C.a.T Grade 12 Summaries

c.a.
t
System technologies & implications
Computers in our everyday lives
WHY DO WE USE COMPUTERS? [PROCESSORS]
EFFICIENCY, ACCURACY, AND RELIABILITY
EFFICIENCY: Time
& Computers work faster than humans can.

& A wide range of time-consuming tasks can be performed on a
bigger scale
Work
& Computers have reduced the labour involved in mentally intensive

and repetitive physical tasks
& They can also perform tasks that can be dangerous for people
to perform on their own.
Resources
& Resources cost money and computers can be programmed to

work more efficiently with resources.
& Technology can also be used to monitor and limit carbon
emissions in factories and cars, to keep the air we breathe
cleaner.
ACCURACY: & As long as computers have quality programs and quality data, it is
extremely accurate. Repeatable accuracy is essential in mass
production on assembly lines
& If the software is correct, the computer can perform the same
tasks over and over with 100% accuracy.
What aspects ensure that computers are accurate?

application programs + data = high quality
RELIABILITY: & Computers can be relied on to do tasks accurately, without getting

tired, getting bored, complaining, or asking for more money.
& Computers help us to record and use data efficiently. Computers
do this by allowing users to work in an organized and competent
way. This way a user can get a lot of work done with little effort
& Efficient data entry is aided by accurate data entry. Accurate
data entry is aided by the use of data validation techniques such as
input masks and validation rules.
& Computers process data reliably. As long as users enter the data
accurately, the computers can be relied upon to provide accurate
output. Computers do not have to take leave for vacations or even
for sleep. The 'garbage in, garbage out' (GIGO) principle refers to
the fact that inaccurate inputs will result in inaccurate outputs.
2 © NOTED C.A.T GRADE 12

COMMUNICATION: The efficiency, accuracy, and reliability of computers, combined with
the ability to communicate, enables us to:
& virtually eliminate time and distance as business restrictions

& communicate and share information in many different ways
worldwide (ICT gives us a wide range of communication methods.
You can share files and even work on the same document with
others at the same time. Information can be shared via websites
and even generated together)
& save on communication costs (We can use VoIP software like
Skype to make calls at a fraction of the cost of a traditional phone
call. It is also no longer necessary to spend large sums of money on
postage. The same documents can be sent is shared to or
electronically with people around the world at a fraction of the
cost (or even for free) via the internet.)
& have social interaction on a global scale. Social networking tools (like
Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snap Chat and Pinterest) and blogs
(online journals) are used to share and socialize with others around
the world
OLD DAYS: suppliers take longer communication = slower pace of

business transactions
NOW: Global Range + Speed (Computers) = Reduce Time and Distance
TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
When you want to compare computers, you need to look at factors such as the
following:
1. How powerful they are - this usually refers to the specifications of the computers,
such as the speed of their CPUs, and how much RAM they have installed.
2. What they are used for - for example, some computers function as servers in a
network, while others are used for basic office applications and the Internet.
3. Their size (mobility) - computers can range from large (mainframe) computers that fill
large rooms to laptops, tablets, and smartphones.
4. The software they use - we often refer to the type of operating systems as
'platforms' and refer to computers as 'Linux machines' or 'Windows machines'
(5. PRICE)

TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
NON- These computers usually consist of a system unit, screen, mouse, and
PORTABLE keyboard.
COMPUTERS
Non-portable computers are large, are not intended to be moved around,
and are more powerful than mobile or portable computers.
The all-in-one units are easier to transport and take up less space but are
more difficult to repair or upgrade.
We can distinguish the following types of computers that are non-

portable:
& A work / DESKTOP computer is what most people buy when they buy a
non-portable computer. Computers with lower specifications cost less.
& A server is a powerful computer used to provide resources and
services to all the computers connected to a network
Benefits of non-portable computers
1. more powerful than portable

2. "all-in-one" version = easy transport + takes up less space
PORTABLE A portable computer uses a traditional operating system (Windows, Linux

COMPUTERS and macOS) and hardware designed for portability - that is, the hardware
has an all-in-one design. It includes the screen, keyboard, and a pointing
device that is usually housed in an enclosure designed to fold to take up
less space, to be easy to carry, and to protect the delicate parts of the
computer. It also includes a battery so that it can be used for a limited
number of hours without access to an external power source.
What type of desktops costs less?
Desktops with lower specifications i.e. :

1) lower processing speed
2) lower RAM
3) lower storage capacity

What is an entry-level computer?
& All types of computers have an entry-level model. These models are the cheapest to
buy in their range as they have fairly low hardware specifications. They are also
often installed with so-called Home Editions of office suites and operating systems.
(It comes with fewer features compared to the professional versions of these
programs.)
& The specifications of these systems change over time, so a current top-level
computer system will be considered an entry-level system in a few years
QUIZZZZ!
A major difference between smartphones/tablets and laptops is that the first three
are designed to be 'always on' and 'always connected'. Even when they are off (the
screen is blank), these devices are on and ready to use - only in a power-saving 'standby'
mode.
CATEGORY USERS
PERSONAL ⇨ Personal computers (PCs) are designed to be used by one person at a

USERS (PCs) time for a variety of tasks. A personal computer has basic input and
output devices.
Personal or casual users are people who are not dependent on their
computers for too many things, and who do not spend much time using
their computers. These users usually use their computers for tasks
such as:
& limited office tasks

& Internet Banking
& Email and Browse the Web
& social networking
& to Skype with Family and Friends Overseas
& to view and share photos
& for entertainment
SOHO USERS ⇨ A single office/home office (SOHO) user uses a collection of
computer devices such as computers, printers and scanners that are
connected in a small area such as an office or home office
The SOHO (Small Office Home Office) user category depends on the
type of business the user is running. This type of user may therefore
need a common entry-level computer for administrative functions such
as the following:
& accounting or invoicing

& databases with customers, suppliers, inventory, etc.
& Electronic Documentary Filing
& Planning and scheduling, etc.

determined by> type of business operated
e.g., entry-level computer required = general functions
POWER USERS ⇨ Computers used by power users are faster and more expensive than
ordinary personal computers. These computers will have a higher central
processing unit (CPU) speed and more permanent storage. Power users
need computers with higher specifications to use applications that
require more resources than normal applications (architects,
photographers, and professional players)
& Power Users Have Computer Needs That Make Top-Of-The-Series

Hardware Indispensable
& All these users need high-end specifications, such as fast processors
and large amounts of memory and storage.
& Powerful users will also typically use all the advanced features of
the software they use.
MOBILE USERS ⇨ Mobile computer systems are designed to be transported and used
while on the move. Mobile systems include laptops, tablets, personal
digital assistants (PDAs) and smartphones. Applications or hardware
included with these devices are designed to be easy to use while on the
go.
The choice of a mobile technology that best suits a particular person

depends on what the person is going to use the technology for.
Conventional laptops will be used for more intensely productive or work-
related tasks.
Most people also use smartphones or tablets, typically for tasks such
as
& browse the web and use email

& play games
& read books
& navigate with GPS
& take quick notes
& take photos and video and record audio
Conventional laptops = work related / productive tasks
ENTERPRISE A business user is a company that has hundreds or even thousands of

USERS: employees across the country or world. Every employee who uses a
computer in such an enterprise is called an enterprise user. An enterprise
network contains computers that are used for many different
purposes.

CONVERGENCE
& Convergence refers to the trend where separate technologies and features that
required different devices in the past are combined into a single device that has all
or some of the functionality of each of the separate devices.
& Convergence is thus the merging or combination of multiple technologies into a
single, multipurpose device.
Convergence is the trend where manufacturers are offering computing devices with
technologies that overlap.
EXAMPLES OF CONVERGENCE:
PORTABLE COMPUTERS:
DEFINITION / DESCRIPTION COMMENTS / NOTES
LAPTOP / NOTEBOOK A machine with a screen size Laptops can easily have
larger than 12 '' or 13 ''. the same specifications
as high-end computers,
Laptops and notebooks are
but they cost much more
terms commonly used to
than their non-portable
describe the same type of
equivalents.
laptop.
TABLET A tablet is also a portable Tablets are similar to

computer and has a touch or pen smartphones with the
sensitive screen. benefit of a larger screen
to use applications such as
spreadsheets and word
processors more
effectively. They cannot
make cell phone calls or
send/receive text
messages. They have
longer battery life than
smartphones.
HYBRID COMPUTER Hybrid laptops/tablets often These machines are called

have a reversible (or removable) 'hybrids' because they can
screen and a standard keyboard. be used as ordinary
The screen is touch or pen laptops or as tablets (with
sensitive and the user can the keyboard folded away
interact directly with the screen or removed behind the
- also called 'switchable' screen)

SMARTPHONE A cell phone that includes an
operating system and the ability
to install and process other
applications (called applications).
Most use a touch screen
interface.
PHABLET A phablet is a smartphone with a A computer in your pocket

screen size larger than 5 ''. that is always on and
[GREAT EXAMPLE OF
provides direct access to
CONVERGENCE]
e-mail, the internet, as
well as additional
features, such as built-in
GPS navigation, a camera /
built-in GPS navigation etc.

SPECIFICATIONS:

Hardware devices

PROCESSING CYCLE CONCEPTS
INPUT what does INPUT entail?
& data planning (collected)

& decide the best way = capture data
& planning + create data entry forms/instructions
OUTPUT OUTPUT can
& sent directly to storage devices

& communicated directly to other computers
& used as input (for other applications)
PROCESSING WHAT IS PROCESSING BASED ON AND WHY?
Software = program must be designed + written> ICT devices allow tasks

to be performed
processing only takes place = software + data in physical memory (RAM) of

ICT is loaded
algorithm ⇨ step-by-step solution such as ICTs' processing processes
what does processing involve?
& search
& sort
& mathematical calculations
STORAGE / What does storage include?
MEMORY
& choose correct storage media
& security (sensitive data properly protected)
& create the implementation of good backup policies
INPUT:
The function of input in a computer:
allows ICT device to:
& data received

& get instructions from user/resources
Quiiizzzz!
Why is supply essential? > first step in the information processing system
What affects the quality of input?> The skills of the user

INPUT DEVICES:
KEYBOARD
& type in text

& give instructions (function + shortcut keys)
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
& fastest way = input text & not designed to be used as a GUI
& get to know + use easily interface
& occupy space
& for people with certain disabilities
difficult to use
& need a certain level of keyboard skills
TROUBLESHOOTING:
what to do if a keyboard's keys are sticky:
1. turn off the computer
2. unplug the keyboard
3. clean (damp cloth)
what to do if the keyboard does not respond
- wireless> replace batteries
- wired> disconnect + reconnect
DOES NOT WORK:
connect to other port and/or/recharge computer
still not working = replace the keyboard
MOUSE
A pointing device used as a GUI interface
& interact with graphical elements on GUI

& interface
& give instructions to the computer

1. easy use learning 1. permanent workplace available> at work
2. effective medium = interaction with 2. when sign = mouse not as precise as

graphic elements on the screen want [WITH ENTRANCE LEVEL]
TROUBLESHOOTING:
What to do if your mouse is sluggish or "sticky":
make sure = no dust under mouse + smooth non-reflective op
what to do if the mouse does not respond:
- cordless> replace batteries
- wired> disconnect + disconnect
DOES NOT WORK:
- connect in another port
- still not working reboot the computer
ERGONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR KEYBOARD AND MOUSE
KEYBOARD MOUSE
Wrist rests help keep wrists straight as you A mouse pad that includes wrist
type support supports the wrists
Split key or curved keyboards allow a user to The shape of the mouse affects how
have his or her hands on the keyboard at a more comfortable it is to use
natural angle
The keyboard should be at a comfortable height Keys should be easy to click
Lowering the keyboard and bringing it closer to The mouse should move easily
the body using a keyboard tray can also help
reduce strain on the wrists, shoulders and back.

TOUCHSCREEN
a keyboard appears for text input on the screen
1. mouse replacement + keyboard
2. direct interaction between user + screen elements
3. best interface for systems with limited options
1. simultaneously serve as mouse + 1. not as easy to use as a physical keyboard

keyboard
2. some touch screens = extra pressure
2. provide> natural supply> e.g., sign required
3. provide> natural actions> e.g., move 3. quality of touch experience depends on

the operating system
4. easy to use + little training
4. on-screen keyboards = reduce screen
5. available display space on display =
display area for use
enlarge = increase usability
5. not so easy = use touch screens for
certain tasks
TOUCHPAD
separate component built into the computer
gives integrated pointer solution without using too much space
& mouse replacement in devices like laptops

1. user does not need to carry an extra & not as accurate> as a mouse
device with him such as a mouse & some people find it difficult to use due
to the limited size of the touchpad
2. perform user "mouse actions" without & can’t be repositioned relative to the
needing extra space screen for greater ease of use
SCANNER
capture paper-born pictures
& capture text images so that = text on paper converted to editing text
& Read barcodes

1. easy> to convert documents to digital 1. scanned images quality depends on the

format original document
2. scan text-containing documents as 2. scanned images = affected by dust on

images + use OCR software to convert to the glass
text
3. works best single pages i.e., books
(faster + more accurate than other text difficult to scan
input methods)
4. can be slow + takes a lot of time
3. Easy> to convert old movie photos to (depends on type)
digital format
5. High-quality scanned images can use a
4. easy> save old documents for future large amount of storage space
5. less paper + ink usage = digital storage 6. A scanner must be of high quality to
produce good quality images
6. Images are transferred to a computer
and can then be emailed or used as input in
another “app”
7. a scanner can be used with a printer to

make copies of documents or pictures
USES OF SCANNER:
OFFICE AUTOMATION:
what are the benefits of scanners in office automation?
1. electronic copies created digitally stored = do not take office space
2. scanned copies are sent directly via e-mail instead of fax/post
3. older documents = scanned + electronic archive preserved
4. large documents = many pages exist can be scanned> single file collected
POS AND DATABASES:
advantage of scanners in POS and databases barcode scanners = fast + accurate supply

OTHER USER:
1. number plates of cars at toll roads = quickly captured = traffic reduced
2. access control systems
> slideshows
> RFID Scanner Technology [RFID Scanner Technology Using Wireless Technology> Reading
RFID Label Data]
> Fingerprint Scanners
OCR
OCR software> Optical character recognition
software that converts text images from paper to editing text on computers
how does OCR software work?
1. divide images into units of individual letters + compare the form of a letter with a
database of letter forms
2. collect identified letter of the word
3. word is searched in dictionary> make sure it exists
4. word added to a text document
* if not find the word in dictionary = word vid matches
IF DON'T GET A WORD THAT APPROXIMATELY: WORD LIST FOR USER TO CHECK IT
DIGITAL CAMERA’S
Uses of digital camera
& capture images

& take videos
& capture images in digital format
& barcode / or QR scanners (camera on phones)
DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex) cameras are still used by photographers because they
produce better images.

1. Photos = already digital format (not & photos easily lost (lost/damaged
scanned) storage device)
& photo-quality = camera quality
2. Easy to use & moisture can cause a problem due to the
electronic circuits in a digital camera
3. Photos do not cost money = take many
photos
4. Immediately look at photos taken
5. Party = camcorder option
6. Built-in devices (phones)
7. Built-in GPS which then stores the location

of the image/photo in its metadata (geo-
tagging)
8. Print only the photos you want
9. a memory card can store many pictures
10. a memory card can be reused
11. photos can be downloaded to your

computer and distributed electronically
CHEAP AIM AND PRESS US HIGH-QUALITY PROFESSIONAL DSLR CAMERA
Aim & Press
Restrictions with:
- image quality
- control over camera settings
DSLR
Few restrictions
Sensor size larger than Aim & Pressure

QUALITY ELEMENTS:
RESOLUTION:
Scanner ⇨ the resolution is the number of dots it can scan per inch - so its resolution is
given as dpi (dots per inch). 300 dpi is the minimum resolution to get good images for
print, while 72 dpi will suffice to display images on screen or the web.
Digital camera ⇨ resolution refers to the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in the
image. Multiply the two and you get the total number of pixels. So, a 2048 x 1536-pixel
device gives you 3,145,728 or about 3 million pixels. The higher the resolution, the better the
quality, but the larger the file that saves the image.
IMAGE QUALITY:
1. colour depth ⇨Number of bits used to represent colour (32 bits is currently the max)
2. Sensor size [Larger = better]
3. ISO rating Sensitivity to light [higher = better]
WEB CAMERA
Most webcams = low resolution> save bandwidth
Lower resolution camera = quick & easy setup
Uses of the webcam:
& internet video communication

& live feeds of events
& Remote Security Cameras
1. Cheap & low resolution = not good images

& must be linked to ICT
2. Small & low resolution
& low / slow internet connection = low
3. Built into some laptops
quality video
4. Allow video calls where people can see
5. Cheap
6.a.g.v low resolution = can be transmitted

via the internet
7. production of video communication from

anywhere = required internet connection
8. non-verbal behaviour can be seen

TROUBLESHOOTING:
What to do if the webcam does not respond:
& check OR plugged in properly

& watch OR turned on
& check if the current camera is selected in the correct software
Frequently used webcam software = test webcam work + troubleshoot
MICROPHONE
External microphones can be connected through the microphone jack (which looks like the
headphone jack) or via USB.
Uses
• record sound
• Communicate (VoIP)
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGE
1. Record verbal communication & built-in = not good quality sound

& ICT needed to work
2. Give spoken instructions & difficult to use in a noisy environment
3. Audio = give extra supply to the

computer
4. Use software with sound editing/sound

analysis/manipulation
TROUBLESHOOTING:
Problems usually occur only when the microphone is plugged in at the wrong terminal or
when the microphone is muted.
OUTPUT
Output q How ICT device shows processing results
OUTPUT DEVICES
MONITOR OR DISPLAY
The monitor provides fast & easy way computer user communicates
Uses of monitors/display devices:
& give interactive feedback to the user

& allow extra-visual messages for the hearing impaired

1. immediate feedback to the user & image quality-related monitor size

& size monitor = limited portability
2. allow interaction between user & & output difficult part (except as
computer projector)
& image quality affected by ambient
3. content displayed = easily changed + lighting
quickly upgraded Bigger monitor = better quality + use more
power + better image
4. visually impaired = text enlarged + high
contrast used
5. image easily changes to user's

preferences
TROUBLESHOOTING:
colours faint/too strong/muddy of monitor> Adjust settings
Image too bright / dull> Adjust settings
Image squared/stretched from monitor> Resolution settings incorrect i.e., indicates that
may take higher resolution
TOUCH SCREEN:
Image purple / blue / yellow / green tinted> Coupling wrong [I.e., VGA connector pin bent]
No image appears on screen:
- Power/electricity off
- Coupling not properly pressed
- Monitor not turned on
Resolution
The maximum resolution of a screen is the highest number of pixels that the screen
supports, given by the number of horizontal pixels multiplied by the number of vertical
pixels. Also, relevant here is the aspect ratio (the ratio between the width and height of
the screen).

IMAGE QUALITY
f Colour depth - the number of bits used to represent the colour of each pixel.
Higher numbers of pieces are better
f Peak density (also known as dpi) - how many pixels the screen fits in a 1 "horizontal
line. Higher peak density is better and makes the screen sharper, clearer and easier
to read.
f Reload rate - how often or quickly the screen display is refreshed. Low refresh
rates lead to 'ghost image', especially when watching fast-moving content, such as
in a game or a movie. The higher the refresh rate, the better.
f Contrast ratio - the ratio between the darkest black and the brightest white. It
affects the sharpness and brightness of the image, as well as the vibrant colours.
Low contrast ratios produce soft, 'muddy' images
SPEAKER / HEADPHONES
Uses
& play audio

& give audible feedback to the user
& provide additional alerts or alerts to people with visual impairments
& listen to voicemails and interact via communication software such as Skype.
& can listen to sound without disturbing & sound quality = quality peripherals
people around (headphones) & need additional audio equipment [e.g., an
& group of people listening to audio at the external amplifier]
same time (speaker) & the use of loudspeakers = disturbing to
& listen to messages & communicate via others and may cause irritation or
Skype (both) distraction
& use portable devices while busy
TROUBLESHOOTING:
What to do if find a problem with speaker or headphones:
& plugged in right?

& speaker needs power (charge/in the plug)
& sound settings v computer on soft/mute
& computer set = wrong audio output device

PRINTERS
Printers are required to make hard copies of any documents on the computer.
TROUBLESHOOTING:
What to do if a problem with the printer arises?
& not plugged in

& not properly connected to the computer
& wrong printer selected in the print dialogue box
& network settings v printer / computer incorrect (if printer WIFI / network printer)
& the wrong driver installed on the computer (content not correct & does not make
sense)
& little ink/printing dust (ink vague and irregular)
& use incorrect paper (ink spreading too much / printing ink does not stick to the paper)
TYPES OF PRINTERS:

QUALITY ELEMENTS
SPEED Speed is usually quoted as the number of pages that can be

printed per minute (ppm).
RESOLUTION It is measured in dots per inch (dpi) and describes the

number of dots the printer can create along a horizontal line.
A higher number of dots produces a cleaner and sharper
image.
COST PER PAGE This is how much it costs to print a page. The figure is an
average based on about 5% coverage of a page.
PAPER The type and size of paper are important when printing high-
quality images.
SYSTEM COMPATIBILITY This refers to whether a printer can be used with your
specific operating system.
CONNECT TO A NETWORK A printer that has built-in wireless functionality can be easily
turned on and connected to a network so that all the devices
connected to the network can use the printer easily.
3D-PRINTERS
3D printers allow you to create physical three-dimensional objects from designs you have
created on your computer using CAD or 3D modelling software and are used to create
objects such as:
& whole buildings and structures like bridges or even houses

& complete, assembled mechanical parts such as gears
& human body parts and working prosthetics
& to print prototypes of new designs to try & Expensive - the printers and materials
it out and see how it works can be expensive, but work out
& to make the printing of 'disposable' custom cheaper in the long run than other
parts = possible and affordable prototyping methods.
& Tools and parts can be printed as and when & 3D printers can be slow, noisy, and
needed instead of holding a large stock of smelly and need very careful
parts. configuration and control to work
& enables us to create newer, revolutionary properly.
designs that could not be created by older
manufacturing methods and tools.

TROUBLESHOOTING :
The problem may lie with the 3D model, in which case you need to check your design.
Otherwise, the heating element may be faulty, or the printer may be set to go too fast
or too slow for the material being printed. There may also be something wrong with the
material itself.
DATA PROJECTOR
For image magnification> so shared with a large audience
Display image for a large group of people & quality & brightness are not high-quality
to view monitors
& limited to 4: 3 aspect ratio
& lower contrast ratios = muddy images +
lower colour quality than a normal
monitor
& Images not as bright as those of high-
quality display devices
TROUBLESHOOTING:
If monitor does not work:
& Light bulb blown

& Special Drivers Downloaded
STORAGE DEVICES
Storage devices are durable & have higher capacity than memory (RAM) Durable when
used properly
HARD DRIVE
Hard drive = most common internal storage device
Hard Disk Uses:
& permanently store data & programs

& make backup copies of data & software
& Act as virtual memory
1. Much larger capacity than RAM & easily damaged

& work magnetic & mechanical (slow down)
2. Cheaper than RAM per GB
3. Save data & apps (even when the device

is off)

TROUBLESHOOTING :
System slow & slow (hard drive)
Hard disk fragmented
Fragment> open files take a long time open
Solution: UTILITY PROGRAM
which defragments disk (reassembles all distributed parts of files = speeds up access to
files)
Storage space full (hard disk) SOLUTION: delete / delete files
/or/
Get extra storage space
How to see if capacity + available disk drive space Right click> properties
Files corrupt (hard disk) Why disk corrupt: computer not shut down properly / programs
crashed / power outages
SOLUTION: Scandisk Utility
QUIZZZZ!
How can a hard disk act as virtual memory?
> Unused hard disk space = enable operating system> works as if access has more RAM
than the quantity present on the computer
Enable computer = run multiple programs at once
EXTERNAL HARD DRIVE
& portable media / data / software storage & carry around

& backup securely & away from computer storage
& add extra storage space to the computer without physically opening the computer
1. Large capacity - sometimes more than & not as small as a flash drive
original internal hard drive storage & easily damaged [Because mechanical +
magnetic]
2. Portable - small & easy to carry around & Drain the battery life of a laptop
faster
3. Easy to use - plug into USB connections +
use immediately

4. High speed - faster than optical media
(CD / DVD)
5. Reliable - more than optical media
FLASH-DRIVE
Flash disks = small, inexpensive, portable storage devices
Uses of flash disks:
& carry data around

& make backup copies
& distribute data & software
1. Portable & get lost easily

& more expensive per GB than hard drives
2. Fast data access & lower capacity than newer hard drives
& limited lifespan> number of times data
3. Low purchase price
can be stored
4. Larger capacity than optical media
5. Industry-standard usage
6. Reliable
7. Easy to use
8. No separate power source is required
SSD
An SSD (Solid State Drive) is a completely electronic alternative to the traditional hard
drive. SSDs are much faster than traditional (mechanical) hard drives. They have no
moving parts (which is a big advantage) and are therefore not easily damaged by
dropping or sliding while in use. SSDs are also much more energy-efficient, durable, and run
quieter than hard drives. However, SSDs are much more expensive per gigabyte than
traditional hard drives.
SSD VS HARD DRIVE:
& faster
& no moving parts i.e., not easily damaged
& more energy efficient
& more durable
& work quieter

Negative aspects of SSDs versus hard drives:
& more expensive
& smaller capacity
OPTICAL MEDIA
& distribution of software

& distribution of media content
& make backup copies
1. Low cost & slow

& easily damaged
2. Portability & small capacity for empty sizes
& not so easy data storage versus flash
3. Standard operating use
disks
& some machines do not have built-in
optical drives
TROUBLESHOOTING:
Optical media fails = Dirty
Clean with a soft damp cloth (wipe)
Scratched disk (optical) = Replace
Writable and rewritable disks can be easily damaged by heat and cold = Cannot repair
damage
COMMUNICATION DEVICES:
CELLULAR [3G]-MODEM
What enables 3G / 4G internet access for user> Internet access wherever mobile
reception
External 3G modem looks like = flash disk + connects to the computer via USB port
3G / 4G modem got cell phone SIM card> internet access
1. Easy to install + use & easily lost

& not always as reliable as landline
2. Small> i.e., portable connection (ADSL)
& 3G internet connection depends on
3. 4G / 3G network fast
coverage + strength of the 3G signal

4. Can be used in places where cables can & the connection can be lost more easily
not than with wired connections
5. Can connect to the Internet from

anywhere there is coverage
ADSL / FIBRE MODEM / ROUTER
Requires ADSL modem if you want to use ADSL Internet connection (via telephone line)
ADSL modem has the functionality of:
1. Small Switch (to communicate with other computers/devices)
2. Wireless connectivity (WIFI)
3. Router (to allow multiple devices to connect to the internet through a single connection
point)
1. Can make & receive phone calls while 1. need specialized equipment that can
connected to the internet connect to the telephone exchange
2. Cheaper internet connection than 3G 2. ADSL speed decreases farther from the
telephone exchange. So more suitable for
3. More stable (changing circumstances> cell
urban areas
phone reception does not have to rely on)
3. Design fast download & slower upload. So
4. Wireless ADSL router may connect other
not suitable in situations want to upload
devices wirelessly + share internet
large amounts of data
connection
4. is “stuck/fixed” in a single place
5. Both ADSL and Fibre have a built-in switch
6. Connection and coverage are more

reliable than with wireless / wireless
QUIZZZZZ!!
ADSL VS 3G
1. Cheaper internet connection than 3G
2. More stable (changing circumstances> cell phone reception does not have to rely upon)

VIRTUAL REALITY AND AUGMENTED REALITY
VIRTUAL REALITY
Virtual reality is where the computer creates a whole new world for you to experience.
Virtual reality requires the following:
& A powerful computer with a powerful graphics card

& A head-mounted spectacle-shaped display - which includes sensors to track how your
head moves to refresh the screen to match the direction in which you are looking
& Some form of administrator
& Software to generate a realistic 3D world with sufficient detail - and to 'move' the
view of the 'world' as the user moves.
AUGMENTED REALITY
The idea behind augmented reality is that it takes things like images, buttons and 3D
objects created by the computer and displays them on top of your view of the real
world. In other words, it does not create a whole new virtual new world, but it multiplies
('adds') the real world you are viewing.
Augmented reality requires at least: motion sensors, a camera, a screen, and some form
of control input (buttons/touch screen, voice control). Software is used to 'recognize'
items in the camera's view 'and associate computer-generated display items with them.

Hardware recommendations
What should you consider if you want to buy a computer?
& mobile or not

& Hardware Specifications
& entry level or more advanced
& operating system included
& buy best products that allow budget
& RAM installed
Comparison of wireless and cabled hardware
WIRELESS CABLED
Can work remotely [operate from a Can’t be used further from the computer
distance] without cables getting in the way than the length of the cable
Need a separate power supply/source, Receive power from the computer through
such as batteries the cables
Much more expensive Much cheaper
Can be used in situations where cables are

not practical
THE COMPUTER SYSTEM UNIT [UNITS]
CPU / PROCESSOR
Responsible for executing programs + processing data
NOTE RECOMMENDATION
& 'speed' = measured in Gigahertz (GHz) For whom are standard entry-level
& multiple cores, e.g., quad-core processors sufficient?
& Trademark (AMD / Intel) and Model (Intel
i7) & Personal users
& Superusers /power users need the best & SOHO user
CPU they can afford & mobile user

MEMORY [RAM]
Temporary storage area for data and applications while being processed.
NOTE RECOMMENDATION
& Can also be identified by DIMMs, DDR3 / & any user = the more memory installed,
DDR-4 RAM the better
& use more than 4GB RAM = must be a 64- & Super / Power users working with video
bit operating system editing will need more memory
DIMM = DUAL INLINE MEMORY MODULE
HARD DISK DRIVE [HDD]
Permanent storage area for all human data and software.
NOTE RECOMMENDATION
& A file server will have a large number of & most users will never fill default
hard drives capacity
& Can be identified by SATA + rotation & superusers/power users may use
speed measured in RPM series of HDDs acting as 1
& SSD’s uses technology similar to flash
memory. They are becoming more
popular, especially on laptops like
laptops. (is faster than mechanical hard
drives, usually smaller in capacity, much
more expensive.)
VIDEO CARD
It is a separate circuit board that is plugged into a special slot on the motherboard. It
has its video memory and a graphics processing unit (GPU) that enhances video
processing.
NOTE
& Entry-level computers have integrated graphics (a graphics processor is built into the
CPU or motherboard and where part of the RAM is used as video memory)
& Video Cards add extra processing power and are essential when working with 3D
graphics, video editing or high-end games

DVD-DRIVE
An optical drive that can play, read and write CDs & DVDs.
NOTE
& less important than in the past

& is listed as multi-drive = read and write (or burn) DVDs & CDs
PORT
Used to connect external devices to the computer.
NOTE
& most devices can connect to a USB port

& most computers will have a network port = to connect to a wired network
& computers may also have built-in support for Wi-Fi
What type of ports do more modern computers have?
& FireWire - or Thunderbolt port for high-speed data and video links
& Most devices can connect to a USB port. USB 3 is much faster than USB 2.
& While WIFI is not technically a port, many computers now have built-in WIFI support.
You will recognize it by a specification like 802.11 b / g / n.
EQUIPMENT [DEVICES CONNECTING TO THE COMPUTER]
MOUSE AND KEYBOARD
NOTE RECOMMENDATION
& ergonomically designed keyboards & & most commonly used feeders
mice reduce the impact of RSI & Most laptops users would rather use a
& mobile users with laptops = touch panel built-in touch pad than a mouse
& decide if you want to use wireless or & superusers will have technically related
wired devices to the field of interest
MONITOR / SCREEN
NOTE RECOMMENDATION
& most common output device for soft & for most users, an entry-level monitor
copy output will be right
& the popularity of tablets and & superusers often need bigger images
smartphones led to many more
applications

PRINTER
NOTE RECOMMENDATION
Decide on a type of printer taking into & SOHO / personal user = consider
account factors such as maintenance multifunction printer
costs, print quality and the cable options & mobile user = mobile printer working
with batteries
EXTERNAL [PORTABLE] STORAGE DEVICE
Computer-connected storage devices
RECOMMENDATION
& For most personal users = a flash drive easier

& can store music & videos to back up internal hard drives
& Cloud storage is very convenient
& SOHO / super users need a large external storage device
SCANNER AND SCANNING IMAGES
RECOMMENDATION
& Personal users do not need scanners

& SOHO / super users need a good quality scanner & OCR software
Types of scanners:
Image scanners: capture an image that is on the scanner
Barcode Scanner: read barcode
DEVICES FOR DISABLED USERS:
Visually Impaired / Blind & braille keyboards

& keyboards with large keys
& Braille Printers
Hearing Impaired / Deaf & devices that vibrate
Motor control (paralysis / poor & devices that work with eye movement
motor control / arthritis / etc.) & keyboards with large keys
& big trackballs
& joysticks
& devices with foot pedals

VALUE OF ICT
& Efficiency > To do things cheaper and with less effort

& Productivity > What you did at a certain time at a certain cost Our focus is on
increased productivity, which means doing more things at the same time and the same
cost
& Accuracy > To ensure that there are no errors in input or output
Equipment choices:
Prolonged typing of text/data
⇨Good quality ergonomic keyboard
Video editing
⇨Largest, fastest HDD
⇨At least 8 GB RAM, or more
⇨TWO monitors
Link existing docks. to digital format
⇨Papierscanner that can feed paper automatically
Computer games at a competitive level
⇨Mouse specially designed for games
Digital artist
⇨Pressure-sensitive drawing tablet
Sell products at checkout + take stock
⇨Barcode Scanner
& Accessibility > ICT makes knowledge and resources accessible to all types of people
around the world

Examples of remote accessibility operations
& access to data/information over the internet

& distance education
& mobile banking
New technology- NB to understand -smaller, cheaper, faster and more powerful than
today
& use more and more sensors

& designed for portability
& longer battery life
& to be constantly connected and communicating
& combining technologies to make input and output easier and more efficient

Software
CHOOSE THE RIGHT SOFTWARE
Purpose of software:
& many programs available
& sometimes basic software is sufficient
& specialized programs have more features
Web-based applications versus installed applications
WEB-BASED APPLICATIONS:
& Software is available worldwide if an & Need an internet connection
internet connection is available & Applications do not contain all the
& software is always up to date. features of the program if installed on
& Does not need to be a computer
downloaded/installed & The work and speed of the software
& The hardware requirements of the will be influenced by the speed and
computer or device you use to access quality of your internet connection
and operate the software are often & Not highly advanced
not as high & A security risk [risk] is possible - your
& Reconciliation issues are not a big issue data is not necessarily secure on the
& Online applications provide some free internet
storage space. & Slower than the installed application
& In large companies/businesses - all the
computers in a web browser can
access the application
& Do not take up space on your personal
computer
& Can be obtained from any computer
& Use of the application is free
INSTALLED APPLICATIONS:
& Provides more features and features & Must install it first before using
than the web version & Can only be accessed from 1 computer
& Can use the program without having an [accessed]
internet connection & Take space on the computer
Subscription-based software
& Traditional licensing models allow the user to 'prepay' for a license to use the
software indefinitely.
& With subscription software, the user pays a monthly or annual subscription for the
use of the software.

RECONCILIATION / COMPATIBILITY
Compatibility refers to the ability of your software to work with the hardware and
software installed on your computer or device.
⇨Compatibility with the operating system

When you want to install an application on your computer or device, you need to make
sure that it works with your operating system. Vendors, therefore, manufacture
software to work with various specific sets or 'families' operating systems. They must
have platform-specific versions of applications to sell through the various online stores.
⇨Compatibility between versions of the same application

Most software applications are 'down/backwards compatible' in that they can open and
use files created in previous versions. One can usually save files in previous or older
formats for compatibility.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Office Packages
& word processing = create, edit, format or work with a document
& spreadsheet = compile budgets, financial planning, analyses
& presentation = compose slideshows with your message to convey to an audience
& database = collect, store, extract data, compile reports
Productivity applications for mobile users

& scaled-down versions
& Apple's mobile versions: pages (word processor); numbers (spreadsheet program);
keynote (listing software)
& Quick office & Documents To Go: Office Suites
Reference programs
& easy to get information on the Web, more up to date than CD / DVD
& is less and less used on computers
& use apps on mobile devices
Web browsers allow you to view web page content as

= source of information
= use of social networking sites
= use of web browsers in businesses/commerce
= relaxation & entertainment
= export of web-based applications
Email Software
& basically: to receive, read, reply to emails, and send own messages
& comprehensive: also contains a database of contacts
Document management software

& use of PDF
& use any application to create a document
& can send the file to any person
& the document looks exactly like you created it

How to create a PDF
& use the ‘Save As’ option
& use PDF software
Voice recognition software> can communicate orally with computer

& disabled users can now control a & may take a lot of time to learn
computer through verbal instructions computer to recognize the pronunciation
& time is saved of words
& ideal for situations where you can’t look & background noise & poor-quality
on screen microphone can affect the efficiency
& fast & high-quality Internet connection
required
Note-taking software
& allows you to combine multiple options
& can record session and sync notes
Features it should have:

& take handwritten notes
& handwriting recognition = convert notes to text
& audio recordings & synchronization
& inclusion of sketches & graphics
& Search function
& organizing & arranging notes
& sync between devices
Education and training software

Advantages:
= work at own pace
= immediate assessment & feedback on progress
= motivation to learn
HOW TO SOLVE A RECONCILIATION PROBLEM

1. Export
save the document in format = other people can open the program
2. Import
use input or Open With option = if you want to open the file in another format
3. Upgrade
upgrade software = so everyone has the latest versions
4. Standardize
make sure everyone in the organization has the same version of programs from the
same company

QUIZZZZ!
What is the problem with Export / Import?
> formatting lost / changed
backwards compatible ⇨ if compatibility issues with different versions of the same

program = will always be able to open new version files created with older version > but
not vice versa
A person with a newer version = export / save files to version that older program can
read
Updating programs> process to get latest "corrections" of programs where bugs have
been fixed to get new, additional features and functions
TOOL TO PREVENT SOFTWARE ERRORS

1. Tests
organizations release 'beta' versions of software for public testing
2. Error messages
use facilities that = report errors when the program "crashes"
3. Stay up to date
updates software regularly (errors are fixed = made to work better)
CORRECTION OF SOFTWARE PROBLEMS

& 'Freezing' - unresponsive tasks or applications
o Select the Task Manager option by pressing Ctrl + Alt + Delete (Cmd + Alt + Esc on
Apple devices) and close the 'frozen' or 'pending' application
& Software 'crash'
o Restart your system and try again
o Launch the 'problem' software without downloading any other programs, to
avoid potential conflicts.
o Uninstall programs that you may have recently installed
o Check the software company's online forums and help system to see if other
people have had the same problem and to see what can be done to fix it.
o Send an email to the company to inform them of the problem - they will usually
already know about it and will already be working on a solution.
o Make sure your software is up to date
& Read-Only Files
A file may appear as read-only when you load it. This may be because it was loaded from
a read-only medium, such as a DVD, and the read-only feature was set. You can copy the
file to another location and delete the read-only feature.
BUGS - WHY DO WE HAVE TO KEEP SOFTWARE UPDATED

Any software written will initially have 'bugs' in it. Many of these errors can go unnoticed
for some time and can range from insignificant issues to critical issues.

The following are some of the risks posed by flawed software:
& Corrupt data or invalid information
& Unexpected and dangerous behaviour of computer-controlled machinery.
& Security breaches and the existence of 'loopholes' for malware and hackers to
exploit. Errors in software are used by malware and hackers to gain access to
systems and create security breaches. This threatens the security of your
computer system.
USER-CENTERED DESIGN
Some practical guidelines for user-centred design:
& Layout & Readability
o Do not try to place too much on a single page or slide or part of the interface -
if the interface looks cluttered, the user will take longer to find their way.
o Group related items together.
o Use 'white space'
o Use clear labels and headings so that a user can easily 'skim' over the content.
o Make sure links are used consistently - and that they all work!
& Font and colour

o Use appropriate colour
o Do not use distracting colours and fonts.
o Make sure that text is legible by using appropriate fonts and font sizes.
o Use formatting to emphasize important concepts.
& Use of instructions and graphics

o Use simple, concise language and do not use jargon that the user may not be
familiar with.
o Use commonly known and commonly used icons
o Use clear maps, diagrams, and tables to enable the user to interpret the data
quickly.
General tips for designing user-centric interfaces:

& Put the needs of the user first
& Test for real users
& Repeat & Refine

Type of program What it is used for Examples
Word processor Used to create, edit, and print text-based documents. Microsoft Word
OpenOffice Writer
Spreadsheet Allows you to perform tasks based on calculations. Microsoft Excel

Creating graphs.
OpenOffice Calc
Presentation Combine text, sound, and graphics, including animations, Microsoft PowerPoint
software to create a presentation - usually as an electronic
OpenOffice Impress
slideshow.
Database Can be used to store data, manipulate it, manipulate it, Microsoft Access
and process it to provide information.
OpenOffice / Base
MySQL
Graphics and Used to create and manipulate visual images (graphics) CorelDraw, Adobe Photoshop,
design on the screen. Adobe Illustrator, Macromedia
Freehand, AutoCAD, and Microsoft
Paint.
Communication Enables the user to communicate electronically with Microsoft Mail and Outlook (e-pos)
software other users over a network. Pegasus Mail
Skype and Google Chat
Web authoring Used to create and design websites. Microsoft Expression Web,
software Microsoft SharePoint Designer,
Adobe Dreamweaver
Web browser A program is used to access and display web pages on Internet Explorer, Opera, Safari,
the Internet. Mozilla Firefox, and Google Chrome
Plug-ins Special plug-ins are required if the user wants to see Flash
special effects. They are needed these days because
QuickTime
increased multimedia (a combination of text, graphics,
audio, and video) is being added to the web.

system software and computer management
IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER MANAGEMENT
1. hardware and software requirements
2. install and uninstall programs
3. managing files in a system
4. handling of breaking equipment
OPERATING SYSTEMS
The operating system is system software that controls all the activities that take place
on a computer. It is sometimes referred to as a software platform as it controls and
supports all the other software and hardware on the computer.
System software is software intended to control, support, or operate a computer.

These include:
& Operating systems such as OS X, Linux, and Windows

& Utilities such as antivirus software
What happens when a computer is turned on?
Computers only follow instructions - so when they are turned on, the first thing to look
for is instructions to follow. These instructions are stored on special memory chips called
ROM which retain their contents even when the computer is off.
& perform some basic hardware tests to make sure everything works properly
& try to find and load the operating system from the disk drive it was instructed to
check.
Once the operating system is found, it is loaded into memory and the control of the
computer is then transferred to the operating system. This process of loading the
operating system is called 'booting' of the computer
THE ROLE OF THE OPERATING SYSTEM
⇨ Providing the user interface
Operating systems allow us to communicate with the computer via a graphical user
interface or GUI. This interface is graphically represented using small pictures called
icons and other visual aids such as menus and buttons that make it easy for us to
understand and use the computer.

⇨ Program management
The operating system allows the user to select and run the software by loading
programs into memory and coordinating the processing of these programs with the CPU
- that is, it manages which programs and tasks the CPU can use and for how long
⇨ Operating systems are capable of multitasking:
& Each operating system performs multiple tasks or processes at the same time.
& These processes or tasks include the operating system itself, as well as the
programs you are using. Some other tasks or processes are in memory, such as
anti-virus processes.
& A multitasking operating system ensures that every process or task allocates
resources such as memory and CPU time fairly so that all programs perform at
their best.
⇨ Hardware Management
& Disk Management

o The operating system controls how the data on the storage device is organized
and how and when programs access the storage device.
& Memory Management

o The operating system controls how programs use the memory (RAM) - that is, it
ensures that different programs do not try to use the same area of memory
at the same time and thus corrupt each other's data/instructions.
& Import / Output Management

o The operating system manages the input and output of the computer and how
programs use the input and output devices - that is, which programs receive
input from input devices and which programs can use an output device at any
one time.
⇨ Providing basic security
& The operating system provides basic security features such as user and access
control
& It can also provide basic protection against threats to our computers, but it is often
best managed by other utilities

THE TASK MANAGER
& The Task Manager in Windows operating systems can be accessed by right-clicking on
the taskbar at the bottom of the screen or by using the Ctrl + Alt + Del keyboard
shortcut.
& The Task Manager provides information about the computer's performance and the
applications and processes running.
Single user versus multi-user operating systems
& Most operating systems, including the Windows series of operating systems, allow
more than one person to log on to a computer with different usernames or accounts.
& It is recommended that you have one account that has administrative rights to allow
you to change settings on your computer, and another 'default' account with fewer
rights for your everyday work- This is done so that if ' a virus (or other malware)
attacks your computer, its effect is limited unlike when you are logged on to the
computer with full administrator privileges.
SINGLE USER OPERATING SYSTEMS MULTIUSER OPERATING SYSTEMS
& The normal Windows operating system & It refers to operating systems
installed on your computer allows you to designed to allow multiple users to
switch between users and stay logged access the same computer at any one
in. time.
& only one user can use the computer at a & These types of operating systems are
time. usually installed on servers and used in
networks where several users need to
have access to the computer at the
same time
& Export - save data in a format that can be read by another version of the same
application or even a different application. Sometimes the menu option for this is
'Export' and sometimes it's just an option under 'Save As'.
& Input - opens or 'reads' data created in another version of the same application, or
even a different application. Sometimes all file types that the application can handle
are listed in the 'Open' dialogue box (and other file formats are automatically entered
when opened). Sometimes you need to find and use the 'Import' menu option. It all
depends on the application you are using

SCHEDULE
a scheduler is a program that is used to run certain programs at specific times. Many
programs including Windows operating systems and most security software, such as
anti-virus software, have their built-in scheduling options and settings.
Reasons, why scheduling is useful, are the following:
& Schedulers automatically check for updates, so we do not forget to check for
updates for critical applications such as our anti-virus software.
& Schedulers can be set to automatically perform certain routine household chores such
as disk defragmentation - again, so we do not have to remember to do it ourselves.
& We can set schedulers to work on off-peak hours. Two advantages of this are that
they do not slow down our computers while we work, and they can be scheduled to run
when internet access is not so slow
PRINTER MANAGEMENT
When we print a document or any other type of file, it becomes a 'print job'. These print
jobs or tasks are temporarily sent to disk until the printer is available to print them. This
process of sending the print jobs to the disk is known as spooling. Each printer has its
area on a disk known as a printer queue where the files containing the printer tasks in the
queue are waiting to be printed.
You can manage the queue by:
& delete tasks

& interrupt tasks or
& start over
BACKUP
File backup has always been an important part of computer management.
Reasons why our files should be backed up:
& files can be accidentally overwritten or deleted

& hardware errors such as disk drives may occur
& devices can be stolen
& disasters such as fires, earthquakes and floods can destroy hardware
& files can be damaged by power fluctuations
& files may be deleted, encrypted, or damaged by viruses, etc.

Backup software
It is important to have a formal, structured backup procedure and policy in place,

especially in networked environments. You need to keep track of what you backed up and
when you last backed up.
These dedicated backup programs have the benefits of allowing you to
& schedule when to back up the files - it is usually best to do this at night when no one is
working on the files and there are no files open that may not be backed up
& choose to make a full backup of all the files, or only those that have been modified
since the last backup
& encrypt backups to prevent unauthorized access
& compress the files to save space on the backup media, etc.
BACKUP TIPS
Here are some tips to make your life a little easier when it comes to backing up your
system:
& Use software that automatically manages your backup process so that backup is not
a task you have to do manually
& Backup only your data, as the programs can be reinstalled themselves if necessary
& Back up your files on external portable media, such as a portable hard drive.
& Do not leave your backup disk permanently connected to your computer - Malware
such as ransomware that encrypts the data on your computer will also encrypt data
on any connected drive
& Keep the backup off the premises in case of theft or a disaster such as a fire
& Consider the option of using a cloud backup service like Carbonite as an additional
backup.
& Do regular 'housekeeping' so that you do not have multiple copies or different
versions of the same files.
& Consider archiving large files that you do not use often by moving them from your
computer to another storage medium.
& Verify that the backup works by restoring the backup files from time to time.
SECURITY TOOL
The fact that there are threats to user data, and the consequent need for security
measures, necessitated that the operating system itself be adapted to include security
measures and facilities to help prevent the spread of malware.
ACCESS CONTROL
Access control means that the operating system specifically asks your permission
before any software can be installed. The purpose of access control is to prevent
malware from being installed on your computer without your knowledge.

FIREWALL
& A firewall/security system acts as a barrier between your computer and the
internet. It looks at which programs are trying to access your computer via the
internet or trying to access the internet from your computer.
& It can consist of hardware or software or a combination of both.
& Firewall software is built into most operating systems.
& Third-party firewalls, such as those included with antivirus software packages, offer
more functionality, but for most users, the firewall included with their operating
systems provides adequate protection.
& Hardware firewalls can be standalone hardware devices and are commonly used on a
network as they can protect all the computers on the network.
SECURITY
Update & Security is a section under Windows settings where you can check various
aspects related to the security and 'health' of your device.
Here you can set and check settings for the following (among others):
& firewall
& Windows Automatic Updates
& anti-malware (to control viruses and spyware)
FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE
The three most crucial hardware components in terms of performance are usually
memory (RAM), the processor and the hard drive.
MEMORY (RAM)
& any programs and data that need to be exported or processed must first be loaded
from disk into RAM (memory).
& you do not have all the installed memory at your disposal, as parts of the operating
system and other programs such as anti-virus software remain in the memory at all
times.
& When the memory is full, parts of the data or programs that the computer is not
currently working on are temporarily stored in an area on the hard disk.
& It slows down the computer as access to the disk is very slow compared to access
to the memory.
& Therefore, the number of applications or programs running (in memory) affects the
overall performance of the computer

CPU [The speed (measured in GHz)]
In general, the higher the speed of the CPU, the faster it will work. (GHz)
The number of cores
& More than one physical processor can be included in a single 'chip'
& Each kernel is a complete processor that can operate independently of any other
kernel on the CPU chip.
& More cores make the computer work better, especially when performing multiple
tasks.
Cabinet size / CACHE MEMORY SIZE
& cache memory is a type of special high-speed memory used for recent or frequent
data access.
& The larger the cache memory on the CPU, the faster the CPU will work, since the cache
memory can then hold more data, and access to the cache memory is much faster
than access to ordinary memory.
Hard Disk / SSD
& Your hard drive (HDD) is the permanent 'home' for all your data and applications.
& Anything to be processed must be loaded from the disk into memory.
& a faster hard drive can improve the overall performance of a computer system
& Electronic storage (SSDs or Solid-State Drives) have no moving parts and are
therefore much faster than magnetic hard drives.
& They are more expensive than HDDs, but they improve the overall speed of your
computer more than any other type of upgrade
& A small SSD is used to install your operating system and applications (so they will load
and run faster) while using a larger HDD for data.
& SSDs can also be fragmented, but because they are electronic rather than magnetic,
fragmentation does not affect their speed.
INFLUENCE OF MALWARE
& Malware can slow down your computer by using resources like free memory and hard
disk space.
& On top of that, spyware can slow down your internet connection if it connects to the
internet frequently.
& Your computer may also become part of a botnet without your knowledge.

TROUBLESHOOTING WITH THE USE OF UTILITIES
& DISK SCANNING

o You can often solve problems on flash drives fairly easily by running a disk
scanner.
o It is a program that is included with all operating systems. It can be used to
check for bugs and 'bad sectors' and try to fix them
& DISK FRAGMENTATION / DEFRAGMENTATION

o A Disk Defragmenter is a software program that reorganizes parts of files
and speeds up your computer.
o rearrange the parts of the files so that they can be opened faster.
& DISK FULL

o Disk Clean-up can make more storage space available by deleting temporary
files downloaded from the Internet and temporary files created by Windows.
o It can also be used to install programs that you no longer or rarely use, etc.
o Disk Clean-up will give you a list of all the different types of files that can be
deleted to increase the amount of available disk space.

Network and internet technologies and implications
Internet connections and services

The internet ⇨ computer network that spans the globe and consists of computers and
networks connected by communication media (referred to as GAN - Global Area Network)
consists of computers + networks that are connected by:
> telephone lines
> submarine cables
> microwaves
> satellites
With the purpose,> of the network is communication + sharing of resources
WAN [Wide Area Network]
⇨ Computer networks spread over a wide geographical area
PURPOSE OF WAN: communication file transfer over a wide geographical area
ISP ⇨ Internet Service Provider / Internet Service Provider
DEFINITION: company that has a permanent, fast internet connection
> sell internet access and services for a monthly fee

Examples of WAN:
SERVICES PROVIDED BY ISPs:

& IoT (internet of things) =
trend for all sorts of things
1. Email
to connect to the internet so
that they can be monitored
2. hosts web pages
and controlled remotely
3. Wireless + wired internet access & Bank networks
& Internet
4. fax-to-email & Business networks
& Intranets
5. blocking spam

Broadband ⇨ high speed, high bandwidth connection to the internet
bandwidth - the total amount of data that can be transferred from one point to
another in a given time.
CRITERIA FOR BROADBAND INTERNET CONNECTION:
1. Mobility> connection stuck at 1 point / mobility
2. Line / coupling speed
> speed = kilobits / megabits measured per second (Kbps / Mbps)
> the faster connection = the more expensive
3. Limit/cap
> data bundles measured in gigabytes
> cap (limit): a limited amount of data that can be downloaded/uploaded in a month
> uncapped (usually) = usually more expensive
> can add data to limit if data bundle is used up (costs more expensive)
4. Shaped and unshaped
> shaped connection: gives preference to certain internet services, while others enjoy
lower preference + are slower
> unshaped connection: all internet services enjoy the same preference
WIRELESS VS CABLE NETWORK:
ADSL ⇨ Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line
most common wired connection available nowadays
> permanent digital internet connection that works via landline
Fibre is one of the exciting developments in a fast internet connection for homes and
businesses. Data is transmitted along thin glass tubes (or 'fibres'). The ability of fibre to
carry many more data at a time (the 'bandwidth') makes it much faster than the
electrical transmission over copper cables used in ADSL

INCLUDED IN COST OF CONNECTION:
1. monthly ISP fee
2. fixed monthly line rental fee (depending on speed configuration selected)
NOTES (ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES, LIMITATIONS)
& ADSL provides cheaper internet connections than cellular connections.

& ADSL and fibre are more stable than cellular connections as they are not affected by
issues like cell phone reception.
& Fibre provides much faster, cheaper, and more stable internet connections than ADSL
or cellular connections.
& ADSL speeds decrease the further you are away from the telephone exchange, and
for this reason, ADSL is better suited for urban areas. With a fibre connection, data
can move much further than ADSL to or from an exchange, before the signal starts
to weaken, so the distance from the exchange is less of a problem.
& Fibre uses light and is not affected by electrical disturbances.
CABLED CONNECTIONS:
1. Make landline phone calls + receive + use 1. ADSL not necessarily available in your area
internet access at the same time
2. Data speed depends on your physical
2. do not need to connect if you want to location (the further v ADSL exchange point
use the internet - connection is permanent = lower maximum bandwidth)
+ always "on"
3. limited to physical position + area that
3. most ADSL routers = Wi-Fi connectivity can cover Wi-Fi in that option
included so access to the internet from
anywhere in the house using
laptop/tablet/phone
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES / NETWORKS
1. Dedicated Wi-Fi technology (e.g., iBurst / Neotel)
> only access this network using modem provided by the company
> coverage limited to the location of the radio towers
2. Existing cellular technology (3G / 4G)
> implemented by cellular communication companies (Vodacom, MTN, etc.) using existing
infrastructure
> standard technology that can be used worldwide
> the same device usually used over different networks = changed by SIM card only
> Connect directly to internet using cell phone / #G USB modem

1. mobile internet access (24/7) from 1. restricted/slow access if in an area with
anywhere in the world poor range
2. can use smartphone/tablet = access 2. never get away from communication

internet (no computer required) such as emails/browsing = overloaded with
information
3. do not use cables for internet connection
3. online privacy + security = issue
What data communication do people use + prefer?
1. always-on, anywhere
2. fast + dependable
do not want to wait for data (if wait = not long)
3. hassle-free coupling
do not want to think how coupling will take place - just want to be coupled
the above is expected of portable devices because always "online"
Mobile devices => built-in 3G cellular technology> features hardware to connect to

standard Wi-Fi network
INTERNET SERVICES
REAL-TIME MESSAGING
include :
> IM (instant messaging)
> online chat
text-based communication facilities are typically used between 2 people on computers /

other devices to communicate in real-time
IM conversations only take place within "buddy-list"
> know the person to talk to
A chat room is where the idea of instant messaging started - it's an online space you go to
so you can chat with people - mostly strangers - about topics of shared interest.
1. cost-effective: allow = send + receive an 1. leads to anti-social behaviour (less face-
unlimited number of messages worldwide for to-face communication with people)
free
2. create opportunities for cyber-snooping,

2. real-time chat with more than 1 person at a cyber-bullying, identity theft, etc.
time
3. online chat is no control to ensure that
3. can indicate for contacts or available person's identity is genuine
4. certain applications can be used on a

variety of operating system
5. creates an opportunity to communicate

with people no matter their geographical
location
6. can indicate if you are available to chat
7. conversion between functions of the

system
VoIP
a protocol that enables one to make telephone calls over LANs, WANs, and the Internet to
anyone in the world
IMPORTANT: as long as a person also has a corresponding VoIP system with VoIP system,
audio, such as data, is transmitted via network
VoIP Tag also features a conference call technology> that allows you to talk to more than
1 person at a time
most popular VoIP Skype> enables you to make video calls if your webcam is connected to
a computer
1. VoIP calls are cheaper than normal phone 1. have internet access + both users use the
calls same software
2. software is usually free 2. must buy credits to be able to dial phones

where there is no internet
3. VoIP allows you to transfer files + make
video conferencing calls 3. Call quality may be poor = slow internet
connection
4. if the video is also used, data limit (cap)

can be used up
5. sound quality is low
6. very difficult to "track" the call if there

is an emergency as there is no fixed
location.

VIDEO CONFERENCE SOFTWARE
allow 2/more people (in different locations) to hold conferences online
> use computer network = transfer audio + video so that it takes place as if all participants
are in the same room
What HARDWARE is required when conducting a video conference?
1. camcorder (webcam)
2. microphone
3. speaker
while the person is talking, his voice + image is transmitted to other participants' screens
1. see people who communicate with + thus 1. need a fast internet connection
see facial expressions + body language
2. uses a lot of data (cap) especially when
2. much cheaper than normal phone calls or to using video
travel to a meeting
3. expensive to set up a video lab
4. users must be fully trained to use the

equipment required
5. a power outage can cut/short the

conference
6. power outages can damage the physical

components
7. time zones
PROTECT YOURSELF - GOOD PRACTICES:
1. make sure to work in a well-lit room
2. Protect privacy by making sure you know what camera can see
3. Test sound and video quality before making a call

CLOUD COMPUTING
The general term referring to part of resources offered as internet services
> cloud storage: online storage of files, web-based email and use of applications running on
web server computers are examples of such services
1. programs always up to date 1. can only be used effectively if you use a
fast, reliable internet connection
2. do not need to download any
applications/install programs to use as tools 2. no control over the security of your
data
3. has access to programs + data from any
computer / mobile device, anywhere in the 3. the payment of a monthly fee to use the
world as long as it can connect to the services
internet
4. the software may not have all the
4. does not take up space on the computer features and characteristics of the locally
installed software
5. server computer is more powerful than
own computer, which means that it can run 5. may "slow down" depending on the speed
programs that require more powerful of your internet connection
hardware
6. can share documents with users + work on

them together. users can even work on a
document at the same time
(so, no need to make many copies + email

from person to person)
7. system automatically backs up documents
CLOUD STORAGE / ONLINE STORAGE
Data stored on a server computer on the Internet
How to use Cloud storage?
- install software
- register on the website
- upload files
Cloud Storage> software usually free
when files upload create a password + can send password for the recipient so can also
open

1. easy + cost-effective way of sharing 1. the amount of space allocated for free
learning + transferring data use = small
2. no blocking of learning extension (extra space purchase = monthly / annual

fee)
3. backup of files made by the system
2. people with whom learning guide shares =
4. Save space on a local hard disk erasing pear accident
5. files synchronized by system 3. users struggle to access data with slow

internet connections
6. free
4. risk to your data security
7. users can access data from anywhere
where there is an internet connection 5. must have an internet connection to
access your data otherwise you will not be
8. users do not have to carry portable able to get it.
devices around
FILE SHARING
1. The most recent version of your files and 1. no guarantee that the documents will be
data will always be available to other users kept private
because the files are constantly "synced"
2. you will not be able to access your files
2. you can save the files and send the links without internet access
to another user [no problem with a size limit
on email] 3. Managing your files on a learning-sharing
program/website is more difficult than on
3. you can get a limited amount of your a device installed on your computer
storage space if you join
4. if you reach your data cap limit you will
4. do not have to worry about files being not be able to access your data.
forgotten at home
5. can access your data from anywhere

with internet access
6. does not require portable storage

devices

EMAIL ATTACHMENTS
can be documents/spreadsheets/etc. attached to email
1. cheap way to transfer leather 1. not suitable = large leathers (limit on max
size)
2. relatively cheap = transfer small +
medium leather 2. some email systems = block attachments
from extensions that pose potential
threats
e.g. .zip / .exe
3. not always secure = other users access>

email/user computer use
4. e-mail systems place restrictions on the

number of recipients who send messages
simultaneously (to try and prevent spam)
5. e-mail address he = person who sends an

e-mail (thus not effectively sharing way
of learning)
FTP
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
The protocol that ensures a fast/easy way of learning between computers (far from
each other) via the internet
how does FTP work?
- uploaded to FTP server
- learn to want = download / upload from FTP server
1. large leather = easy to transfer without 1. Many end users do not know how FTP
restrictions works
2. Security secured by username + 2. FTP connection interrupted + with pre-

password start transfer
3. transfer of learning = scheduled takes 3. Not all companies = FTP servers

place (when network = less busy)
4. FTP = technical = users prefer Google
Drive / Dropbox

GRID COMPUTING
a system where resources from multiple computers are merged + use at the same time
to solve a single problem
computers can = all be connected to the same network (home computer included)
[Grid computing]
distributed computing> necessary processing of problem (needed to solve) split between

computers = increase processing power
PURPOSE OF GRID COMPUTING:
used for scientific/technical applications where = a lot of data has to be processed at

fast speed
1. cost-effective solution 1. fast network connection between
computers required for efficient
(if a lot of resources have to be used) processing power
2. solution to situations = enormous amount 2. computers that use = may not start
of processing power required working fast enough / slow
3. save money + resources by using 3. computers infected by malicious

processing power that does not work to software
its full potential
GLOBAL IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY
The power of distributed (grid) computers is used to allow people from all over the world
to participate in projects that have a global scale by helping the idle time on their
computers
GOVERNMENT INTERNET SERVICES
governments worldwide realize the internet offers the opportunity to expand services
to public
Examples of SA government internet services
& television license/mailboxes renewed online

& access to forms + latest information
& information on unemployment insurance (UIF) + tax added + kept up to date +
payments can be made
& access forms + latest information
& old papers from education department websites downloaded

1. improved communication between 1. digital divide > in many developing countries
government departments + citizens + poor communities (like SA) = large part of
population limited access to knowledge of
2. access> services can be at any time + technology
place where internet access is gained
2. initial cost layout to develop e-system =
3. people do not have to travel long queues expensive
/ remote places
3. people fear online threats that get
4. provide immediate feedback publicity in the media
5. easy access to current information + 4. becomes very dependent on technology

documentation (if system power off = not access to all
great services)
6. increased efficiency + potential lower
costs overall
7. access to many websites + services via 5. technology easily blames people's

smartphones mistakes
8. less hard copies of forms + documents 6. not possible to switch all services to
needed + contributes to the green electronic version + many people prefer to
computer operation do business in person

the dangers of computer crime
SOCIAL MANIPULATION & MALWARE
How can we “see” computer crime:
1. computer system is the target
2. computers are used to commit a crime
Social manipulation⇨ Attempt to lead someone around the forest to reveal personal
information
Malware⇨ programs that install themselves without the user's knowledge to damage
computer system
TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS OF CYBERCRIME

Phishing Phishing is a common social engineering technique. It refers to
attempts to deceive or mislead the user into giving out personal and
confidential details such as PINs and passwords, usually by pretending
to be a legitimate organization, and usually by email.
Pharming Pharming is a fraudulent practice where a user is automatically
redirected to another (fake) website, even if he/she enters the
correct URL for the official website.
Click-jacking Click-jacking refers to an attack in which a site appears to be doing
one thing, but your clicks are redirected to do something else
Spoofing Email spoofing is the forgery of an email header so that the email
appears to be from another source (or person).
Spyware The term spyware refers to any technique or software that
attempts to monitor and track the way you use your computer, and
then to report this information to a third party.
Keylogger A keylogger is a type of spyware that records your keystrokes as
you type in an attempt to discover your usernames and passwords.
Computer virus A computer virus is a malware written to disrupt the normal
functioning of a person's computer without their knowledge or
consent. It can also be used to turn your computer into a 'bot', to
spread malware or to create security loopholes for other
applications to exploit
Computer worm A computer worm is malware that can spread itself over a network,
usually via email, without a person running an infected program.
Trojan A trojan is a destructive program disguised as a useful application.
This program can delete files on your computer or even scan your
computer for personal information and send it to the person who
created the Trojan.
Ransomware Ransomware is malware that encrypts data (making it unavailable)
until you pay the hacker a ransom.

Advertising Adware is software that downloads to your computer and bombards
goods / ADWARE your computer with ads that pop up whenever you are connected to
the internet. This is more of a nuisance than a threat, but some
adware encourages the user to close the popup by clicking on a
button that could have negative consequences, such as installing
malware.
Bots A 'robot' is a computer that is compromised (or infected) and that
can be remotely controlled when it is on and connected to the
Internet. A bot can also be called a 'zombie'.
CATEGORY COMPUTER CRIME

Harassment Harassment is when you are constantly bothered by messages or
data that you do not want to receive or data that spreads false and
potentially harmful information about you to others.
Examples of harassment:
& Cyberstalking is the use of the internet to stalk or harass

someone.
& Spam is a type of harassment that sends you a lot of unsolicited
and sometimes embarrassing emails.
& Uploading unauthorized photos on the web is also a form of
harassment.
& Cyberbullying is when someone is bullied online
Internet An internet attack or cyber-attack is an attack on the infrastructure

attacks of the web itself.
Here are some examples:
& attacks on businesses that cause problems doing business online

& attacks on websites, which violate websites
& cyberterrorism, which attacks parts of a country's IT
infrastructure
& denial of service (DoS) attacks, which use thousands of
compromised computers (bots) to flood a server with requests
for information
COMPUTERS AND THEFT

• Bandwidth If you use bandwidth without paying for it, you are stealing
(unless you are using a free service). People steal bandwidth in
many ways, including getting usernames and passwords for
accounts and connections that are not theirs, and by connecting
to unprotected WIFI networks
• Identity theft Identity thieves collect data that can be used to pretend to be
someone else. This data is anything that can be used to confirm
their (false) identity in cyberspace or when using official forms.
Technically, anything done with the stolen information (i.e., using it
to pretend to be someone else) is fraud.

• Processing time and When criminals have to do this type of task, they steal
power processing power by taking control of computers they do not
own. They can simply infect and take over millions of computers
around the world (this is called a botnet, with each computer
being one bot in the network).
• Data / Intellectual Data can be stolen in many ways: it can be physically stolen by
Property simply copying it to a portable storage device (usually a flash
drive), or it can be stolen by intercepting it while being
transmitted over the network, by social engineering to use
techniques, etc. The most valuable type of data is intellectual
property.
• Money & can be stolen by any of the above
& card skimmers (devices that read the magnetic data of your
bank card)
& directly stolen by internet scams
• Copied material This is when movies, music, games, books, or programs are copied
in electronic format without being paid for. Piracy can take place
on a small scale or a large scale.
SOFTWARE TO HELP YOUR COMPUTER PROTECT
& Antivirus software is software that scans files for various types of malware and
eliminates them.
& Anti-virus software uses signatures and definitions to detect the signs or specific
traces that are causing a specific type of malware in your system
& The operating system and most people do not perform anti-virus features use anti-
virus packages
PRECAUTIONS
& Be careful when installing 'free' software from the internet, as there may be
malware (a Trojan) hidden within the harmless package you want to download.
& Check that the e-banking services and e-commerce sites you use are encrypted for
security - make sure the URL starts with https: // and that a small, closed lock is
displayed.
& Have good password policies.
& Stay up to date and stay up to date with media reports and tips provided on banking
websites.
The following is a list of things to avoid when using the Internet:
& Do not give out personal information

& Do not click on links in pop-up windows and do not click on pop-up windows
& Do not click on links in phishing emails or other types of email frauds/scams.
& Do not open attachments or programs unless you are sure of what they are.
& Do not perform financial transactions on public computers

HERE IS A 'PARANOID ABC' THAT YOU MUST FOLLOW TO HELP KEEP YOURSELF SAFE:
& Accept nothing - do not assume you are safe and secure and do not assume that the
stranger who sends you an email is who or what they say they are.
& Do not believe anyone - look at the people you interact with.
& Check everything - poor spelling and grammar and incorrect website URLs are all red
flags indicating that an email or website is not 'credible' and may not be legitimate - in
other words, you should double-check make.

E-communication
Electronic communication (e-communication) or digital communication refers to all forms
of communication via electronic means - the process by which computers and other
communication devices are used to exchange messages and/or digital data.
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
& Easy to communicate digitally & effective communication depends on
& connect and communicate easily and internet coverage and speed
efficiently with many & requires other people to be digitally
& use wherever you are connected
& faster than conventional methods & requires expensive equipment as well as
& save money on travel a good internet connection
& cheaper & Hardware & Software Compatibility
& distribute your content to large Issues
audiences & effective use depends on the skill and
& it allows for various media types in a confidence of the user
communication session & difficult to prove that a person is who
& very fast over short distances they say they are
& much cheaper than postal services & makes it difficult for people to
separate their social lives from their
working lives
& people like hackers etc see you as a
potential victim
& digital messages can be misunderstood
as no emotion is linked
& can provoke a cyber war
GOOD PRACTICES IN THE USE OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION:
& Keep time zones in mind.
& Make sure you check the other people's local time before trying to contact them.
& Keep in mind differences in bandwidth.
& Not everyone has the same bandwidth as you and it's good to remember, especially if
you have a fast, inexpensive connection.
USE OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

Email Email is the setting up, sending, and receiving of messages electronically over
a network including the internet
Calendar In the 'calendar' you can set reminders about events, birthdays, or
appointments. Calendars can be shared among members of groups and
reminders can be sent to all people attending an event or meeting.
Tasks The Tasks option allows users to add tasks to a to-do list to remind them of
things to do. These tasks can be arranged according to their importance and
can be emailed or printed, depending on the application used.
Contact All email applications have an address book or contact list. This feature is
list where you store the email addresses (and other contact details) of the
people you want to email. When preparing an email message, you can either
select an address from your contact list or address book or you can enter it
manually. Email contacts can be organized into groups (distribution lists) so
that you can send the same message to many people without adding all the
individual addresses.

Archive Archiving lets you clean up your inbox by moving messages from your inbox to
an archive folder without deleting them
SOCIAL NETWORK WEBSITES

A social networking site is where individuals and organizations can post their preferences,
dislikes, interests, comments, photos, and activities so their friends can see and read
People, institutions, and companies use social networks to:

& stay in touch and communicate with clients, friends, and family around the world
& advertise and market products or services
& network with people with similar interests
& communicate news about an organization or club
BLOGS / VLOGS
⇨Application to create online publications
citizen journalism> any person can publish a blog without costing too much
1. provides a quick way to exchange ideas 1. Constantly updating the blog (keeping
interest)
2. can use personal / business purposes =
use marketing = provide more personal 2. most blogs = allow replies posted =
touch to smallness sometimes worthless and meaningless
3. very effective when using help forums = 3. free = persistent ads

sharing problems + solutions of community
4. because messages are displayed so that
4. bring about social change / encourage sent = easily "relevant" information is "lost"
freedom of speech
5. many blogs = start for free (WordPress)
GOOD HABITS:
& keep the blog up to date

& interaction with your readers = important
& trend = be comfortable + informative + interesting
& captions + images = eye-catching
& have options and highlight clearly
& links to sources (links should work)

PODCASTS
& A podcast is an audio file (often in MP3 format) that is made available for free
download or purchase from the internet. Professionals or amateurs can produce
podcasts.
& A video podcast (vodcast) includes video clips or photos. You're listening to a podcast
and watching a vodcast.
Podcasts (and in some cases vodcasts) can be used:

& to download radio programs so that people can listen to them again
& or educational purposes by teachers and lecturers to provide tutorials, lectures, or
lessons for their students
& for tourists and visitors in places of interest such as museums
& Way to communicate and allow users to & does not allow the audience to join or
hear material interact
& vodcasts allow users to view and hear & since vodcasts are visual, the viewer can
material see poor body language, which can give
& information moves fast using podcasts the viewer a poor opinion of the person
/vodcasts so people can get up-to-date being watched
information quickly & sufficient bandwidth is required to
& users can listen to downloaded download podcasts/vodcasts
podcasts, watch vodcasts and hear & Download an entire file and it can take up
where and when it suits them a lot of storage space
& & people with hearing impairments will
not find pod/vodcasts very useful.
WIKIS
A wiki is a website that provides for the collaborative editing and creation of the
content of web pages. The core idea of a wiki is that anyone can contribute to it and the
final published article does not belong to any individual.
wikis can be used for the following:

& creating company intranets
& creating community sites
& making checklists and lists of things to do in large projects that several people are
working on
& creating reference
& creating educational resources such as subject glossaries, study notes and FAQ guides.
GPS
& helps a user to quickly get directions to a & signals to the device may be
geographic location blocked by storms or heavy
& can be plugged into a car to get power from the cloud cover
car battery & need power
& can help locate a person quickly in case of & expensive
emergency & small - can be easily
& can be used to produce maps of geographical areas lost/stolen
& software is regularly updated to cover the entire & technology can fail at any
world time

USE THE WEB EFFECTIVELY
A web browser is a software application that enables one to navigate, view and
communicate content on the web
& Home Page Settings

In all web browsers, you can set a default web page, known as the home page, which
opens when you load the web browser.
& Bookmarks or Favourites

It's a good idea to keep track of the sites you find useful so you can find them again
& History
The History option allows you to find the web pages you have previously visited.
& Pop-up Blocker

A popup is a small browser window that appears at the top of the web page you are
viewing. They are usually created by advertisers and often open as soon as you visit a
website. Pop-up blockers are features of most web browsers. They allow you to
restrict or block most pop-ups. The level of blocking can be decided by the user and
ranges from blocking all pop-up windows to allowing only those you want.
& Blocking Websites

Reasons include wanting to avoid phishing sites and preventing targeting by spammers
who use adware as well as pop-ups to attack your computer.
& Caching
Web browsers temporarily save web documents such as HTML pages and images to disk.
This process is known as caching. The reasons for the cache are to reduce bandwidth
usage and to speed up web pages previously visited.
NEW TRENDS AND TECHNOLOGIES

& Mobile connection (smartphones and tablets)
& 'Always on' connectivity

Nowadays, it is expected that access to the internet will be 'always on' and always
available.
& Increased bandwidth at a lower cost

People can connect at faster speeds and lower costs than before due to the
widespread installation of fibre connections. The trend is that speed increases and costs
decrease
& Digitization of media

Books, magazines, newspapers, music, movies and even software packages are sold in
digital, downloadable formats.
& Distributed processing and storage

Storage and processing power obtained through the Internet can be distributed across
various servers in different data centres around the world.

impact of technology
THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY
& People communicate on a global scale

& Work, business, and competition take place on a global scale
& The flow of information is difficult to control and limit
& Telecom is possible
& Computer Fraud Occurs
& Many people suffer from information overload
TELECOMMUTING
& Telecommuters = greater job & not all people can manage or schedule
satisfaction> more productive their time well when working as
& flexible working hours allow telecommuters
telecommuters to do daytime without & need social interaction with other people
losing any working time and can feel isolated when teleporting
& environment is preserved
& telecommuters are less stressed
& save employers money> office space
and overhead costs
HOW TO DEAL WITH INFORMATION OVERLOAD
& Learn to read quickly and accurately and to identify the key points in what you are
reading. Language skills are essential to handle large amounts of information.
& Learn to analyse and compare sources.
NEVER assume that a single source is the only correct one. Try to get opinions and
information from a variety of sources from around the world.
& Take a disciplined and structured approach to handle information.
o Create a routine that limits the time you spend handling information.
o When you work, remove distractions by disconnecting yourself from the
Internet so that your workflow is not disturbed by emails, tweets, instant
messages, or the temptation to browse the web.
o Filter your email by creating categories like 'work', 'friends', 'family', etc. This
allows you to be more focused when dealing with a specific category of email.
o Use RSS feeds and readers to structure the news you read rather than just
browsing the web at random.
o Learn to use search tools properly.
o Use features of your browser that can help you save time when using the web
& Do not contribute to the problem by sending unnecessary information to others.

SOCIAL NETWORK AND THE IMPACT OF ICT
Interest in ICT usually starts with the communication and entertainment opportunities
that ICT offers.
Social networking services enable people to connect and share different kinds of
information.
General features of these services include the following:
& They are free

& They require users to register to use the services.
& They encourage people to get as many other people as possible to join.
& They can make money by gathering information about their users and selling that
information, or by selling targeted ads to marketing companies.
Twitter Twitter is a microblogging service ('micro' is used to describe the service

because messages on Twitter cannot be longer than 280 characters).
Twitter allows people to send messages to their 'followers'. Each
message is called a tweet.
Facebook Facebook is a free social networking service that enables people to
connect and stay up to date with friends and family, no matter where
they are in the world.
Virtual A virtual community is a group of people who gather online to share
communities ideas and interests
Google+ This is Google's attempt to offer a social networking service to
compete with Facebook and Twitter.
Kickstarter Kickstarter and Indiegogo are really interesting. Both are crowdfunding
&Indiegogo platforms - the practice of funding someone's business idea or project
through small amounts contributed by a large number of people, usually
before the project starts.
Here's how it works:
& You produce an idea for a product

& You create a presentation that shows what it is you want to develop.
& You work out a business plan to see what it will cost to make your
product a reality and how much money you need to fully develop and
manufacture the product.
& You offer rewards for people who contribute to the project
& You have a limited time to reach your target level of funding.
People who visit these sites can see what products or projects are
being offered. They can then 'promise' a contribution to a project. If the
project reaches its target within the time limit, their promised
contributions will be deducted from their credit cards, and they will
receive their rewards over time.

Pinterest Pinterest is a website that acts like a virtual public billboard (just like the
board you stick pictures and articles you like). This is a website where
you share things that other people have created that interest you. The
'pen boards' are a theme so you can find one that interests you, or you
can create your own.
RSS FEEDS
RSS (Really Simple Syndication) is a technology that automatically provides users with
updated content, such as new blog entries, site feeds and news headlines - all from many
different sites
For the publishers:
& provides easy and simple publishing, as & cannot see how many users are
subscribers will have access to the subscribing to their site or how often
stream and automatically get updated the visits to the feeds are
content with a browser
& provides a simpler writing process as
new content is written on your site in
the form of titles and short
descriptions and then links back to your
site
& ensure subscribers get the feeds they
subscribe to
& improve subscriber relationships
& effective marketing tool to a targeted
audience

Word processing
MAIL MERGE STEPS :
1. In a blank Microsoft Word document, click the Mailings tab, and in the Start Mail
Merge group, click Start Mail Merge. Start Mail Merge
2. Click Step-by-Step Wizard to merge mail. Step-by-step wizard for mail merge
3. Select your document type. Click Next: Initial Document. Select Document Type
4. Select the start document Select Use the current document and then click Next:
Select Recipients. Select Start Document.

Note that selecting Start from an existing document (which we do not do in this
demonstration) changes the view and gives you the option to select your document.
After selecting it, the Mail Merge Wizard returns to Use the current document.
5. Select recipients. In this demonstration, we will create a new list, so select Type a
new list and then click Create.
Create a list by adding data in the New Address List dialogue box and clicking OK.

Save the list.
Note that now that a list has been created, the Mail Merge Wizard returns to Use an
existing list and you have the option to edit the recipient list.
If you select Edit recipient list, the Mail Merge Recipients dialogue box opens, where you
can edit the list and select or deselect records. Click OK to accept the list as it is.

Click Next: Write your letter.

6. Write the letter and add custom fields.
Click Address Block to add the recipients' addresses at the top of the document.
In the Add Address Block dialogue box, check or uncheck boxes and select options on the
left until the address appears as you wish.
Note that you can use Match Fields to fix any issues. Clicking Match Fields opens the Match
Fields dialogue box, in which you can associate the fields from your list with the fields
required by the wizard.

7. Press Enter on your keyboard and click Greeting Line ... to enter a greeting.
8. In the Add Greeting dialogue box, select the Greeting format by clicking the drop-
down arrows and selecting the options of your choice, and then click OK. Add
Greeting dialogue box.
9. Note that the address block and greeting line are surrounded by chevrons («»).
Write a short letter and click Next: Preview your letters.
& Preview your letter and click Next: Complete the merger.
& Click Print to print your letters or Edit individual letters to further personalize
some or all of the letters.
CHECK FOR COMPATIBILITY
to check the compatibility of your document, you can run the compatibility tester. Pay
attention to these directions:
1. Save your document.
2. Click the File tab.
On the info screen, click the Check for Issues button and select Check Compatibility.
The Microsoft Word Compatibility Checker dialogue box appears, similar to the one shown.
It lists any issues your document may have for users of an older version of Word. For
example, attributes such as special text attributes, content controls, or document
extensions will not be compatible with those users' software.

4. Choose which versions of Word to check.
Use the Select Versions to display a drop-down list to select specific Word versions. For
example, the content controls are not available for Word versions 97 to 2003. The text
effects feature is available in Word 2010, but not in Word 2007.
5. Click the OK button when you are done reviewing the document.
INSERTING AND REMOVING BOOKMARKS IN WORD
1. Select text, a picture, or a place in your document where you want to insert a
bookmark.
2. Click Insert> Bookmark.
3. Type a name under Bookmark Name and click Add.
Note: Bookmark names must start with a letter. They can include both numbers and
letters, but no spaces. If you need to separate words, you can use an underline (_) —for
example, First_heading.
GO TO THE BOOKMARKED LOCATION
Jump to a bookmark
Type Ctrl + G to open the Check tab in the Search & Replace box. Under Go to what, click
Bookmark. Enter or select the bookmark name, then click Go.

LINK TO A BOOKMARK
1. Select the text or object you want to use as a hyperlink.
2. Right-click and then click Hyperlink & Hyperlink button.
3. Under Link, click Place in this document.
4. In the list, select the heading or bookmark you want to link to.
Note: To customize the Screen Tip that appears when you rest the cursor over the
hyperlink, click Screen Tip and then type the text you want.
5. Click OK.
DELETE A BOOKMARK
1. Click Insert> Bookmark.
2. Click either Name or Location to sort the list of bookmarks in the document.
3. Click the name of the bookmark you want to delete, and then click Delete.
4. If you added a hyperlink to the deleted bookmark, right-click the linked text and then
click Remove Hyperlink.
Note: To delete both the bookmark and the bookmarked item (such as a text block or
other element), select the item and press Delete.
HYPERLINKS
1. Mark the text you want to use as a link
2. Go to Insert> Links> Link (or right-click on the text and select Link)
3. Enter the URL for the link destination in the Address field
4. Click OK to create your hyperlink

The highlighted text will then become a hyperlink.
To test the link, hold down CTRL and right-click (or right-click and select Open Hyperlink).
This will open the destination in your default web browser.
HOW TO CHANGE HYPERLINKS
You can edit a hyperlink in the same way as you would any text in a document: simply
place the cursor in the hyperlink text and type.
Alternatively, if you right-click on the link, you can select Edit Hyperlink. In the window
that opens, you can then change both:
CROSS-REFERENCES
1. select the Reference tab
2. select Cross-reference
3. select the reference type (Numbered item, Figure or Table)
4. select the correct option Insert reference

To select the correct reference type:
Updating cross-references
1. To update a single cross-reference, select it and press [F9]
To update all cross-references in a document, select the entire document [Ctrl + A] and
press [F9]
Error messages
If You Error Message Error! Reference source not found, this means that the field to
which the cross-reference links has been deleted (for example, a deleted figure or table
caption produces this error). In this case, check that the element referred to still exists,
and then recreate the cross-reference, as outlined above.
ACCESSIBILITY
Use the Accessibility Controller
1. Select the Review tab on the ribbon. If you use Outlook, note that you will only see the
Review tab when writing or replying to messages.
2. Select Check accessibility.

Do not see Accessibility Checker?
1. Select File> Information.
2. Select the Check for Issues button.
Tip: To the right of the Check Accessibility button, under the Inspect heading, is a list of
issues.
3. 3. Select Check for issues in the drop-down list View.
4. The Accessibility Checker task pane appears next to your content and displays the
inspection results.
5. To see information about why and how to fix a problem, select a problem under
Inspection Results. Results appear under Additional Information, and you are
directed to the inaccessible content in your file.

Spreadsheets
ERROR INDICATORS:
Error Meaning
#DIV/0! Trying to divide by 0
#N/A! A formula or a function inside a formula cannot find the

referenced data
#NAME? Text in the formula is not recognized
#NULL! A space was used in formulas that reference multiple ranges;

a comma separates range references
#NUM! A formula has invalid numeric data for the type of

operation
#REF! A reference is invalid
#VALUE! The wrong type of operand or function argument is used
DATA TYPES / CELL FORMATS [FUNCTION CATEGORIES]
Format Description
General The default number format that Excel applies when you type a
number. Numbers that are formatted with the General format are
displayed just the way you type them. However, if the cell is not
wide enough to show the entire number, the General format rounds
the numbers with decimals. The General number format also uses
scientific (exponential) notation for large numbers (12 or more
digits).
Number Used for the general display of numbers. You can specify the
number of decimal places that you want to use, whether you want
to use a thousand separator, and how you want to display negative
numbers.
Currency Used for general monetary values and displays the default currency

Format Description
symbol with numbers. You can specify the number of decimal places
that you want to use, whether you want to use a thousand
separator, and how you want to display negative numbers.
Accounting Also used for monetary values, but it aligns the currency symbols
and decimal points of numbers in a column.
Date Displays date and time serial numbers as date values, according to
the type and locale (location) that you specify. Date formats that
begin with an asterisk (*) respond to changes in regional date and
time settings that are specified in Control Panel. Formats without an
asterisk are not affected by Control Panel settings.
Time Displays date and time serial numbers as time values, according to
the type and locale (location) that you specify. Time formats that
begin with an asterisk (*) respond to changes in regional date and
time settings that are specified in Control Panel. Formats without an
asterisk are not affected by Control Panel settings.
Percentage Multiplies the cell value by 100 and displays the result with a percent
(%) symbol. You can specify the number of decimal places that you
want to use.
Fraction Displays a number as a fraction, according to the type of fraction

that you specify.
Scientific Displays a number in exponential notation, replacing part of the

number with E+n, where E (which stands for Exponent) multiplies the
preceding number by 10 to the nth power. For example, a 2-
decimal Scientific format displays 12345678901 as 1.23E+10, which is 1.23
times 10 to the 10th power. You can specify the number of decimal
places that you want to use.
Text Treats the content of a cell as text and displays the content
exactly as you type it, even when you type numbers.
Special Displays a number as a postal code (ZIP Code), phone number, or

Social Security number.
Custom Allows you to modify a copy of an existing number format code.

Use this format to create a custom number format that is added
to the list of number format codes.

CUSTOM NUMBER TYPE :
An Excel number format consists of 4 sections of code, separated by semicolons, in this

order:
POSITIVE; NEGATIVE; ZERO; TEXT
Here's an example of a custom Excel format code:
1. Format for positive numbers (display 2 decimal places and a thousand separator).
2. Format for negative numbers (the same as for positive numbers but enclosed in
parenthesis).
3. Format for zeros (display dashes instead of zeros).
4. Format for text values (display text in magenta font colour).
Digit and text placeholders
Code Description Example
#.00 - always displays 2

decimal places.
0 Digit placeholder that displays insignificant zeros.
If you type 5.5 in a cell, it
will display as 5.50.
#.## - displays up to 2
Digit placeholder that represents optional digits decimal places.
and does not display extra zeros.

If you type 5.5 in a cell, it
#
will display as 5.5.
That is, if a number doesn't need a certain digit, it
won't be displayed. If you type 5.555, it will
display as 5.56.
Digit placeholder that leaves a space for #.??? - displays a maximum

insignificant zeros on either side of the decimal of 3 decimal places and
?
point but doesn't display them. It is often used to aligns numbers in a column by
align numbers in a column by a decimal point. a decimal point.

0.00; -0.00; 0; [Red]@ -
@ Text placeholder applies the red font colour
for text values.
Excel formatting tips and guidelines
Format Code Description
General General number format
Digit placeholder that represents optional digits and does not

#
display extra zeros.
0 Digit placeholder that displays insignificant zeros.
Digit placeholder that leaves a space for insignificant zeros but

?
doesn't display them.
@ Text placeholder
. (period) Decimal point
Thousands separator. A comma that follows a digit placeholder

, (comma)
scales the number by a thousand.
\ Displays the character that follows it.
"" Display any text enclosed in double-quotes.
Multiplies the numbers entered in a cell by 100 and displays the

%
percentage sign.
/ Represents decimal numbers as fractions.
E Scientific notation format
_ Skips the width of the next character. It's commonly used in

(underscore) combination with parentheses to add left and right

indents, _( and _) respectively.
Repeats the character that follows it until the width of the cell is
* (asterisk) filled. It's often used in combination with the space character to
change alignment.
[] Create conditional formats.
FUNCTIONS:
Functions Excel Formulas Description
Joins several
text items
into one text
CONCATENAT item. Easier
=CONCATENATE(text1,text2,…)
E to use ‘&’
instead of
the function
usually.
Rounds a
FLOOR =FLOOR(number, significance) number down,
toward zero
Returns the
individual term
BINOMDIST =BINOMDIST(number_s,trials,probability_s,cumulative) binomial
distribution
probability
Returns the
one-tailed
probability of
CHIDIST =CHIDIST(x,deg_freedom)
the chi-
squared
distribution
Returns the
CHIINV =CHITEST(actual_range,expected_range) test for
independence
CONFIDENCE =CONFIDENCE(alpha,standard_dev,size) Returns the

confidence

interval for a
population
mean
FTEST =FTEST(array1,array2)
Returns the
inverse of
LOGINV =LOGINV(probability,mean,standard_dev) the lognormal
cumulative
distribution
Returns the
LOGNORMDIS cumulative
=LOGNORMDIST(x,mean,standard_dev)
T lognormal
distribution
Returns the
most common
MODE ==MODE(number1,number2,…)
value in a data
set
Returns the
normal
NORMDIST =NORMDIST(x,mean,standard_dev,cumulative)
cumulative
distribution
Returns the
inverse of
NORMINV =NORMINV(probability,mean,standard_dev) the normal
cumulative
distribution
Returns the
standard
NORMSDIST =NORMSDIST(z) normal
cumulative
distribution
Returns the
inverse of
the standard
NORMSINV =NORMSINV(probability)
normal
cumulative
distribution
PERCENTILE =PERCENTILE(array,k) Returns the

k-th

percentile of
values in a
range
Returns the
percentage
PERCENTRAN
=PERCENTRANK(array,x,significance) rank of a
K
value in a data
set
Returns the
POISSON =POISSON(x,mean,cumulative) Poisson
distribution
Returns the
QUARTILE =QUARTILE(array, quart) quartile of a
data set
Returns the
rank of a
RANK =RANK(number,ref,order) number in a
list of
numbers
Estimates
standard
STDEV =STDEV(number1,number2,…) deviation
based on a
sample
Calculates
standard
deviation
STDEVP =STDEVP(number1,number2,…)
based on the
entire
population
Returns the
TDIST =TDIST(x,deg_freedom,tails) Student’s t-
distribution
Returns the
inverse of
TINV =TINV(probability,deg_freedom)
the Student’s
t-distribution
VAR =VAR(number1,number2,…) Estimates

variance

based on a
sample
Calculates
variance
VARP =VARP(number1,number2,…) based on the
entire
population
Returns the
inverse of
FINV =FINV(probability,deg_freedom1,deg_freedom2) the F
probability
distribution
Returns a
FORECAST =FORECAST(x,known_y’s,known_x’s) value along a
linear trend
Returns the
beta
BETADIST =BETADIST(x,alpha,beta,A,B) cumulative
distribution
function
Returns the
inverse of
the
cumulative
BETAINV =BETAINV(probability,alpha,beta,A,B) distribution
function for a
specified
beta
distribution
Returns
covariance,
the average
COVAR =COVAR(array1,array2) of the
products of
paired
deviations
Returns the
CRITBINOM =CRITBINOM(trials,probability_s,alpha) smallest value

for which the
cumulative

binomial
distribution is
less than or
equal to a
criterion value
Returns the
EXPONDIST =EXPONDIST(x,lambda,cumulative) exponential
distribution
Returns the
POISSON =POISSON(x,mean,cumulative) Poisson
distribution
Returns the F
FDIST =FDIST(x,deg_freedom1,deg_freedom2) probability
distribution
Returns the
GAMMADIST =GAMMADIST(x,alpha,beta,cumulative) gamma
distribution
Returns the
inverse of
GAMMAINV =GAMMAINV(probability,alpha,beta) the gamma
cumulative
distribution
Returns the
HYPGEOMDIS =HYPGEOMDIST(sample_s,number_sample,population_s,numb hypergeomet
T er_pop) ric
distribution
Returns the
NEGBINOMDI negative
=NEGBINOMDIST(number_f,number_s,probability_s)
ST binomial
distribution
Returns the
probability
associated
TTEST =TTEST(array1,array2,tails,type)
with a
Student’s t-
test
Calculates
WEIBULL =WEIBULL(x,alpha,beta,cumulative) variance
based on the

entire
population,
including
numbers,
text, and
logical values
Returns the
one-tailed
ZTEST =ZTEST(array,x,sigma) probability-
value of a z-
test
Returns
the serial
DATE =DATE(year,month,day) number of
a particular
date
Converts a
date in the
form of
DATEVALUE =DATEVALUE(date_text)
text to a
serial
number
Converts a
serial
DAY =DAY(serial_number) number to
a day of
the month
Converts a
serial
HOUR =HOUR(serial_number)
number to
an hour
Converts a
serial
MINUTE =MINUTE(serial_number)
number to
a minute
Converts a
MONTH ==MONTH(serial_number) serial
number to

a month
Returns
the serial
number of
NOW =NOW()
the current
date and
time
Converts a
serial
SECOND =SECOND(serial_number)
number to
a second
Returns
the serial
TIME =TIME(hour,minute,second) number of
a particular
time
Converts a
time in the
form of
TIMEVALUE =TIMEVALUE(time_text)
text to a
serial
number
Returns
the serial
TODAY =TODAY() number of
today’s
date
Converts a
serial
YEAR =YEAR(serial_number)
number to
a year
Calculates
the number
of days
between
DAYS360 =DAYS360(start_date,end_date,method)
two dates
based on a
360-day
year

Returns
the serial
number of
the date
that is the
EDATE =EDATE(start_date,months) indicated
number of
months
before or
after the
start date
Returns
the serial
number of
the last
day of the
EOMONTH =EOMONTH(start_date,months) month
before or
after a
specified
number of
months
Returns
the number
of whole
NETWORKDAYS =NETWORKDAYS(start_date,end_date,[holidays])
workdays
between
two dates
Returns
the number
of whole
workdays
between
two dates
NETWORKDAYS.IN =NETWORKDAYS.INTL(start_date,end_date,[weekend],[holi
using
TL days]) parameter
s to
indicate
which and
how many
days are
weekend

days
Converts a
serial
WEEKDAY =WEEKDAY(serial_number,[return_type]) number to
a day of
the week
Converts a
serial
number to
a number
representi
WEEKNUM =WEEKNUM(serial_number,[return_type])
ng where
the week
falls
numerically
with a year
Returns
the serial
number of
the date
WORKDAY =WORKDAY(start_date, days, [holidays]) before or
after a
specified
number of
workdays
Returns
the serial
number of
the date
before or
after a
specified
number of
WORKDAY.INTL =WORKDAY.INTL(start_date,days,weekend,holidays)
workdays
using
parameter
s to
indicate
which and
how many
days are
weekend

days
Returns
the year
fraction
representi
ng the
YEARFRAC =YEARFRAC(start_date,end_date,basis) number of
whole days
between
start_date
and
end_date
AND =AND(logical1,logical2,…) Returns TRUE if all of its arguments are

TRUE
FALSE =FALSE Returns the logical value FALSE
IF =IF(logical_test, [value_if_true], Specifies a logical test to perform

[value_if_false])
IFERROR =IFERROR(value, value_if_error) Returns a value you specify if a formula

evaluates to an error; otherwise, returns
the result of the formula
NOT =NOT(logical) Reverses the logic of its argument
OR =OR(logical1,logical2,…) Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE
TRUE =TRUE Returns the logical value TRUE
LOOKUP =LOOKUP(lookup_value, array)– 2 Looks up values in a vector or array

types
Looks in the
first column
of an array
and moves
VLOOKUP =VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col_index_num,[range_lookup]) across the
row to
return the
value of a
cell

Finds one text value within
FIND =FIND(find_text,within_text,start_num)
another (case-sensitive)
Returns the leftmost

LEFT =LEFT(text,num_chars) characters from a text
value
Returns the number of

LEN =LEN(text) characters in a text
string
Returns a specific number

of characters from a
MID =MID(text,start_num,num_chars)
text string starting at
the position you specify
Replaces characters
REPLACE =REPLACE(old_text,start_num,num_chars,new_text)
within text
Returns the rightmost

RIGHT =RIGHT(text,num_chars) characters from a text
value
Finds one text value within

SEARCH =SEARCH(find_text,within_text,start_num) another (not case-
sensitive)
Returns the absolute

ABS =ABS(number)
value of a number
PRODUCT =PRODUCT(number1,number2,…) Multiplies its arguments
Returns a random
RAND =RAND()
number between 0 and 1
Returns a random
RANDBETWEEN =RANDBETWEEN(bottom,top) number between the
numbers you specify
Rounds a number to a
ROUND =ROUND(number,num_digits) specified number of
digits
ROUNDDOWN =ROUNDDOWN(number,num_digits)
Rounds a number down,

toward zero
Rounds a number up,

ROUNDUP =ROUNDUP(number,num_digits)
away from zero
Returns a subtotal in a
SUBTOTAL =SUBTOTAL(function_num,ref1,…)
list or database
SUM =SUM(number1,number2,…) Adds its arguments
Adds the cells specified

SUMIF =SUMIF(range,criteria,[sum_range])
by a given criteria
Adds the cells in a range

SUMIFS =SUMIFS(sum_range,criteria_range,criteria,…) that meet multiple
criteria
Returns the sum of the

products of
SUMPRODUCT =SUMPRODUCT(array1,array2,[array3],…)
corresponding array
components
Rounds a number to the

nearest integer or the
CEILING =CEILING(number,significance)
nearest multiple of
significance
Rounds a number the

nearest integer or to
the nearest multiple of
CEILING.PRECISE =CEILING.PRECISE(number,significance) significance. Regardless
of the sign of the
number, the number is
rounded up.
Rounds a number up to
EVEN =EVEN(number) the nearest even
integer
Returns e raised to the

EXP =EXP(number) power of a given
number
Returns the factorial

FACT =FACT(number)
of a number
Rounds a number the

FLOOR.PRECISE =FLOOR.PRECISE(number, significance)
nearest integer or to
the nearest multiple of

significance. Regardless
of the sign of the
number, the number is
rounded up.
Returns the greatest

GCD =GCD(number1,number2,…)
common divisor
Rounds a number down

INT =INT(number)
to the nearest integer
Returns a number that

is rounded up to the
ISO.CEILING =ISO.CEILING(number,significance) nearest integer or the
nearest multiple of
significance
Returns the least

LCM =LCM(number1,number2,…)
common multiple
Returns the remainder

MOD =MOD(number,divisor)
from division
Returns a number
MROUND =MROUND(number, multiple) rounded to the desired
multiple
Rounds a number up to
ODD =ODD(number)
the nearest odd integer
PI =PI() Returns the value of pi
Returns the result of a

POWER =POWER(number,power) number raised to a
power
Returns the integer

QUOTIENT =QUOTIENT(numerator,denominator)
portion of a division
Returns the sum of a

SERIESSUM =SERIESSUM(x,n,m,coefficients) power series based on
the formula
Returns the sign of a

SIGN =SIGN(number)
number
Returns a positive
SQRT =SQRT(number)
square root

SUMSQ =SUMSQ(number1,number2,…) squares of the
arguments
Truncates a number to
TRUNC =TRUNC(number,num_digits)
an integer
Returns an aggregate in
AGGREGATE =AGGREGATE(function_num,options,array,k)
a list or database
Returns the number of

COMBIN =COMBIN(number,number_chosen) combinations for a
given number of objects
Returns the cosine of a

COS =COS(number)
number
Returns the hyperbolic

COSH =COSH(number)
cosine of a number
Returns the double

FACTDOUBLE =FACTDOUBLE(number)
factorial of a number
Returns the natural

LN =LN(number)
logarithm of a number
Returns the logarithm

LOG =LOG(number,base) of a number to a
specified base
Returns the base-10

LOG10 =LOG10(number)
logarithm of a number
Returns the multinomial

MULTINOMIAL =MULTINOMIAL(number1,number2,…)
of a set of numbers
Returns the sine of the

SIN =SIN(number)
given angle

SINH =SINH(number)
sine of a number

difference of squares
SUMX2MY2 =SUMX2MY2(array_x,array_y)
of corresponding values
in two arrays
Returns the sum of

SUMX2PY2 =SUMX2PY2(array_x,array_y)
squares of
corresponding values in

two arrays
Returns the sum of

squares of differences
SUMXMY2 =SUMXMY2(array_x,array_y)
of corresponding values
in two arrays
Returns the tangent of

TAN =TAN(number)
a number

TANH =TANH(number)
tangent of a number
Returns the arccosine

ACOS =ACOS(number)
of a number
Returns the inverse

ACOSH =ACOSH(number) hyperbolic cosine of a
number
Returns the arcsine of

ASIN =ASIN(number)
a number
Returns the inverse

ASINH =ASINH(number) hyperbolic sine of a
number
Returns the arctangent

ATAN =ATAN(number)
of a number
Returns the arctangent

ATAN2 =ATAN2(x_num,y_num) from x- and y-
coordinates
Returns the inverse

ATANH =ATANH(number) hyperbolic tangent of a
number
Converts radians to
DEGREES =DEGREES(angle)
degrees
Returns the matrix

MDETERM =MDETERM(array) determinant of an
array
Returns the matrix

MINVERSE =MINVERSE(array)
inverse of an array
MMULT =MMULT(array1,array2)
Returns the matrix

product of two arrays
Converts degrees to
RADIANS =RADIANS(angle)
radians
Converts an Arabic
ROMAN =ROMAN(number, form) numeral to roman, as
text
Returns the square

SQRTPI =SQRTPI(number)
root of (number * pi)
Returns the
average of
AVERAGE =AVERAGE(number1,number2,…)
its
arguments
Returns the
average
(arithmetic
mean) of all
AVERAGEIF =AVERAGEIF(range,criteria,[average_range]) the cells in a
range that
meet a
given
criteria
Counts how
many
numbers
COUNT =COUNT(value1,value2,…)
are in the
list of
arguments
Counts how
many values
COUNTA =COUNTA(value1,value2,…) are in the
list of
arguments
Counts the
number of
COUNTBLANK =COUNTBLANK(range) blank cells
within a
range

Counts the
number of
cells within a
COUNTIF =COUNTIF(range,criteria) range that
meet the
given
criteria
Counts the
number of
cells within a
COUNTIFS =COUNTIFS(criteria_range,criteria,…) range that
meet
multiple
criteria
Returns the
maximum
MAX =MAX(number1,number2,…) value in a
list of
arguments
Returns the
median of
MEDIAN =MEDIAN(number1,number2,…)
the given
numbers
Returns the
minimum
MIN =MIN(number1,number2,…) value in a
list of
arguments
Formats a
number and
TEXT =TEXT(value,format_text)
converts it
to text
Returns the
average of
its
AVERAGEA =AVERAGEA(value1,value2,…) arguments,

including
numbers,
text, and
logical

values
Returns the
average
(arithmetic
mean) of all
AVERAGEIFS =AVERAGEIFS(average_range,criteria_range,criteria,…)
cells that
meet
multiple
criteria
Returns the
GEOMEAN =GEOMEAN(number1,number2,…) geometric
mean
Returns the
intercept
INTERCEPT =INTERCEPT(known_y’s,known_x’s) of the linear
regression
line
Returns the
k-th largest
LARGE =LARGE(array,k)
value in a
data set
Returns the
parameters
LINEST =LINEST(known_y’s,known_x’s,const,stats)
of a linear
trend
Returns the
parameters
LOGEST =LOGEST(known_y’s,known_x’s,const,stats) of an
exponential
trend
Returns the
maximum
value in a
list of
MAXA =MAXA(value1,value2,…)
arguments,
including
numbers,
text, and
logical

values
Returns the
smallest
value in a
list of
arguments,
MINA =MINA(value1,value2,…)
including
numbers,
text, and
logical
values
Returns a
vertical
array of
the most
frequently
occurring,
MODE.MULT =MODE.MULT(number1,number2,…)
or
repetitive
values in an
array or
range of
data
Returns the
most
MODE.SNGL =MODE.SNGL(number1,number2,…) common
value in a
data set
Returns the
probability
that values
PROB =PROB(x_range,prob_range,lower_limit,upper_limit) in a range
are
between
two limits
Returns the
rank of a
RANK.AVG =RANK.AVG(number,ref,order) number in a
list of
numbers

Returns the
rank of a
RANK.EQ =RANK.EQ(number,ref,order) number in a
list of
numbers
Returns the
skewness
SKEW =SKEW(number1,number2,…)
of a
distribution
Returns the
slope of the
SLOPE =SLOPE(known_y’s,known_x’s) linear
regression
line
Returns the
k-th
SMALL =SMALL(array,k) smallest
value in a
data set
Returns a
STANDARDIZE =STANDARDIZE(x,mean,standard_dev) normalized
value
Returns
values along
TREND =TREND(known_y’s,known_x’s,new_x’s,const)
a linear
trend
Returns the
inverse of
the
NORM.S.INV =NORM.S.INV(probability) standard
normal
cumulative
distribution
Returns the
average of
the
AVEDEV =AVEDEV(number1,number2,…) absolute
deviations
of data
points from

their mean
Returns the
beta
BETA.DIST =BETA.DIST(x,alpha,beta,cumulative,A,B) cumulative
distribution
function
Returns the
inverse of
the
cumulative
distribution
BETA.INV =BETA.INV(probability,alpha,beta,A,B)
function
for a
specified
beta
distribution
Returns the
individual
term
BINOM.DIST =BINOM.DIST(number_s,trials,probability_s,cumulative)
binomial
distribution
probability
Returns the
smallest
value for
which the
cumulative
BINOM.INV =BINOM.INV(trials,probability_s,alpha) binomial
distribution
is less than
or equal to
a criterion
value
Returns the
cumulative
beta
CHISQ.DIST =CHISQ.DIST(x,deg_freedom,cumulative)
probability
density
function
CHISQ.DIST.R =CHISQ.DIST.RT(x,deg_freedom) Returns the

T one-tailed
probability
of the chi-
squared
distribution
Returns the
cumulative
beta
CHISQ.INV =CHISQ.INV(probability,deg_freedom)
probability
density
function
Returns the
inverse of
the one-
tailed
CHISQ.INV.RT =CHISQ.INV.RT(probability,deg_freedom)
probability
of the chi-
squared
distribution
Returns the
test for
CHISQ.TEST =CHISQ.TEST(actual_range,expected_range)
independenc
e
Returns the
confidence
CONFIDENCE.N
=CONFIDENCE.NORM(alpha,standard_dev,size) interval for
ORM
a population
mean
Returns the
confidence
interval for
a population
CONFIDENCE.T =CONFIDENCE.T(alpha,standard_dev,size)
mean, using
a Student’s
t
distribution
Returns the
CORREL =CORREL(array1,array2) correlation

coefficient
between

two data
sets
Returns
covariance,
the average
COVARIANCE.
=COVARIANCE.P(array1,array2) of the
P
products of
paired
deviations
Returns the
sample
covariance,
the average
of the
COVARIANCE.
=COVARIANCE.S(array1,array2) products
S
deviations
for each
data point
pair in two
data sets
Returns the
sum of
DEVSQ =DEVSQ(number1,number2,…)
squares of
deviations
Returns the
EXPON.DIST =EXPON.DIST(x,lambda,cumulative) exponential
distribution
Returns the
F.DIST =F.DIST(x,deg_freedom1,deg_freedom2,cumulative) F probability
distribution
Returns the
F.DIST.RT =F.DIST.RT(x,deg_freedom1,deg_freedom2) F probability
distribution
Returns the
inverse of
F.INV =F.INV(probability,deg_freedom1,deg_freedom2) the F
probability
distribution
F.INV.RT =F.INV.RT(probability,deg_freedom1,deg_freedom2) Returns the

inverse of
the F
probability
distribution
Returns the
F.TEST =F.TEST(array1,array2) result of an
F-test
Returns the
Fisher
FISHER =FISHER(x)
transforma
tion
Returns the
inverse of
FISHERINV =FISHERINV(y) the Fisher
transforma
tion
Returns a
frequency
FREQUENCY =FREQUENCY(data_array,bins_array) distribution
as a vertical
array
Returns the
GAMMA.DIST =GAMMA.DIST(x,alpha,beta,cumulative) gamma
distribution
Returns the
inverse of
GAMMA.INV =GAMMA.INV(probability,alpha,beta) the gamma
cumulative
distribution
Returns the
natural
logarithm
GAMMALN =GAMMALN(x) of the
gamma
function,
G(x)
GAMMALN.PRE Returns the

=GAMMALN.PRECISE(x)
CISE natural
logarithm

of the
gamma
function,
G(x)
Returns
values along
GROWTH =GROWTH(known_y’s,known_x’s,new_x’s,const) an
exponential
trend
Returns the
HARMEAN =HARMEAN(number1,number2,…) harmonic
mean
Returns the
HYPGEOM.DIS =HYPGEOM.DIST(sample_s,number_sample,population_s,numb hypergeom
T er_pop,cumulative) etric
distribution
Returns the
KURT =KURT(number1,number2,…) kurtosis of
a data set
Returns the
LOGNORM.DIS cumulative
=LOGNORM.DIST(x,mean,standard_dev,cumulative)
T lognormal
distribution
Returns the
inverse of
the
LOGNORM.INV =LOGNORM.INV(probability,mean,standard_dev)
lognormal
cumulative
distribution
Returns the
NEGBINOM.DI =NEGBINOM.DIST(number_f,number_s,probability_s,cumulativ negative
ST e) binomial
distribution
Returns the
normal
NORM.DIST =NORM.DIST(x,mean,standard_dev,cumulative)
cumulative
distribution
NORM.INV =NORM.INV(probability,mean,standard_dev) Returns the

inverse of

the normal
cumulative
distribution
Returns the
standard
NORM.S.DIST =NORM.S.DIST(z,cumulative) normal
cumulative
distribution
Returns the
Pearson
product-
PEARSON =PEARSON(array1,array2)
moment
correlation
coefficient
Returns the
k-th
percentile
PERCENTILE.E of values in
=PERCENTILE.EXC(array,k)
XC a range,
where k is in
the range
0..1, exclusive
Returns the
k-th
PERCENTILE.I
=PERCENTILE.INC(array,k) percentile
NC
of values in
a range
Returns the
rank of a
value in a
data set as
PERCENTRANK. a
=PERCENTRANK.EXC(array,x,significance)
EXC percentage
(0..1,
exclusive)
of the data
set
PERCENTRANK. Returns the

=PERCENTRANK.INC(array,x,significance)
INC percentage
rank of a

value in a
data set
Returns the
number of
permutation
PERMUT =PERMUT(number,number_chosen) s for a
given
number of
objects
Returns the
POISSON.DIST =POISSON.DIST(x,mean,cumulative) Poisson
distribution
Returns the
quartile of
the data
set, based
QUARTILE.EXC =QUARTILE.EXC(array,quart)
on
percentile
values from
0..1, exclusive
Returns the
QUARTILE.INC =QUARTILE.INC(array,quart) quartile of
a data set
Returns the
square of
the Pearson
RSQ =RSQ(known_y’s,known_x’s) product-
moment
correlation
coefficient
Calculates
standard
deviation
STDEV.P =STDEV.P(number1,number2,…)
based on
the entire
population
Estimates
STDEV.S =STDEV.S(number1,number2,…) standard

deviation
based on a

sample
Estimates
standard
deviation
based on a
sample,
STDEVA =STDEVA(value1,value2,…)
including
numbers,
text, and
logical
values
Calculates
standard
deviation
based on
the entire
STDEVPA =STDEVPA(value1,value2,…) population,
including
numbers,
text, and
logical
values
Returns the
standard
error of
the
STEYX =STEYX(known_y’s,known_x’s)
predicted
y-value for
each x in the
regression
Returns the
Percentage
Points
T.DIST =T.DIST(x,deg_freedom,cumulative) (probability)
for the
Student t-
distribution
Returns the
T.DIST.2T =T.DIST.2T(x,deg_freedom) Percentage

Points
(probability)

for the
Student t-
distribution
Returns the
T.DIST.RT =T.DIST.RT(x,deg_freedom) Student’s t-
distribution
Returns the
t-value of
the
Student’s t-
distribution
as a
T.INV =T.INV(probability,deg_freedom)
function of
the
probability
and the
degrees of
freedom
Returns the
inverse of
T.INV.2T =T.INV.2T(probability,deg_freedom) the
Student’s t-
distribution
Returns the
probability
associated
T.TEST =T.TEST(array1,array2,tails,type)
with a
Student’s t-
test
Returns the
mean of the
TRIMMEAN =TRIMMEAN(array,percent)
interior of a
data set
Calculates
variance
VAR.P =VAR.P(number1,number2,…) based on
the entire
population
VAR.S =VAR.S(number1,number2,…) Estimates

variance

based on a
sample
Estimates
variance
based on a
sample,
VARA =VARA(value1,value2,…) including
numbers,
text, and
logical
values
Calculates
variance
based on
the entire
population,
VARPA =VARPA(value1,value2,…)
including
numbers,
text, and
logical
values
Returns the
WEIBULL.DIS
=WEIBULL.DIST(x,alpha,beta,cumulative) Weibull
T
distribution
Returns the
one-tailed
Z.TEST =Z.TEST(array,x,sigma) probability-
value of a
z-test

database
DATA TYPES
Data Type Usage Size

Short Text Alphanumeric data (names, titles, Up to 255 characters.
(formerly etc.)
known as
“Text”)
Long Text Large amounts of alphanumeric data: Up to about 1 gigabyte

(formerly sentences and paragraphs. (GB), but controls to
known as display a long text are
“Memo” limited to the first
64,000 characters.
Number Numeric data. 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 bytes.
Large Number Numeric data. 8 bytes.
For more information,

see Using the Large
Number data type.
Date/Time Dates and times. 8 bytes.
Date/Time Dates and times. An encoded string of 42

Extended bytes
For more information,

see Using the Date/Time
Extended data type.
Currency Monetary data, stored with 4 decimal 8 bytes.

places of precision.
AutoNumber The unique value generated by 4 bytes (16 bytes for

Access for each new record. ReplicationID).
Yes/No Boolean (true/false) data; Access 1 byte.

stores the numeric value zero (0)
for false, and -1 for true.
OLE Object Pictures, graphs, or other ActiveX Up to about 2 GB.

objects from another Windows-
based application.
Hyperlink A link address to a document or file Up to 8,192 (each part of

on the Internet, on an intranet, on a a Hyperlink data type
local area network (LAN), or your can contain up to 2048
local computer characters).
Attachment You can attach files such as pictures, Up to about 2 GB.

documents, spreadsheets, or charts;

Data Type Usage Size
each Attachment field can contain an
unlimited number of attachments per
record, up to the storage limit of the
size of a database file. Note, the
Attachment data type isn't available
in MDB file formats.
Calculated You can create an expression that Dependent on the data

uses data from one or more fields. type of the Result Type
You can designate different result property. Short Text
data types from the expression. data type results can
Note, the Calculated data type isn't have up to 243
available in MDB file formats. characters. Long Text,
Number, Yes/No, and
Date/Time should match
their respective data
types.
Lookup Wizard The Lookup Wizard entry in the Data Dependent on the data
Type column in the Design view is not type of the lookup field.
a data type. When you choose this
entry, a wizard starts to help you
define either a simple or complex
lookup field. A simple lookup field
uses the contents of another table
or a value list to validate the
contents of a single value per row. A
complex lookup field allows you to
store multiple values of the same
data type in each row.

INPUT MASKS (characters)
Character Explanation
0 User must enter a digit (0 to 9).
9 Users can enter a digit (0 to 9).
# Users can enter a digit, space, plus or minus sign. If skipped, Access enters
a blank space.
L Users must enter a letter.
? Users can enter a letter.
A Users must enter a letter or a digit.
a Users can enter a letter or a digit.
& Users must enter either a character or a space.
C Users can enter characters or spaces.
.,:;-/ Decimal and thousands of placeholders, date, and time separators. The
character you select depends on your Microsoft Windows regional settings.
> Coverts all characters that follow to uppercase.
< Converts all characters that follow to lowercase.
! Causes the input mask to fill from left to right instead of from right to
left.
\ Characters immediately following will be displayed literally.
"" Characters enclosed in double quotation marks will be displayed literally.

DROP-DOWN LIST
Follow these steps to create a drop-down list or look-up list with entries you type:
In Design view, click the field that requires a drop-down list.
2. Open the Data Type drop-down list and select Lookup Wizard, the last option in the list.
The Lookup Assistant dialogue box appears.
3. Select the second option, I will enter the values I want, and click the Next button.
Under Col1 in the next dialogue box, enter each item you want to appear in the drop-down
list; then click the Next button.
You can create a multi-column list by entering a number in the Number of the columns
text box and then entering items for the list.
5. Enter a name for the field, if necessary, and click the Finish button.
Switch to Datasheet view and open the drop-down list in the field to make sure it is
displaying properly.
Validation Rule
As long as you know how to be operators and Boolean expressions, you can establish a
rule for entering data into a field. For example, you could enter an expression that
requires dates to be entered within a certain period. Or you can require currency figures
to be above or below a certain value. To establish a ratification rule, enter an expression
in the Ratification Rule text box. To use dates in an expression, the dates must be
surrounded by number characters (#). Here are some examples of validation rules:
>1000 The value you enter must be over 1,000.
<1000 The value you enter must be less than 1,000.
>=10 The value you enter must be greater than or equal to

ten.
<>0 The value you enter cannot be zero.
>=#1/1/2019# The date you enter must be January 1, 2019, or later.
>=#1/1/2019# And The date you enter must be in the year 2019.
<#1/1/2020#

HTML
Tag name Description
 This tag is used to apply comments in an HTML document.
<!DOCTYPE> This tag is used to specify the version of the HTML
<a> It is termed an anchor tag, and it creates a hyperlink or link.
<abbr> It defines an abbreviation for a phrase or longer word.
<acronym> It defines an acronym for a word. (Not supported in HTML5)
<address> It defines the author's contact information of the HTML article
<applet> It defines an embedded Java applet. (Not supported in HTML5)
<area> It defines the area of an image map.
<article> It defines the self-contained content.
<aside> It defines content aside from main content. Mainly represented as a sidebar.
<audio> It is used to embed sound content in HTML documents.
<b> It is used to make the text bold.
<base> This tag defines the base URL for all relative URLs within the document.
<basefont> This tag is used to set the default font, size, and colour for all elements of
the document. (Not supported in HTML5)

<bdi> This tag is used to provide isolation for that part of the text which may be
formatted in different directions from its surrounding text.
<bdo> It is used to override the current text direction.
<big> This tag is used to make font size one level larger than its surrounding
content. (Not supported in HTML5)
<blockquote> It is used to define content that is taken from another source.
<body> It is used to define the body section of an HTML document.
<br> It is used to apply a single line break.
<button> It is used to represent a clickable button
<canvas> It is used to provide a graphics space within a web document.
<caption> It is used to define a caption for a table.
<center> It is used to align the content in the centre. (Not supported in HTML5)
<cite> It is used to define the title of the work, book, website, etc.
<code> It is used to display a part of programming code in an HTML document.
<col> It defines a column within a table which represent the common properties of
columns and is used with the <colgroup> element.
<colgroup> It is used to define a group of columns in a table.
<data> It is used to link the content with the machine-readable translation.

<datalist> It is used to provide a predefined list for input options.
<dd> It is used to provide a definition/description of a term in the description list.
<del> It defines a text which has been deleted from the document.
<details> It defines additional details that users can either view or hide.
<dfn> It is used to indicate a term that is defined within a sentence/phrase.
<dialogue> It defines a dialogue box or other interactive components.
<dir> It is used as a container for a directory list of files. (Not supported in

HTML5)
<div> It defines a division or section within an HTML document.
<dl> It is sued to define a description list.
<dt> It is used to define a term in description list.
<em> It is used to emphasise the content applied within this element.
<embed> It is used as an embedded container for external files/applications/media,

etc.
<fieldset> It is used to group related elements/labels within a web form.
<figcaption> It is used to add a caption or explanation for the <figure> element.
<figure> It is used to define the self-contained content and s mostly refer as a single
unit.

<font> It defines the font, size, colour, and face for the content. (Not supported in
HTML5)
<footer> It defines the footer section of a webpage.
<form> It is used to define an HTML form.
<frame> It defines a particular area of a webpage that can contain another HTML
file. (Not supported in HTML5)
<frameset> It defines a group of Frames. (Not supported in HTML5)
<h1> to <h6> It defines headings for an HTML document from level 1 to level 6.
<head> It defines the head section of an HTML document.
<header> It defines the header of a section or webpage.
<hr> It is used to apply thematic breaks between paragraph-level elements.
<html> It represents root of an HTML document.
<i> It is used to represent a text in some different voice.
<iframe> It defines an inline frame that can embed other content.
<img> It is used to insert an image within an HTML document.
<input> It defines an input field within an HTML form.
<ins> It represents text that has been inserted within an HTML document.

<isindex> It is used to display search strings for the current document. (Not
supported in HTML5)
<kbd> It is used to define keyboard input.
<label> It defines a text label for the input field of the form.
<legend> It defines a caption for content of <fieldset>
<li> It is used to represent items in a list.
<link> It represents a relationship between the current document and an external

resource.
<main> It represents the main content of an HTML document.
<map> It defines an image map with active areas.
<mark> It represents a highlighted text.
<marquee> It is used to insert the scrolling text or an image either horizontally or

vertically. (Not supported in HTML5)
<menu> It is used for creating a menu list of commands.
<meta> It defines metadata of an HTML document.
<meter> It defines scalar measurement with a known range or fractional value.

<nav> It represents a section of the page to represent navigation links.
<noframes> It provides alternate content to represent in a browser that does not

support the <frame> elements. (Not supported in HTML5)
<noscript> It provides alternative content if a script type is not supported in the

browser.
<object> It is used to embed an object in HTML file.
<ol> It defines an ordered list of items.
<optgroup> It is used to group the options of a drop-down list.
<option> It is used to define options or items in a drop-down list.
<output> It is used as a container element that can show the result of a calculation.
<p> It represents a paragraph in an HTML document.
<param> It defines parameter for an <object> element
<picture> It defines more than one source element and one image element.
<pre> It defines preformatted text in an HTML document.
<progress> It defines the progress of a task within an HTML document.
<q> It defines a short inline quotation.

<rp> It defines alternative content if the browser does not support ruby
annotations.
<rt> It defines explanations and pronunciations in ruby annotations.
<ruby> It is used to represent ruby annotations.
<s> It renders text which is no longer correct or relevant.
<samp> It is used to represent the sample output of a computer program.
<script> It is used to declare the JavaScript within an HTML document.
<section> It defines a generic section for a document.
<select> It represents a control that provides a menu of options.
<small> It is used to make text font one size smaller than the document's base font
size.
<source>> It defines multiple media recourses for different media element such as
<picture>, <video>, and <audio> element.
<span> It is used for styling and grouping inline.
<strike> It is used to render strikes through the text. (Not supported in HTML5)
<strong> It is used to define important text.
<style> It is used to contain style information for an HTML document.
<sub> It defines a text which displays as a subscript text.
<summary> It defines a summary that can be used with the <details> tag.

<sup> It defines a text which represents as superscript text.
<svg> It is used as a container of SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics).
<table> It is used to present data in tabular form or to create a table within an HTML
document.
<tbody> It represents the body content of an HTML table and used along with <thead>
and <tfoot>.
<td> It is used to define cells of an HTML table that contains table data
<template> It is used to contain the client-side content which will not display at a time of
page load and may render later using JavaScript.
<textarea> It is used to define multiple line inputs, such as comments, feedback, review,
etc.
<tfoot> It defines the footer content of an HTML table.
<th> It defines the head cell of an HTML table.
<thead> It defines the header of an HTML table. It is used along with <tbody> and
<tfoot> tags.
<time> It is used to define data/time within an HTML document.
<title> It defines the title or name of an HTML document.
<tr> It defines the row cells in an HTML table
<track> It is used to define text tracks for <audio> and <video> elements.
<tt> It is used to define teletype text. (Not supported in HTML5)

U
<u> It is used to render enclosed text with an underline.
<ul> It defines unordered list of items.
<var> It defines variable names used in mathematical or programming contexts.
<video> It is used to embed video content with an HTML document
<wbr> It defines a position within text where a broken line is possible.
Basic Tags
<html> </html> Creates an HTML document
<head> </head> Sets off the title & other info that isn't displayed
<body> </body> Sets off the visible portion of the document
<title> </title> Puts name of the document in the title bar; when
bookmarking pages, this is what is bookmarked
Body attributes (only used in email newsletters)
<body bgcolor=?> Sets background color, using name or hex value
<body text=?> Sets text color, using name or hex value
<body link=?> Sets color of links, using name or hex value
<body vlink=?> Sets the colour of visited links, using a name or hex
value
<body alink=?> Sets color of active links

Text Tags
<pre> </pre> Creates preformatted text
<h1> </h1>> <h6> </h6> Creates headlineH1=largest, H6=smallest
<b> </b> Creates bold text (should use <strong> instead)
<i> </i> Creates italicized text (should use <em> instead)
<tt> </tt> Creates typewriterstyle text
<code> </code> Used to define source code, usually monospace
<cite> </cite> Creates a citation, usually processed in italics
<address> </address> Creates address section, usually processed in italics
<em> </em> Emphasizes a word (usually processed in italics)
<strong> </strong> Emphasizes a word (usually processed in bold)
<font size=?> </font> Sets the size of font 1 to 7 (should use CSS instead)
<font color=?> </font> Sets font color (should use CSS instead)
<font face=?> </font> Defines the font used (should use CSS instead)
Links
<a href="URL">clickable text</a> Creates a hyperlink to a Uniform Resource

Locator
<a href="mailto:EMAIL_ADDRESS">clickable Creates a hyperlink to an email address

text</a>
<a name="NAME"> Creates a target location within a document
<a href="#NAME">clickable text</a> Creates a link to that target location
Formatting
<p> </p> Creates a new paragraph
<br> Inserts a line break (carriage return)
<blockquote> </blockquote> Puts content in a quote

<div> </div> Used to format block content with CSS
<span> </span> Used to format inline content with CSS
Lists
<ul> </ul> Creates an unordered list
<ol start=?> </ol> Creates an ordered list (start=xx, where xx is a

counting number)
<li> </li> Encompasses each list item
<dl> </dl> Creates a definition list
<dt> Precedes each defintion term
<dd> Precedes each defintion
Graphical elements
<hr> inserts a horizontal rule
<hr size=?> Sets size (height) of horizontal rule
<hr width=?> Sets width of rule (as a % or absolute pixel length)
<hr noshade> Creates a horizontal rule without a shadow
<img src="URL" /> Adds image; it is a separate file located at the URL
<img src="URL" align=?> Aligns image left/right/center/bottom/top/middle

(use CSS)
<img src="URL" border=?> Sets size of border surrounding image (use CSS)
<img src="URL" height=?> Sets height of image, in pixels
<img src="URL" width=?> Sets width of image, in pixels
<img src="URL" alt=?> Sets the alternate text for browsers that can't
process images (required by the ADA)

Forms
<form> </form> Defines a form
<select multiple name=? size=?> Creates a scrolling menu. Size sets the number of
</select> menu items visible before the user needs to scroll.
<select name=?> </select> Creates a pulldown menu
<option> Sets off each menu item
<textarea name=? cols="x" Creates a text box area. Columns set the width;
rows="y"></textarea> rows set the height.
<input type="checkbox" name=? Creates a checkbox.

value=?>
<input type="checkbox" name=? Creates a checkbox which is pre-checked.

value=? checked>
<input type="radio" name=? value=?> Creates a radio button.
<input type="radio" name=? value=? Creates a radio button which is pre-checked.

checked>
<input type="text" name=? size=?> Creates a one-line text area. Size sets length, in
characters.
<input type="submit" value=?> Creates a submit button. Value sets the text in
the submit button.
<input type="image" name=? src=? Creates a submit button using an image.

border=? alt=?>
<input type="reset"> Creates a reset button
Tables
<table> </table> Creates a table
<tr> </tr> Sets off each row in a table
<td> </td> Sets off each cell in a row
<th> </th> Sets off the table header (a normal cell with bold, centred
text)
<table border=?> Sets the width of the border around table cells

<table cellspacing=?> Sets amount of space between table cells
<table cellpadding=?> Sets amount of space between a cell's border and its
contents
<table width=?> Sets width of the table in pixels or as a percentage
<tr align=?> Sets alignment for cells within the row(left/center/right)
<td align=?> Sets alignment for cells (left/center/right)
<tr valign=?> Sets vertical alignment for cells within the row
(top/middle/bottom)
<td valign=?> Sets vertical alignment for cell (top/middle/bottom)
<td rowspan=?> Sets number of rows a cell should span (default=1)
<td colspan=?> Sets number of columns a cell should span
<td nowrap> Prevents lines within a cell from being broken to fit
RESOURCES FOR COMPILING OF THIS DOCUMENT:

• STUDY OPPORTUNITIES GRADE 12 COMPUTERS PART OF
YOUR LIFE TEXTBOOK
• VIA AFRIKA GRADE 12 COMPUTERS APPLICATION
TEXTBOOK
• DBE HELP GUIDE GRADE 12
• ADDITIONAL NOTES BY COMPILER

C.a.T Grade 12 Summaries

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c.a.

Computers in our everyday lives

WHY DO WE USE COMPUTERS? [PROCESSORS]

EFFICIENCY, ACCURACY, AND RELIABILITY

& Computers work faster than humans can.

& Computers have reduced the labour involved in mentally intensive

& Resources cost money and computers can be programmed to

What aspects ensure that computers are accurate?

RELIABILITY: & Computers can be relied on to do tasks accurately, without getting

2 © NOTED C.A.T GRADE 12

& virtually eliminate time and distance as business restrictions

OLD DAYS: suppliers take longer communication = slower pace of

NOW: Global Range + Speed (Computers) = Reduce Time and Distance

TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS

3 © NOTED C.A.T GRADE 12

We can distinguish the following types of computers that are non-

Benefits of non-portable computers

1. more powerful than portable

PORTABLE A portable computer uses a traditional operating system (Windows, Linux

What type of desktops costs less?

Desktops with lower specifications i.e. :

4 © NOTED C.A.T GRADE 12

PERSONAL ⇨ Personal computers (PCs) are designed to be used by one person at a

& limited office tasks

& accounting or invoicing

5 © NOTED C.A.T GRADE 12

& Power Users Have Computer Needs That Make Top-Of-The-Series

The choice of a mobile technology that best suits a particular person

& browse the web and use email

ENTERPRISE A business user is a company that has hundreds or even thousands of

6 © NOTED C.A.T GRADE 12

DEFINITION / DESCRIPTION COMMENTS / NOTES

TABLET A tablet is also a portable Tablets are similar to

HYBRID COMPUTER Hybrid laptops/tablets often These machines are called

7 © NOTED C.A.T GRADE 12

PHABLET A phablet is a smartphone with a A computer in your pocket

8 © NOTED C.A.T GRADE 12

9 © NOTED C.A.T GRADE 12

10 © NOTED C.A.T GRADE 12

INPUT what does INPUT entail?

& data planning (collected)

& sent directly to storage devices

Software = program must be designed + written> ICT devices allow tasks

processing only takes place = software + data in physical memory (RAM) of

algorithm ⇨ step-by-step solution such as ICTs' processing processes

what does processing involve?

The function of input in a computer:

allows ICT device to:

& data received

What affects the quality of input?> The skills of the user

11 © NOTED C.A.T GRADE 12

& type in text

what to do if a keyboard's keys are sticky:

1. turn off the computer

2. unplug the keyboard

3. clean (damp cloth)

what to do if the keyboard does not respond

- wireless> replace batteries

- wired> disconnect + reconnect

DOES NOT WORK:

connect to other port and/or/recharge computer

still not working = replace the keyboard

A pointing device used as a GUI interface

& interact with graphical elements on GUI