIj by< úNjhl mj;ajd f.k we;s ikakdhl
lïìhla tys ueÈka Èfjhs¡ wmøjH wvx.= jdhqj my<ska
we;=¿ jk w;r lïìh wjg mj;sk úoHq;a lafIa;%h
yryd .uka lrhs¡ lïìh iómfha mj;sk m%n, úoHq;a
lafIa;%h u.ska lïìh wjg "fldfrdakd" úi¾ckh
23
(corona discharge) isÿ lrkq ,nk w;r tu.ska Ok whk,
bf,lafg%dak yd O2- jeks RK whk idohs¡
bf,lafg%dak yd RK whk ndysr ì;a;sh lrd ;ajrsKh
jk úg jdhq m%jdyfha we;s wmøjH wxY=, .eàu yd whk
.%yKh (ion capture) u.ska wdfrdams; fõ¡ fuu wmøjH
wxY= RK wdfrdamKhla ,nd .kakd ksid tajd ndysr
ì;a;sg lrd ;,a¨ ù f.dia ì;a;sfha wef,a¡ is,skavrh jßka
jr fy,a,Sfuka fyda fodar heùu (flushing) u.ska wmøjH
wxY= bys,a ùu ksid tajd my<ska tl;= lr .; yel¡
by< úNjhlg kxjk ,o ikakdhlhl ;shqKq ;=vq (sharp
points) iómfha fyda ;=kS ikakdhl lïì wjg
"fldfrdakd" úi¾ckh kï jq ixioaêh fndfyda úg
ksÍlaIKh l< yel¡ ikakdhl iómfhys úoHq;a lafIa;%
;Sj%;dj wjYH ;rug jeä jQ úg (úh<s jd;h i|yd 3 ×
106 V m-1 muK) tu.ska jd;h ;=< úoHq;a úi¾ckhla/
ì|jegqula (electrical break-down) we;s l< yel¡
WodyrKhla jYhka wka;ÍlaI lsrK (cosmic rays) ksid
cks; jk jd;fha wvx.= wKql whk yd bf,lafg%dak fuu
ì|jegqu wdrïN ùug ;=vq foa¡ fujeks whk yd
bf,lafg%dak úoHq;a lafIa;%h fya;= fldg f.k ikakdhlh
foig m%n, ;ajrKhlg n÷ka jk w;r tajd fjk;a
wKqj, .eà tu.ska ;j ;j;a whk yd bf,lafg%dak idohs¡
(1/2πεo = 18 × 109 N m2C-2)
(i) (a) .,a wÕ=re n,d.drj, fuu WmlrKh Ndú;d
lsÍug we;ss fya;=j l=ula o?
(b) Tn by; i|yka l< fya;=j kùk
wjlafIamlhla u.ska imqrd,hs o? Tnf.a ms<s;=r
ikd: lrkak¡
(ii) lïìh mj;ajd f.k we;af;a Ok úNjhl o?
ke;fyd;a RK úNjlh o?
(iii) ndysr is,skavrh N+.; lsÍfï jdish l=ula o?
(iv) lïìh iómfha úoHq;a n, f¾Ld w¢kak¡
(v) wjlafYAmlh ls%hd;aulj we;s úg lïìh yd ndysr
ì;a;sh w;r Odrdjla mj;S o? Tnf.a ms<s;=r
meyeÈ,s lrkak¡
(vi) ¥Is; jdhq Wm;rKfha by<ska we;=,a lsÍu fjkqjg
my<ska we;=,a lrkafka wehs?
(vii) by; (ii) ys i|yka O%eùh;djfha (polarity) lïìh
mj;Ajd .ekSug fya;=j l=ula o?
(viii)O2- whkhla yd bf,lafg%dakhla lïìfha isg tl
iudk ÿrlska we;akï jeä ;ajrKhla we;af;a
l=ulgo? Tnf.a ms<s;=rg fya;=j fokak¡
(ix) jd;fha mj;sk iuyr wKq iajNdúlj whkSlrKh
ùug fya;= jk l%u folla i|yka lrkak¡ (tla
l%uhka fþofha i|ykaj we;¡)
(x) ndysr ì;a;shg idfmalaIj lïìfha úNjfha
úYd,;ajh V fjda,aÜ kï yd lïìfha tall È.l
wdfrdamKh λ C m-1 kï V iy λ w;r iïnkaOh
my; iólrKfhka § we;¡
V = 5 λ / 2πεo
V = 90 kV jk úg λ .Kkh lrkak¡
Mahen Jecob
 (xi) (a) lïìh b;d È.= hehs Wml,amkh lrñka
lïìfha isg r ÿrl § úoHq;a lafIa;% ;Sj%;djh
1 λ
E=
2πε o r
u.ska fokq ,nk nj fmkaùug .jqia m%fïhh
Ndú;d lrkak¡
(bÕsh : lïìh yd iudlaI jQ wrh r yd tall
È.l Wilska hq;= jQ is,skavrdldr .jqiSh
mDIaGhla f;dard .kak¡)
(b) r = 1 mm ÿrl § E ks¾Kh lrkak¡
fuu w.h úh<s jd;h i|yd jQ ì| jegqï
úoHq;a lafIa;% ;Sj%;djg jvd jeä nj fmkajkak¡
(2002)
(ms<s;=re : 10-6 C, 1.8 « 107 V m-1)
09. (i) wrh a jQ Rcq È. isyska is,skavrdldr ikakdhl A
lïìhl tall È.lg +λ wdfrdamKhla we;. lïìh
fmdf<djg idfmalaIj Ok úNjhlg iïnkaO
lsÍfuka fuh m%dfhda.slj isÿ l< yelsh.
(a) lïìhg § we;s wdfrdamKh fN!;slj mj;skafka
l=uk ;ekl o?
(b) lïìh jgd fhda.H .jqiSh mDIaGhla i,lñka,
lïìfha wlaIfha isg r (≥ a) ÿrl § E úoHq;a
lafIa;%fha ;Sj%;djfhys úYd,;ajh E = λ /2πεor
u.ska fok nj fmkajkak. fuys εo hkq, ksoyia
wjldYfhys mdrfõoH;dj fõ.
(c) lïìfhys yrialvla we`o, th jgd iuúNj
f¾Ld w`Èkak.
(d) a = 10 μm iy λ = 8.1 « 10-8 C m-1 kï
lïìfhys mDIaGh u; úoHq;a lafIa;%
;Sj%;djfhys úYd,;ajh .Kkh lrkak. (εo ys
w.h 9 × 10-12 F m-1 yd π ys w.h 3 f,i .kak.)
(e) ±ka fuu A lïìh, lvodis ;,hg ,ïnl jQ o
iu;, jQ o iuúNj mDIaG iys; jQ taldldr
úoHq;a lafIa;%hla we;s m%foaYhla wdikakhg
f.k tkq ,efí. lïìfha wlaIh o lvodisfha
;,hg ,ïnl fõ. rEmfha fmkajd we;s a, b, c, d,
e iy f lv bß u.ska ksrEmKh lrkq ,nkafka,
by; i`oyka iuúNj mDIaGj, yrialv
lvodisfha ;,h u; fmfkk wdldrhhs. fuu
lv bß u.ska úoHq;a lafIa;%hg wkqrEm iuúNj
f¾Ld ksrEmKh lrkq ,nk w;r, iuúNj
f¾Ldj,g wod< úNjhka o (kV j,ska), rEmfha
fmkajd we;. ´kEu iuúNj f¾Ld folla w;r
mr;rh 2 mm fõ. fuu ieliqfï A lïìh
fmdf<djg idfmalaIj Ok úNjhlg iïnkaO
lr we;s w;r th wefkdavh f,i ie,lsh yels
h.
(1) wefkdavh iy iuúNj f¾Ld Tnf.a W;a;r
m;%hg msgm;a lr f.k, ;s;a u.ska e
iuúNj f¾Ldj u; i,l=Kq lr we;s
ia:dkj, isg wefkdav lïìh olajd úoHq;a
n, f¾Ld w`Èkak.
(2) iuúNj f¾Ld folla w;r Eo úoHq;a
lafIa;% ;Sj%;dj .Kkh lrkak.
24
(ii) wê Yla;s wxY= iy f*dafgdak wkdjrKh lsÍu i`oyd
fhdod .kakd ieleiaul fldgila by; (i) (e)
fldgfiys úia;r lrk ,o ieleiaug iudk fõ. A
wefkdavfhys tall È.lg +λ = 8.1 « 10-8 C m-1
wdfrdamKhla iys; jQ tjeks ieleiaula, ksIal%Sh
jdhqjlska (wd.ka) msr jQ jdhqf.da, mSvkfhys mj;sk
l=àhrl ia:dms; lr we;s nj is;kak.
lsishï f*dafgdakhla l=àrhg we;=¿ ù X ys § wd.ka
mrudKqjla iu. .eà m%ldY bf,lafg%dakhla iy
wd.ka whkhla w;s lrk wjia:djla i,lkak.
fujeks bf,lafg%dakhla m%d:ñl bf,lafg%dakhla f,i
ye`Èka fõ. wd.ka jdhqj ;=< tjeks bf,lafg%dak –
whk hq.,hla ksmoùug wjYH Yla;sh 30 eV fõ.
(1 eV = 1.6 × 10-19 J , bf,lafg%dakhl wdfrdamKh e =
1.6 × 10-19 C)
(a) by; (i) (e) (1) ys i`oyka l< úoHq;a lafIa;%h
ksid m%d:ñl m%ldY bf,lafg%dakhg ,efnk
wdrïNl ;ajrKfha úYd,;ajh i`oyd
m%ldYkhla m, e yd Eo weiqfrka ,shkak. fuys
m iy e hkq ms<sfj<ska bf,lafg%dakfha ialkaOh
yd wdfrdamKh fõ.
(b) bf,lafg%dakh ika;;slj ;ajrKh fkdù, A
wefkdavh foig vd ma,dú; m%fõ.hlska .uka
lrkafka wehs ±’hs meyeÈ,s lrkak.
(c) m%d:ñl bf,lafg%dakh ksYap,;djfha isg .uka
wrUd by; (i) (e) (1) ys i`oyka l< úoHq;a
lafIa;%h Tiafia .uka lrkafka he’hs is;uq.
wd.ka mrudKq iu`. isÿ jk wkqhd; .egqï
folla w;r m%:ñl bf,lafg%dakh .uka lrk
uOHkHh ÿr 0.5 μm kï, .egqï folla w;r
úoHq;a lafIa;% ksid m%d:ñl bf,lafg%dakfhys
pd,l Yla;sfha jeä ùu eV j,ska .Kkh lr,
fuu Yla;sh iys; m%d:ñl bf,lafg%dakhg ;j;a
wd.ka mrudKqjl .eàfuka ;j;a
bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lsßug fkdyels nj
fmkajkak. (wd.ka mrudKqjlska bf,lafg%%dakhla
bj;a lsÍu i`oyd bf,lafg%dakhg wjYH Yla;sh
30 eV f,i i<lkak.)
(d) fuu m%d:ñl bf,lafg%dakh wefkdavhg wdikak
jQ úg th by; (i) (b) ys i`oyka lrk ,o
m%ldYkfhka fokq ,nk wê úoHq;a lafIa;%hl
n,mEug yiq fõ. fuu ;;a;aj hgf;a § m%d:ñl
bf,lafg%dakh .egqï w;r;=r bf,lafg%dak –
whk hq., we;s lsÍug ;rï m%udKj;a
Yla;shla ,nd .kakd w;r fuf,i ksmofjk
oaù;shsl bf,lafg%dak bkslaì;sj wefkdavfhys
tl;= ùug fmr ;j;a bf,lafg%dak – whk hq.,
ksmojhs. fï wdldrhg m%d:ñl bf,lafg%dakhla
u.ska ksmojk iïmQ¾K oaù;shsl bf,lafg%dak
ixLHdj jdhqj i`oyd j¾Ol idOlh f,i
ye`Èka fõ. wefkdav lïìh u.ska wdfrdamK
tla/ia lsÍfï yelshdj thg Odß;djfha .=K
we;s nj fmkakqï lrhs. fuu Odß;dj
wkdjrlfha Odß;dj f,i y`ÿkajhs. wefkdavh
u.ska wdfrdamK tla/ia l< úg fuu Odß;%lh
yryd l=vd fjda,aàh;djhla W;amdokh fõ.
wkdjrlfha Odß;djh 5 pF iy m%d:ñl
bf,lafg%dakh u.ska we;s jQ oaù;shsl bf,lafg%dak
kssid Odß;%lh yryd W;amdokh jQ fjda,aàh;dj
0.96 mV kï, wefkdavh u.ska tla/ia l<
wdfrdamKh fidhkak.
(e) tkhska, jdhqj i`oyd j¾Ol idOlh fidhkak.
(2015)
(ms<s;=re : 1.5 × 108 V m-1, 105 V m-1, 4.8 « 10-15 C,
3 × 104)
Mahen Jecob