Prof.

Sean Cubero | TF 04:00-5:30 CLA / CN 304

LESSON 1 (PPT 1)

• This technique takes many years to perfect.

Adult chimpanzees teaches it to eager young
as they mature
MACAQUES ARE INTENTIVE TOO

CHIMPS ARE ALSO CAPABLE

OF USING LANGUAGE

If a computer can pass for a human being, does

this mean there are no essential differences
between humans and computers, more to point,
are we unique among animals? Is there something
that sets us apart?
For centuries we have claimed that we are superior
to other animals because of our capability in:
RIO THE SEA LION
• Tool making
• Culture
• Language
• Reason
• Morality
YET CHIMPS FOR INSTANCE MAKE TEA;
AND PLAN AHEAD FOR THEY USE.
• They break a icing reed stick or stalk of grass
• Strip away any excess leaves or twigs and
shortens it in an appropriate length, carry ft to
distant location. Inserts it into a termite tunnel.
Shakes it to attract the tasty insect and
carefully removes it without dislodging to
mate.

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Prof. Sean Cubero | TF 04:00-5:30 CLA / CN 304
DAMINI THE ELEPHANT
KILLER WHALES AND CULTURE
MACAQUES WON’T BETRAY YOU
Milgram’s Experiement
• This experiment is particularly impressive
when we recall a similar model using humans.
Participants, who received a small amount of
money for being part of the study, were told
that its purpose was to investigate the effects
of punishment on memory.
• Each time a human subject in zoo, room
(actually, researchers only feigning
participation) failed to remember correctly,
participants were instructed to move levers to
administer electric shocks of increasing
severity.
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• Despite hearing moans and screams from
other room, 87 percent moved the lever to 2
zone marked "Danger! Sever Shock” when
instructed to do so.
• The conclusion of this study by Stanley
Mailgram was that 87 percent of humans
(receiving money and instructions from
authority figures) will hurt others. What caused
the macaques (facing the deprivatiom of food)
to resist.
EXISTENTIAL QUESTIONS
If we are truly unique?
The task of proving it seems getting very difficult
Who or what are we?
What are we doing here?
Is there a distinct human nature?
“When you devote yourself into an ideal,
you become something else entirely”
AVOCADO VS. ARTICHOKE
VIEW ON HUMANITY
AVOCADO
• Pear shaped, yellowish flesh
• Single large seed at the center.
• If the seed is planted, an entire new avocado
plant may grow, which is also capable of
producing another generation of fruit.
• The seed at the canter contains all the essential
information of what makes an avocado.
Prepared by: Alia Gadjali & K ylie Tan
Prof. Sean Cubero | TF 04:00-5:30 CLA / CN 304
ARTICHOKE
• Consist of spiny layers that can be peeled off
one after the other.
• When the last of the layer has been peeled of,
there is nothing left.
• The artichoke does not have an essence, the
artichoke is nothing but it's layer.
JUDAIC AND HEBREW TRADITIONS
• The Hebrew scriptures asserts that humans are
made in the image and the likeness of God.
• Like the creator, we know who we are — we are
self-conscious and has the capacity to love.
• We are moral and is obliged to love and serve
God.
• Like the avocado we have a fleshy outward
appearance which makes us similar to animals
yet at the core we share the divine nature and
that makes us unique.
SOCRATES AND PLATO
SOCRATES
• The first philosopher who started to engaged in
systematic questioning about the self.
• For Socrates, the true task of a philosopher was
to now oneself.
• Socrates believed that an unexamined life is
not worth living.
• For Socrates, Every man is composed of Body
and Soul, this means that humans are
dualistic, that he is composed of two
important aspects of his personhood.
• Since humans are dualistic, he sees them as
having both imperfections and impermanent
vessels while also having a perfect soul that is
permanent.
PLATO
• Plato basically took off from his master and
supported that humans is a dual nature of
body and soul.
• In addition to Socrates' contribution Plato
added that there are (3) three components of
the soul:
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1. Rational soul
- Forged by reason & intellect. It governs the
affair of the hut-nail person.
2. Spirited Soul
- In charge of emotions that should be kept
at bay.
3. Appetitive soul
- is in charge of base desire such as eating,
drinking; sleeping and having sex.
“The measure of man is what he does with
power.” – Plato
AUGUSTINE AND AQUINAS
AUGUSTINE
• He also believes that humans are bifurcated.
• One aspect of the man dwells in the world and
is imperfect and continuously yearn to with the
divine and the other is capable of reaching
immortality.
• Body
- bound to die on earth, thrives only in the
imperfect, physical reality that is the world.
• Soul
- stays even after death in an eternal realm
with the all-transcendent God.
• The goal of every human person is to attain this
communion and bliss with the divine by living
his life on earth with virtuous.
THOMAS AQUINAS
• He sees man as having two parts: Matter and
Forms.
1. Matter (hyle)
- refers to the common stuff that makes up
everything in the universe. He believes that
Man's body is part of this matter.
2. Forms (morphe)
- Essence, substance or a thing"
• The body of the human person is something
that he shares even with animals, the cells in
man's body are more or less akin to the cells of
any living, organic world, however what makes
human, as a person is his essence or the soul.
Which for Aquinas animates the body.
RENE DESCARTES
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Prof. Sean Cubero | TF 04:00-5:30 CLA / CN 304
• Father of Modern Philosophy.
• Conceived of the human person as having
Body and Mind. (Cognito & Extenza)
• He claims that there is so much of what we
think and believe are not infallible, they may
turn out the be false. One should believe that
which can pass the test of doubt. (Descartes)
• Descartes thought that the only thing that one
cannot doubt is the existence of the mind, for
even if one doubt oneself that only proves that
there is a doubting mind.
• Cognito ergo sum “I think, therefore I am”
DAVID HUME
• Scottish Philosopher, Empiricist who believes
that one can know only what comes from
senses and experience.
• Hume argues that the self is nothing like what
his predecessors thought of it. The self is not an
entity over and beyond the physical body.
• To Hume, the self is nothing else but a bundle
of impressions.
2 TYPES OF EXPERIENCE
1. Impressions
- The basic object of our experience or
sensations, therefore the core of our
thoughts.
- When one touches an ice cube, the cold
sensation is an impression.
- Therefore, impressions are vivid
because they are direct products of our
experience with the world.
2. Ideas
- These are copies of impressions.
Because of this, they are not as lively
and vivid as impressions.
- When one imagines the feeling of being
in love for the first time that still is an
idea.
• To Hume, "Self" is simply a bundle or collection
of different perceptions, which succeed each
other with an inconceivable rapidly and are in
perpetual flux and movement (Hume and
Sternberg, 1992)
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• Men want to believe that there is a unified,
coherent self or mind just like what the
previous philosophers thought.
• In reality, self is simply combination of
experience with a particular person.
IMMANUEL KANT
• Kant recognized that everything starts with
perception and sensation of impressions. Yet
he argues that humans also categorized and
organize these experiences according to their
relationship.
• To Kant, there is necessarily a mind that
organizes the impressions that men get from
the external world. Time and Space for
example, are ideas that one cannot find in the
world, but is built in our minds, he calls these as
apparatuses of the mind.
• Along the different apparatuses of the mind
there goes the "Self"
• Without the self, one cannot organize the
different impressions that one gets in to his
existence.
GILBERT RYLE
• Ryle sees the self as the day-to-day behaviour
that manifest in a person.
• For Ryle, looking for the self is like visiting your
friend's university and looking for the
"university" one can roam around the campus,
visit the library, football field, faculty and still
end up not finding the "university". This is
because the campus, the people and the
system and the territory all form the university.
• “Self” is not an Entity, but it is a name we use to
refer to all behaviours that people make.
MERLEAU PONTY
• Unlike his predecessors who believe that Man
is bifurcated into MIND and BODY, he sees
these as intertwined and cannot be separated
from one another.
• Sees living body his thoughts, emotions, and
experience are all one.
Prepared by: Alia Gadjali & K ylie Tan
Prof. Sean Cubero | TF 04:00-5:30 CLA / CN 304

LESSON 2 (PPT 2)
SELF AND CULTURE
• In the Philippines Filipinos tend to consider
their territory_ as part of themselves. Thus, the
parrentiai “tapat ko, linis ko". Filipinos most
probably do not consider national road as
something external to who they are, it is part of
them thus crossing whenever or wherever
becomes no brainer. In another country
however the filipino recognizes foreign
territory thus he has to follow the rules or else
apprehended.
MARCEL MAUSS
• French. Anthropologist.
“love” is lubh means desire, technically love is a
desire, so the Filipino intonation for it not just a
mere desire but valuable.
• Another interesting facet of our language is
being Gender Neutral.
• In these various Examples, we have seen how
language has something to do with culture, it
is a salient part of culture and ultimately has a
tremendous effect in crafting our concept of
Self.
• This might be the reason cultural divide spells
out the differences in how we regard ourselves.
In one study, it was found that north

• Self has two faces: Personne and Moi • Americans most likely attribute themselves as
Unique and claim that they are the best at
• Moi doing the things they love.
- refers to person's sense of who he is, his • Japanese people in contrary display a degree of
body, his basic identity, his biological modesty. If one is born a in particular culture, it
aspects. tries to fit in a particular mold.
- Moi is the BASIC IDENTITY.
• Personne
- is composed of social concept of what does
it mean to be who he is.
- How it means to live in a particular
situation. (Family, nation, religion, ethnicity,
expectations.)
• In the case oof Jon, he has a moi, but he has to
shift from one personne to another, in certain
context. Moi in jon is the static and unchanged
self.
LANGUAGE IS ANOTHER INTERESTING
ASPECT OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM
• We denote the phrase "Mahal kita" which is
translated to "I love you"
• The Filipino brand of this articulation does not
specify the subject and object of love. There is
no distinction between lover and beloved.
• "Mahal" can mean both "love" & "expensive", in
our language love is bound with value, being
expensive, precious, valuable. Someone whom
we love is valuable to us. The Sanskrit origin of

BSN 1-B Prepared by: Alia Gadjali & K ylie Tan

Prof. Sean Cubero | TF 04:00-5:30 CLA / CN 304

LESSON 3 (CLASSICAL PSYCHOCANALYSIS)

SIGMUND FREUD (PSYCHOANALYSIS) DRIVE OR INSTINCT
BIOGRAPHY A constant motivational force that cannot be
• Born in Freighberg, Moravia on May 06, 1856 avoided through flight.

• Spend most of his life in Vienna Austria LIFE INSTINCTS:

• Was the eldest son of 8
• Studied medicine, specialty in psychiatry
• Studied Hysteria with charcot and breuer.
• In 1900 he wrote the interpretation of dream.
• After 1900 he developed an international circle
of followers (Wednesday Psychological Society)
• Driven out of Australia by the Nazia in 1938
• Died in London in 1939 due to oral cancer.
BASIC TENET
• Human Personality and behavior are
powerfully shaped by early childhood
relationships, unconscious and instinctual
drives. He also believed that humans are
primary pleasure – seeking individuals
dominated by sexual and aggressive
impulse.
EROS
• All of the instincts inherent to us that seeks to
maintain life.
• We may be motivated to satisfy hunger, thirst,
and sexual desires.
• The main goal of Eros is the reduction of sexual
tension.
• P.S. Eros can take many forms including
Narcissism, love, sadism, and masochism.
LIBIDO
• Basic psychic energy comes from the id, that
propels behavior.
• It is not limited to genital satisfaction but may
be invested in different parts of the body and
these are called erogenous zones.
DEATH INSTINCTS:
THANATOS
• Instinct aimed at returning to an organic state
(death).
• May manifest as aggressive behaviors such as:
teasing, gossip, sarcasm, humiliation, humor,
and the enjoyment of other people’s suffering.
STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
• Id: Instincts
• Ego: Reality
• Superego: Morality
THE “ID”
• Completely unconscious and has no contact
with reality.
• Strives to bring about satisfaction of instinctual
needs (tension) on the basis of pleasure
principle.
• Pleasure Principle
- seeking of pleasure and avoiding of pain in
order to satisfy biological and psychological
needs.

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Prof. Sean Cubero | TF 04:00-5:30 CLA / CN 304
• It cannot make value judgements or TYPES OF DEFENSE MECHANISMS
distinguish between good and evil.
The Ego driven by the ID and confined by the ego
• In review, the id is primitive, chaotic, employs defense mechanism to cope with
inaccessible to consciousness, anxieties.
unchangeable, amoral, illogical,
unorganized, and filled with energy received
from basic drives and discharged for the 1. Repression
satisfaction of the pleasure principle.
- keeps disturbing thoughts from becoming
EGO (EXECUTIVE BRANCH) conscious. The repressed thoughts may
emerge into symbolic dream and
• In contact with reality
unexplained behavior.
• Tasked with executing the desires of Id.
2. Denial
• Partly, conscious, unconscious, preconscious
- refuse to accept reality and deny painful
• Executive branch of personality which feeling about a particular event.
handles cognitive and intellectual functions. 3. Reaction Formation
• Constantly tries to reconcile the blind, - Act in the opposite way to disturbing
irrational claims of id and super ego. thoughts or feelings.
• Ego must also serve the external world. 4. Projection
• No strength of its own but borrows energy - Misattribution of undesirable and
from the id. unacceptable thoughts or feelings onto
• Despite of this independence on the id, the ego another person.
sometimes comes closer to a gaining 5. Displacement
complete control.
- Channel a feeling from its actual source to
SUPER EGO (MORALISTIC COMPONENT) less threatening person or object.
• Has no contact with reality 6. Regression
• Grows out of the ego and can order the ego to - revert to earlier age or less mature way to
engage in repression. handle stress or anxiety.
• Has two subsystem: 7. Rationalization
1. Conscience (should not do) – punitive - justify unwanted feelings or behavior in a
aspect of super ego seemingly logical manner.
2. Ego-Ideal (Should do’s) – strives for 8. Sublimation
perfection.
- Redirect the energy or impulse.
• Individual’s internalization of societal values.
- (e.g., aggression to more productive and
ANXIETY acceptable behavior)
• a felt affective unpleasant state accompanied
by physical sensation that warns a person of
impending danger.
• Realistic Anxiety
• Neurotic Anxiety
• Moralistic Anxiety

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