Maxwel's Equation

In Integral and
Differential Form
A PRESENTATION BY:
ABHIJEET GUPTA-14011011101
PRERAK TRIVEDI-140110111045
KUNAL SHETH-140110111054
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Gauss Law for Electric Fields
3. Gauss Law for Magnetic Fields
4. Faraday's Law
5. The Ampere-Maxwell Law
 The equations describing the relations between changing
electric and magnetic fields are known as Maxwell's equations.
Maxwell's equation are extensions of the known work of
Gauss, Faraday and Ampere. There are two forms of each
Maxwell equation namely Integral form and Diferential
form(point form).
Maxwell's equation in the Integral form governs the
interdependence of certain field and source quantities(charge
and current) associated with regions in space, surfaces and
volumes.
The Differential form of Maxwell's equations relate
characteristics of the field vectors at a given point to one
another and to the source densities at that point.
" The Maxwell's equations provides the mathematical
background for the study of electromagnetic waves,
transmission lines and antenna.
 Gauss law for Electric Field
The total electric flux crossing the closed surface is equal to the total charge enclosed
by that surface.
The electric flux through the closed surface is:
Y= Qene
The charge can be expressed in terms of

r-fa-fos
- Toal charge encloedQA.dv
where Dis the Flux Density
Then the Gauss's law for electric field is expressed as:
o-fo-a-[ad
The previous relation is called as Integral form of Maxwell's equation
derived from Gauss's law for the electric field.
To relate D with del operator to convert surface integral into volume
integral using Divergence theoren

D-S--Ddv

Comparing two integrals, we can say that,

P, = VD
Gauss's law for Magnetic Fields
The total magnetic flux crossing the closed surface is equal
to zero.

The reason for this is that the magnetic flux lines are always
closed in nature. Due to which a closed surface in the
presence of these lines will have same number of incoming
and outgoing flux lines.
The incoming flux, is considered as " + " and the outgoing
flux, is considered as "- ".
Magnetic tlux lines penetrating closed surfaces.
 Integral form

Reminder that the Dot product tells you to find

magnetic field is a the part of Bparallel to î
vector (perpendicular to the surface)
The unit vector normal to the surface
Reminder that this
integral is over a
cosed surface
Bofn da = 0
The magnetic An increment of
Reminder that this is a induction in surface area in m
surface integral (not a Teslas
volume or line integral)
 Differential form

Reminder that the magnetic

Reminder that field is a vector
del is a vector
operator

The differential
JoH =0
operator called
"del" or "nabla" The magnetic
field in A/m
The dot product turns
the del operator into
the divergence
 Faraday's Law
Michael Faraday discovered experimentally that a current was induced in a
conducting loop when a magnetic flux linking the loop is changed.
The current which is induced indicates the existence of a voltage or an
relationship between the induced emf and the rate of change of flux linkage is
known as Faraday's law.
In a closed path the electric potential is developed due to time varying
magnetic field in the vicinity of closed path. The "-VE " sign in the equation
indicates a LENZ LAW, which states that the current induced in a loop in such a
direction as to oppose the cause producing it.

Integral form:
d
Eodl
=Boñda
 Integral form
Dot product tells you to find The magnetic flux
Reminder that the the part of E parallel to di through any surface
eletric field is a (along parth C) bounded by c
vector An incremental segment of path C

d
Eodl = Boñda
dt. The rate of change
Tells you to sum up The electric of the magnetic
the contributions field in N/C induction with time
from each portion
of the closed path Reminder that this is a line The rate of change
with time
C integral (not a surface or a
volume integral)
 Differential form

Reminder that the electric

Reminder that field is a vector
del is a vector
operator
The rate of change
OB of the magnetic
induction with time
The differential
operator called
ôt
"del" or "nabla" The electric
field in V/m
The cross-product
turns the del
operator into the curl
 Ampere's-MaxwellLaw
Ampere's circuit law states that the line integral of the tangential
component of Haround a closed path is the same as the net current lene
enclosed by the path.
So, in other words, the circulation of Magnetic Field Hequals Ine
Hdl = lenc

Ampere's law is similar to Gauss's law and it is easily applied to determine H

when the current distribution is symmetrical. The above equation always
holds whether the current distribution is symmetrical or not but we can only
use the equation to determine H when symmetrical current distribution
exists. Ampere's law is a special case of Biot-Savart's law
By applying Stoke's theorem to the left-hand side of above equation, we obtain

Iene
But,

Comparing surface integrals, we get that

VXH =J
 Integral form
Reminder that the Dot product tells you to find
magnetic field is a the part of Hparallel to dÉ
vector (along path C) The rate of change
An incremental The electric current with time
segment of path in amperes

d
Hodl = lene t Eo dt Bofda
The electric
The magnetic permittivity of
field in A/m
free space
The electric flux
Tells you to sum up the contributions through a surface
Reminder that only
from each portion of the cosed path C the enclosed current bounded byC
in direction given by ruth-hand rule contributes
 Differential form

Reminder that the Reminder that the The electric

magnetic field is a current density is a permittivity of
vector vector The rate of change
free space of the electric field
Reminder that the with time
dell operator is a
vector

The diferential
operator called t/
"del" or "nabla"
The magnetic
field in A/m The electric current density
in amperes per square
meter
The cross-product turns
the del operator into the
curl
 Application of Ampere
Maxwell's Law
Magnetic field
Field strength strength depends
only on distance Weaker field
meter and magnetic from wire
compass
Stronger field
Long straight wire carry ing steady current

Magnetic field -Magneticfield direction

is along circular path
strength is constant
along this path

Erplorng the magtc field around acuenikcarying vie.

Thank You