FLASH FLOOD STORM WATER

DRAINGE WORKS

PROTECTION AND PROTECTION

STRUCTURES

PROJECT REPORT
Ahmed Abd Elaziz Mohamed Mohamed

20156025

Under supervision of Dr. Amir Mobashir

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of figures ..............................................................................................................................................................2

list of tables....................................................................................................................................................................4

Chapter 1
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................5
areas at risk from flash floods ................................................................................................................... 5
flood types................................................................................................................................................. 6

Flash flood .....................................................................................................................................................................7

catchaments and rainfall ........................................................................................................................... 8
floods consequences................................................................................................................................ 10

Flood protection measures ........................................................................................................................................... 11

Types of Culverts .................................................................................................................................... 12

Detecting flash floods .................................................................................................................................................. 14

the NWS WSR-88D ................................................................................................................................ 15
radars in Saudi Arabia ............................................................................................................................. 16

Chapter 2
project describtion ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
purpose of the project.............................................................................................................................. 22
Softwares used in this project: ................................................................................................................ 22

Hydrlogical studies ...................................................................................................................................................... 23

rain studies .............................................................................................................................................. 23
Soil characteristics: ................................................................................................................................. 27
Topography: ............................................................................................................................................ 28

Chapter 3
Ditches allignment ....................................................................................................................................................... 29
Factors to be considered.......................................................................................................................... 30

Watershed Modeling System (WMS 10.1) .................................................................................................................. 33

Design of culverts ........................................................................................................................................................ 46

Culverts data ......................................................................................................................................... 48

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 Culverts from C-1-1 to C-3-4.............................................................................................................. 48
Culverts C-4-1 to C-4-3 ...................................................................................................................... 50
Culverts C-5 and C-6 ......................................................................................................................... 52
Worksheet for culverts ............................................................................................................................ 54

Culvert inlet and outlet protection ............................................................................................................................... 65

lining and hydraulic structures protection ................................................................................................................... 67

Chapter 4
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................... 69

Software steps .............................................................................................................................................................. 70

Warnings for flash floods ............................................................................................................................................ 98

references ................................................................................................................................................................... 100

TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1:Mountains and steep hills produce rapid runoff, which can cause streams to rise quickly. ............................5

Figure 2:An urban underpass during normal conditions (upper) and after fifteen minutes of heavy rain (lower).........6

Figure 3:Coastal flooding ..............................................................................................................................................7

Figure 4: flash flood in Bouzeguene, Algeria. ...............................................................................................................7

Figure 5: factors affecting flood ....................................................................................................................................9

Figure 6:average annual flood events and losses. 1972-2016 ...................................................................................... 10

Figure 7: detention basin example ............................................................................................................................... 11

Figure 8: levee next to the flooding Mississippi River. ............................................................................................... 11

Figure 9: Box Culverts Shape ...................................................................................................................................... 13

Figure 10: rain gauge ................................................................................................................................................... 14

Figure 11:WSR-88D radar ........................................................................................................................................... 15

Figure 12: live radar locations in the KSA .................................................................................................................. 16

Figure 13: radars provided on the AEQD portal .......................................................................................................... 16

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Figure 14: iris radar picture for the KSA ..................................................................................................................... 17

Figure 15: : Abha radar picture .................................................................................................................................... 17

Figure 16: location on the KSA map ........................................................................................................................... 18

Figure 17: project site .................................................................................................................................................. 19

Figure 18: View from the summit of Jabal Sawdah ("Mount Sawdah") ..................................................................... 20

Figure 19: Population through the years ...................................................................................................................... 21

Figure 20: Development graph .................................................................................................................................... 21

Figure 21: softwares used ............................................................................................................................................ 22

Figure 22: Mean annual rainfall 1950-2013 ................................................................................................................ 24

Figure 23: stations around study area .......................................................................................................................... 25

Figure 24: Distribution of daily maximum rainfall for station (SA105) ...................................................................... 25

Figure 25: Distribution of the maximum daily rainfall of station No. (SA113) .......................................................... 26

Figure 26: Distribution of daily maximum rainfall for station (SA138) ...................................................................... 26

Figure 27: Average (mm) to all stations ...................................................................................................................... 26

Figure 28: Soil Infiltration rate and hydrological soil group ....................................................................................... 27

Figure 29: terrain of the study area .............................................................................................................................. 28

Figure 30: Profile elevation ......................................................................................................................................... 29

Figure 31:Example where a location of the collector ditch adapted to the contour lines ............................................ 30

Figure 32: contour lines at site ..................................................................................................................................... 31

Figure 33: proposed open ditches ................................................................................................................................ 32

Figure 34: global mapper output which goes into Google Earth ................................................................................. 34

Figure 35: coordinates from google earth .................................................................................................................... 34

Figure 36: hydrologic modeling tree ........................................................................................................................... 35

Figure 37: average depth data ...................................................................................................................................... 36

Figure 38: defined precipitation series ......................................................................................................................... 36

Figure 39: Basins and calculated discharges ............................................................................................................... 37

Figure 40: top and middle of site graph ....................................................................................................................... 37

Figure 41: bottom of site graph ................................................................................................................................... 38

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Figure 42: manning table ............................................................................................................................................. 40

Figure 43: cross-section of lined ditch ......................................................................................................................... 41

Figure 44: maximum canal side slopes z ..................................................................................................................... 41

Figure 45: ditches cross-sectiions in meters ................................................................................................................ 45

Figure 46:location of proposed culverts ...................................................................................................................... 47

Figure 47: moments using Staad pro ........................................................................................................................... 62

Figure 48: Wing walls ................................................................................................................................................. 65

Figure 49: Scour aprons ............................................................................................................................................... 66

Figure 50: General plan of the culvert ......................................................................................................................... 66

Figure 51: culvert-crossing channel lined with riprap ................................................................................................. 68

Figure 52: Save new file .............................................................................................................................................. 72

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1:Properties and dimensions of the proposed ditches ........................................................................................ 44

Table 2: Results of Hydraulic analysis of Ditches ....................................................................................................... 44

Table 3: culverts properties ......................................................................................................................................... 56

Table 4: moemnts and normal forces ........................................................................................................................... 60

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INTRODUCTION

Flooding is a normally dry overflow of water onto land. During heavy rains,
when ocean waves come to shore, when snow rapidly melts, or when dams
or levees break. Damaging flooding can occur with only a few inches of
water, or it can cover the rooftop over a house. Floods may occur in a
matter of minutes or longer, and can last days, weeks, or longer.

Of all weather-related natural disasters, floods are the most common and
widespread.

The most dangerous form of floods

are flash floods, as they combine
the destructive force of a flood with
incredible speed. Flash flooding
occur when excessive rainfall
overtakes the soil's ability to absorb
it. They often occur when water

usually fills dry creeks or streams, or

Figure 1:Mountains and steep hills produce rapid runoff, which
can cause streams to rise quickly. where enough water accumulates
for streams to overtop their banks,
causing rapid water rises in a short time. They can occur within minutes of
causative rainfall, reducing the time available for alert and public safety.

AREAS AT RISK FROM FLASH FLOODS

Densely populated regions are at high flash flood risk. Building buildings,
highways, driveways, and parking lots increases the runoff by reducing the
amount of rain that the ground absorbs. That runoff increases the potential
for flash flooding. Sometimes streams are routed underground into storm
drains through the cities and towns. The storm drains can get overloaded
or plugged in by debris during heavy rain and flood nearby roads and
buildings. Low spots can become very dangerous, such as underpasses,
underground parking garages, basements and low water crossings.

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 Areas near rivers are at risk from floods. Embankments, known as levees,
are often built along rivers and are used to prevent high water from flooding
bordering land. In 1993, many levees
failed along the Mississippi River,
resulting in devastating floods.

Dam failures can send a sudden

destructive surge of water downstream.

Ice jams and snowmelt can help cause

flash floods. A deep snowpack increases
runoff produced by melting snow. Heavy
spring rains falling on melting snowpack
can produce flash flooding. Melting
snowpack may also contribute to floods
produced by ice jams on creeks and
Figure 2:An urban underpass during normal conditions
rivers. Thick layers of ice often form on
(upper) and after fifteen minutes of heavy rain (lower)
streams and rivers during the winter.
Melting snow and/or warm rain running into the streams may lift and break
this ice, allowing large chunks of ice to jam against bridges or other
structures. This causes the water to rapidly rise behind the ice jam. If the
water is suddenly released, serious flash flooding could occur downstream.
Huge chunks of ice can be pushed onto the shore and through houses and
buildings

FLOOD TYPES

River flood: Due to excessive rainfall from tropical systems causing

landfall, persistent thunderstorms over the same area for extended periods
of time, combined rainfall and snowmelt, or an ice jam, a flood occurs when
water levels rise over the top of the
river banks.

Coastal flood: A coastal flood, or

flooding of coastal areas, is caused by
higher than average high tide and

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aggravated by heavy rainfall and onshore winds.

Flash Flood: A flash flood is caused in a short period of time by heavy or

excessive rainfall, generally less than six hours. After heavy rains, flash
floods are usually characterized by raging torrents that rip through river
beds, urban streets, or mountain canyons. They can happen within minutes
or a couple of hours of excessive rainfall. They can
also happen even if there has been no rainfall, for Figure 3:Coastal flooding
example after a levee or dam failed, or after a sudden release of water
through a debris or ice jam.

FLASH FLOOD

The United States National Weather Service gives the advice "Turn
Around, Don't Drown" for flash floods; that is, it recommends that people
get out of the area of a flash flood, rather than trying to cross it. Many
people tend to
underestimate the dangers
of flash floods.

What makes flash floods

most dangerous is their
sudden nature and fast-
moving water. A vehicle
provides little to no
protection from being swept
away; it can make people overly confident and less likely to avoid flash
flooding. More than half of the Figure 4: flash flood in Bouzeguene, Algeria.
fatalities attributed to flash floods
are people swept away when trying to cross flooded intersections in
vehicles.

The U.S. National Weather Service reported in 2005 that, using a national
30-year average, more people die yearly in floods, 127 on average, than by
lightning (73), tornadoes (65), or hurricanes (16).

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Flash floods in deserts can be especially deadly for several reasons.
Firstly, storms are uncommon in arid areas, but they can bring large
quantities of water in a very short time. Second, these rains frequently
come down on poorly absorbent and sometimes clay-like soil, which
significantly increases the amount of runoff that rivers and other water
bodies have to contend with. These regions tend not to have the
infrastructure that weather regions have to divert water from structures and
roads, such as storm drains, floodplains and retention basins, either due to
sparse population or poverty, or because residents believe that the risk of
flash floods is not sufficiently high to justify the expense.

CATCHAMENTS AND RAINFALL

When rain falls on a catchment, the amount of rainwater that is converted

into flow down rivers and other waterways depends on the characteristics
of the catchment.

Some rainfall is captured: A portion of the rain that falls on a catchment is

captured by soil and vegetation. Generally, the more rain that falls in a
particular area in a given period of time, the lower the proportion that can
seep into the ground or be stored on the surface.

The greater the rainfall intensity, the greater the potential for runoff. How
long it rains, and the area covered by the rain, are also important.

The more vegetation there is in an area, the greater the amount of rainfall
that is captured and the less water there is available to flow over the
surface. Natural and artificial storages like farm dams and rainwater tanks
have a similar effect in reducing runoff.

The soil types in a catchment, land use and weather conditions prior to a
rainfall event are also important as they control the amount of rainfall that
can infiltrate into the soil, and hence the amount of rainfall which becomes
flow. If a large storm is preceded by a period of wet weather, then the
ground has little capacity to absorb further rainfall, and a higher proportion
of the rainfall will flow across the land surface and into waterways. The
construction of areas that cannot absorb water, such as roofs and roads,
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will also result in reduced infiltration and more rainfall being turned into
runoff.

Figure 5: factors affecting flood

Rainfall that is not captured enters the waterways: Once water begins
flowing in a catchment, various factors determine how much flows downhill
into successively larger waterways, and how quickly it moves.

Typically, larger catchments result in greater stream flow if widespread

rainfall occurs for a long time. The steeper the catchment area, the faster
the runoff will flow.

Floods are also affected by the roughness of the terrain being passed over.
Dense vegetation and artificial obstacles such as fences and houses will
slow down water flow, often leading to lower flood levels downstream.

Swamps and natural ponds or lakes have the capacity to store floodwater
and release it slowly. Artificial structures such as dams or detention

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basins (small reservoirs) can also store water for a period of time, and
reduce the peak of downstream flows while extending the duration of an
event. All such structures have a finite capacity and there is a limit to the
volume of catchment flow that can be stored.

FLOODS CONSEQUENCES

The immediate impacts of flooding include loss of human life , property

damage, crop destruction, loss of livestock and deterioration of health due
to waterborne diseases. Since communication links and infrastructure such
as power plants, roads and bridges are damaged and disrupted, some
economic activity will come to a standstill, people are forced to leave their
homes and normal life.

also Industrial disruption can lead to loss of livelihoods. Infrastructure

damage also causes long-term impacts, such as disruptions to clean water
supplies, wastewater treatment, electricity, transportation , communication,
education , and health care. Loss of livelihoods, reduced purchasing power
and loss of land value in the floodplains can leave communities
economically vulnerable.

Figure 6:average annual flood events and losses. 1972-2016

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FLOOD PROTECTION MEASURES

Flood protection measures are aimed at reducing flood levels, speeds,

flows, or excluding floodwaters from areas at risk for events up to their
designed capacity. They are a common and proven means of reducing
damage to existing flood threatening properties. They tend to be more
costly than reaction or property security initiatives, but are also going to
protect more properties.

Flood mitigation dams can reduce flood levels downstream by

temporarily storing floodwaters and releasing them later. Most dams are
used to provide the community with water, but they can also provide flood
protection for events up to their flood storage capacity when installed.

Detention basins are surface storage basins or facilities that provide flow
control through attenuation of storm water runoff. They also facilitate some
settling of particulate pollutants. They are normally dry and in certain
situations the land may also function as a recreational facility.

Figure 7: detention basin example

Levees are usually built up

built up embankments to
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Figure 8: levee next to the flooding Mississippi River.

prevent flooding in areas covered by the levee up to a certain size case. In
major floods, levees in the smaller events may be overtopped with water
flowing into and damaging protected areas. Levees can trap local storm
water, causing damage unless pumps and floodgates are provided.

Waterways modifications or changes to waterways such as widening,

deepening, realigning or cleaning rivers and flow paths may improve
downstream floodwater transport and reduce the likelihood of blockage, but
may increase velocities and erosion and cause adverse environmental
impacts.

Culvert is defined as a tunnel structure constructed under roadways or

railways to provide cross drainage or to take electrical or other cables from
one side to other. It is totally enclosed by soil or ground. Pipe culvert, box
culvert and arch culvert are the common types used under roadways and
railways.

TYPES OF CULVERTS

Following are the types of culverts generally used in construction:

1. Pipe culverts (single and multiple vents) : Pipe culverts are widely
used culverts and rounded in shape. The culverts may be of single in
number or multiple. If single pipe culvert is used then larger diameter
culvert is installed.
2. Arch Culvert
3. Bridge culverts: Bridge culverts are provided on canals or rivers and
also used as road bridges for vehicles. For this culverts a foundation
is laid under the ground surface
4. Box culverts : are in rectangular shape and generally constructed by
concrete. Reinforcement is also provided in the construction of box
culvert. These are used to dispose rain water and it's the one that's
going to be used in this project later on. The design of culvert is
based on hydraulic, water surface elevation, and roadway height and

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other conditions. These are used for water flow in a controlled way

Figure 9: Box Culverts Shape

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DETECTING FLASH FLOODS

Flash floods tend to be associated with many types of storms, all of which
are capable of producing excessive amounts of rainfall over a given area
so detection remains a challenge. Satellite, lightning observing systems,
radar, and rain gauges are the main tools used to detect heavy rainfall
associated with flash floods.

WSR-88D radars: it displays the detected precipitation on a graphical

map. It can show the location of the heavy rainfall cores, and estimate the
rainfall duration. The evolution of storm systems can also be traced over
time. Predictors can watch existing storm cells intensify, and see when new
cells are beginning to develop. Radar map animation provides specific
information about the movement of storm systems and helps to assess the
flash flood threat.

Rain gauges: provide the most accurate method

of measuring rainfall at a single geographic point.
To have operational value, the rain gauge report
must be available in real time, and automated
reporting networks are increasing. Real-time rain
gauge networks are most useful for flash flood
detection when WSR-88D rainfall estimates can
be compared with the actual rain gauge values to
determine the accuracy of the radar estimate.
Figure 10: rain gauge
Satellite: The rainfall estimates from satellite data
are less direct and less accurate than either gages or radar, but have the
advantage of high resolution and complete coverage over oceans,
mountainous regions and sparsely populated areas where other rainfall
data sources are not available. Because flash flood events often cause
heavy rainfall in sparsely instrumented areas that may go undetected,
satellite-derived rainfall can be a critical tool for identifying hazards from
smaller rainfall and flood events.

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THE NWS WSR-88D

The WSR-88D is one of the world's most

powerful and sophisticated Weather Observation
Doppler Radar. It has been installed and
operationally used at over 160 locations across
the United States since it was first built and
tested in 1988.

it's considered by many as the world's most

powerful radar, it transmits at 750,000 watts (the
average light bulb is only 75 watts)! This power
allows a radar-generated energy beam to travel
long distances, and to detect many types of
weather phenomena. It also allows energy to
continue past an initial shower or thunderstorm
close to the radar, thus seeing further storms
away. Figure 11:WSR-88D radar

The National weather service WSR-88D scans 14 different elevations

every 5 minutes during extreme weather, producing a radar image of each
elevation. That's about 3 elevations per minute, or one every 20 seconds
radar image!.

Image updates are based on the radar's operating mode at the time the
image is generated. The WSR-88D Doppler radar works in one of two
modes — clear mode of air or mode of precipitation. Images you see in
clear air mode are updated every 10 minutes. Images you see in
precipitation mode are changed every five to six minutes. Radar data
collection repeated at regular time intervals is referred to as a volume
scan.

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RADARS IN SAUDI ARABIA

there are fourteen live radar in

the Saudi Arabia kingdom that
work on capturing images with
different interval for their
locations.

General Authority for

Meteorology has made it
possible to access these radars
, in addition to the satellite
images easily using their portal
without the need for an
account.

locations monitored are Abha,

El baha, Dammam, Jeddah, Figure 12: live radar locations in the KSA
Gizan, Taif, Yanbu, Tabuk,
Riyadh, Qassim, Qaismuh, Jouf, Hail, Dwamdi.

Figure 13: radars provided on the AEQD portal

there are two types of monitoring and they are iris and titan.

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 Figure 14: iris radar picture for the KSA

the nearest radar to the study

point is the radar located in
Abha.

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Figure 15: : Abha radar picture

PROJECT DESCRIBTION
 Project name : Al-Ayriyyah in Aseer region
 location: Al-Ayriyyah is located in Bareq province, 11 km south of
Bareq city. The site is located on the east side of a highlands chain,
one of the main valleys in the region is Jibal Wadi which passes to
the east of the site. The site is located on the western side of King
Abdullah Road, which is bounded to the north by the city of Bareq
and to the south by the town of Muhail Asir. The area of the site is
66.1 hectares, according to the limits of the site received from the
ministry.

Figure 16: location on the KSA map

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Figure 17: project site

1. Geography: The 'Asir Region is situated on a high plateau that

receives more rainfall than the rest of the country and contains the
country's highest peaks, which rise to almost 3,000 metres (9,800 ft)
at Jabal Sawda near Abha.
The region is also comprimised from the west by the Asir Mountains
which are a mountainous region in southwestern Saudi Arabia
running parallel to the Red Sea. The mountains cover approximately
100,000 square kilometres (40,000 sq mi) and consists of mountains,
plains, and valleys of the Arabian highlands.

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2. Climate:The region has the highest average rainfall of Saudi
Arabia[citation needed] due to largely seasonal rain. Average rainfall
can range from 600 millimetres (24 in) to over 1,000 millimetres (39
in) per year, in wet regions. The eastern plains and plateaus receive
much lower amounts, from 500 millimetres (20 in) to below 100
millimetres (3.9 in) per year.
The region's crops, most of which are cultivated on steeply terraced
mountainsides, include wheat, coffee, cotton. It falls in two rainy

Figure 18: View from the summit of Jabal Sawdah ("Mount Sawdah")

seasons, the chief one being in March and April, with some rain in the
summer. Temperatures are very extreme, with diurnal temperature
ranges in the highlands the greatest in the world. It is
common[clarification needed] for afternoon temperatures to be over
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 30 °C (86 °F), yet mornings can be extremely frosty and fog can cut
visibility to near zero percent. As a result, there is much more natural
vegetation in 'Asir than in any other part of Saudi Arabia.

3. Population:

Figure 19: Population through the years

Figure 20: Development graph

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PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The purpose of this project is to protect Al-Ayriyyah site in Aser
region,Saudi Arabia from a sudden local flood, typically due to heavy rains
(Flash Flood). using the suitable hydraulic structures like channels and
culverts.
this will be done on two phases :
1-The Hydrological studies phase: Includes site survey, topography and
local geology, data, Collection and analysis of watercourses and their
identification surrounding it, surveying rivers, assessing peak flow and
water quantities collected and the identification of suitable solutions to
avoid flood hazards and protect the area against them.

2-The Design phase: Preparing the construction details for all hydraulic
structures such as culverts and ditches to protect the site.
showing the calculations and tables related to the proposed hydraulic
structures. The location, sizing, and details for all hydraulic structures are
portrayed in the hydrology and storm water drainage plans and details.
Free
surface drainage system is utilized where the water is not allowed to
overtop
the curb height (i.e. no flooding occurs from the road), and is not allowed to
be collected at low points affecting the safety of traffic and travelers.

Softwares used in this project :

Figure 21: softwares

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HYDRLOGICAL STUDIES

in order to start using the software, first we need to gather the information
from the study area required as in input in these programs in order to be
analyzed and give us the required design data that's going to be used to
construct the protection structures.

these information are divided into 3 that's going to be essential in the

applications we're using . which are:

rain studies
as mentioned before in the Climate description, There are no
watercourses or lakes. Most months of the year the temperatures are
high. Though rains in arid regions are characterized by irregularity, it can
report high rainfall rates and in a very short time, leading to a sudden
flood resulting in a lot of destructive damage to public property and lives.
The kingdom climate is normally dry for the climatic system of the world,
and rainfall is uncommon and typically occurs in winter and spring,
except in the southwestern areas, which are subject to seasonal rain
during the summer.

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 Figure 22: Mean annual rainfall 1950-2013

Due to the occurrence of the study area near the rainfall stations
SA105, SA138,
SA113, and SA142 of the Ministry of Water and Electricity, the rain
data
available at these stations were analyzed to determine the adequacy
of the
information available to predict rainfall values at different intervals.

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 Figure 23: stations around study area

the resulting data for each station turned out as the following figures:

Figure 24: Distribution of daily maximum rainfall for station (SA105)

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Figure 25: Distribution of the maximum daily rainfall of station No. (SA113)

Figure 26: Distribution of daily maximum rainfall for station (SA138)

Figure 27: Average (mm) to all stations

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for my project the period is 50 years. so the design depth is 91mm

Soil characteristics:
lt refers to the infiltration potential of the
soil after short wetting. it's used to look up the current SCS curve
number during run time for SCS curve number runoff calculations.

Figure 28: Soil Infiltration rate and hydrological soil group

Texture Soil group infiltration Curve Ɣdry (t/m3)

class rate number
(mm/hour)
Group D
Where the
soils have
Clay loam high run off S =2.3 85 1.8
potential and
Low
infiltration
rates

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Topography:
as mentioned before in the geological study to the area, The region is
also compromised from the west by the Asir Mountains which are a
mountainous region in southwestern Saudi Arabia running parallel to the
Red Sea.

Figure 29: terrain of the study area

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 Figure 30: Profile elevation

DITCHES ALLIGNMENT
A ditch has to be aligned in such a way that it covers the entire area
proposed to be drained , with the shortest possible length and at the same
time should be lowered on the costs.
Optimum use should be made of the existing topography in order to
achieve a depth-to-water table as uniformly as possible throughout the
area. In the case of uneven topography, the drains will, as much as
possible, be situated in the depressions.

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Factors to be considered

1. every ditch should serve enough area

2. where ditches cross roads, different type of cross drainage works are
required
3. there should be consideration of economy for contour ditches
4. all possible alignments should be studied and the best studied
alignment should be selected
5. number of rinks and acute curve should be minimized
6. deep cutting should be avoided by comparing the overall cost of
alternative alignments
7. the maximum length and slope should be reduced to the acceptable
values
8. canal have to be lined to avoid seepage

Figure 31:Example where a location of the collector ditch adapted to the contour lines

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 Figure 32: contour lines at site

After studying the topography of the area and the contours of the site, the
alignment option suggested in the next figure meets the considerations for
an economical and safe drainage route.

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 Figure 33: proposed open ditches

The purposes of open ditches in Al-Ayriyyah site are the protection from the
outer streams flowing into the project area and the conveyance of storm
water collected at low points to the nearest drainage facility which is the
natural wadi outside the site.

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in order to design the ditch and consequently the culverts the Qpeak is going
to be calculated using computer software.

WATERSHED MODELING SYSTEM (WMS 10.1)

The Watershed Modeling System (WMS) is a proprietary water modeling
software application used to develop watershed computer simulations. The
software provides tools to automate various basic and advanced
delineations, calculations, and modeling processes. It supports river
hydraulic and storm drain models.
This program is used in the studies of water drainage basins based on the
analysis of digital elevation maps. In this study, water extraction and
correction were compared with the topographical maps as follows to
Calculate
Qpeak. After knowing:
1- Rainfall depth = 91 mm
2- The use method= SCS
3- CN = 85

with the help of Globalmapper 16 ,and Google earth pro it was possible to
place and study the site in WMS 10.1 (the complete steps are at the end of
the book)

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Figure 34: global mapper output which goes into Google Earth

Figure 35: coordinates from google earth

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 Figure 36: hydrologic modeling tree

after locating outlet points we run the delinate basin wizard and start
inputing the date for the resulting basins like the calculating method and
precipitation depth

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 Figure 37: average depth data

Figure 38: defined precipitation series

after running the simulation, the softwares calculates the peak discharges
from each basin and it's peak time.

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Figure 39: Basins and calculated discharges

Figure 40: top and middle of site graph

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Figure 41: bottom of site graph

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Peak in the very south to the site is close to 76 cms but this is only going to
be for the road crossing there.

now that the discharges data were obtained it is possible to proceed to

design the ditches.

the capacity of the proposed ditches were analyzed using ―Hydraulics

Toolbox‖ software.

The storm water drainage system consists of open ditches which are used
inside the project area to safely convey water from streams crossing project
area.

The longitudinal slopes of the roads were chosen such that water drains in
the direction of either open ditches or interceptors or natural wadis to be
collected and disposed outside project area.

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Figure 42: manning table

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 Figure 43: cross-section of lined ditch

Figure 44: maximum canal side slopes z

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the following graphs shows the detailed hydraulic analysis for the ditches
straight from the software.

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43 | P a g e
 the following tables show the dimensions ,purposes of the proposed
ditches anddetailed hydraulic analysis for the ditches.

Bed
Purpose of ditch width Depth Flow Side slope Material Out flow point
Ditch
(m) (m) (m3/s) H:V
Ditch 1 Protection from 7.5 1.52 27.41 1:1 Riprap Natural wadi outside
the western the site
streams flowing
Ditch 2 towards the 8 1.46 27.41 1:1 Riprap Natural wadi outside
project area + the site
Conveyance of
water collected
Ditch 3 8 1.46 27.41 1:1 Riprap Natural wadi outside
from the site to
the site
the outside wadis

Ditch 4 5 0.97 8.62 1:1 Riprap Natural wadi outside

the site

Table 1:Properties and dimensions of the proposed ditches

Ditch Top Water Average Area Wetted Hydraulic Froude Max

width depth velocity of Perimeter Radius Number Shear
(m) (m) (m/s) water (m) (m) Stress
(m2) (N/m2
)
Ditch 10.542 1.52 1.998 13.719 11.81 1.162 0.559 59.63
1
Ditch 10.932 1.466 1.975 13.879 12.16 1.143 0.559 57.487
2
Ditch 10.932 1.466 1.975 13.879 12.16 1.143 0.559 57.487
3
Ditch 6.940 0.97 1.489 5.79 7.74 0.748 0.520 38.029
4

Table 2: Results of Hydraulic analysis of Ditches

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Figure 45: ditches cross-sectiions in meters

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DESIGN OF CULVERTS

Culverts are used where streams or wadi paths intersect with roads
embankments either inside the site,
underneath the connecting roads or where needed, and the use of these
culverts is to underpass the storm water affecting the project area and
convey it safely outside the project boundary.
Studies performed for this site proposed the construction of 18 new box
culverts on the crossing between the proposed ditches and roads.
There are 5 existing culverts underneath the main road to the east of the
project area used to convey storm water from the site to Wadi Gebal.
Figure (43) shows the locations of proposed culverts,

It should be mentioned that the hydraulic design and analysis of the

culverts was performed using CulvertMaster Software by Bentley.

It should also be mentioned that te last culvert exists to protect the road in
the far south which doesn’t concern the main porpose of protecting the city
itself but there exists the largest (peak) discharge calculated from the WMS
which was equal to almost 75cms. It’s not going to be included in the
tables or te study but only the culvertmaster calclations.

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Figure 46:location of proposed culverts

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CULVERTS DATA

CULVERTS FROM C-1-1 TO C-3-4

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49 | P a g e
CULVERTS C-4-1 TO C-4-3

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51 | P a g e
CULVERTS C-5 AND C-6

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53 | P a g e
WORKSHEET FOR CULVERTS

d=3m

Empirical dimensions:

t1 = = =0.5

t2 = =

Ht = H +2t1 = 3+ 2*0.5= 4m

tt = 2S +3t2= 2*3+ 3*0.5 = 7.5m

Vertical Loads:

1-Weight of soil embankment above

culvert

road level =361m

depth of soil= 3m

road width = L1=30m

L2=L1+3= 30+3= 33m

G1 = = 5.21 t/m2

2-own weight of culvert

G2=[(Ht*St)-(2*H*S)] * = [(4*7.5)-(2*3*3)]* =0.9 t/m2

Dead load = G1+G2 = 5.21+0.9 = 6.11 t/m2

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3- Distributed live load

Assuming P= 1 t/m2

P1= P* =1* t/m2

4- Concentrated live load

e=0.6m

60t lorry , PL=10*(1+i) , i=0 because d>1 ,

PL=10t

L1 = (2 +e) + d = 2+0.6+3=5.6m

l2=2R+ 3b + d = 2*1.3 + (3*0.3) +3 = 6.5m

P2= = = 1.64 t/m2

Horizontal loads :

5-Earth pressure

e1 = (d+0.5t2) = 1.82(3+ 0.5*0.5)* 0.33

= 1.971 t/m2

e2 = t2 ) = 1.82(3+4+1.5*0.5)*0.33= 4.65 t/m2

ea= = = 3.31 t/m2

6-Side pressure due to surcharge only

es=P* =1*0.33 = 0.33 t/m2

55 | P a g e
 Table 3: culverts properties

No. Of Velocity D.S Discharge

Culverts Span (mm) Rise (mm Length (m)
vents (m/s) (m3/s)

C-1-1 : C-1-4
C-2-1: C-2-5 3000 3000 2 40 5.98 30
C-3-1 : C-3-4

C-4:3 2000 2000 2 40 4.83 8.6

C-5
4000 4000 4 30 6 76
C-6

56 | P a g e
 section 1

For vertical loads

Dead load

 M = (1+3k/ 1+2k) * GS2 / 24 = (1+3/1+2) * G × (3.5)2 / 24 = 0.68 × 6.11 =

4.15 t.m
 N=0

Distributed load

M= 0.68 *0.9 = 0.61 t.m

N=0

Concentrated Load

M = 0.68*1.64= 1.115 t.m

N=0

For horizontal loads:

Side earth pressure

M = - (k/ 1+2k)* (e h2 )/6 = -0.681 e = -

0.681 * 3.31= -2.25 t.m

N=-1.75*3.31= -5.79 t

Surcharge pressure

M= -0.681*0.33= -0.22 t.m

N=-1.75*0.33=-0.58 t

57 | P a g e
 Section 2

Vertical loads

Dead load

M=- (1/1+2× 1) × G (3.5)2 / 12 = -0.34*6.11 = -

2 t.m

N=0

Distributed load

M= -0.34*0.9= -0.3

N=0

Concentrated Load

M= -0.34* 1.64= -0.55 t.m

N=0

For horizontal loads

Horizontal (M&N) for Sec 2-2 = Horizontal (M&N) for Sec 1-1

Section 3

For vertical loads

Dead load

Moment 3-3 = Moment 2-2

N= -0.4 *3.5*6.11= -8.55 t

Distributed load

Moment 3-3 = Moment 2-2

N= -1.4*0.9= -1.26 t

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Concentrated Load

Moment 3-3 = Moment 2-2

N=-1.4*1.64= -2.29 t

For horizontal loads:

Horizontal Moment for Sec 3-3 = Horizontal Moment for Sec 2-2 Normal forces
=0

Section 4

For vertical loads

Vertical (M&N) for Sec 4-4 = Vertical (M&N) for Sec 3-3

For horizontal loads:

Side earth pressure

M= (6+4×1/1+2×1) × e (3.5)2 / 48 =0.85 × 3.31

= 2.8 t.m

N=0

Surcharge pressure

M = 0.85*0.33= 0.28 t.m

Section 5

For vertical loads

Dead load

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M = -(1+3/1+2× 1) × g (3.5)2 / 12 = -1.36*6.11= -8.3 t.m

N=0

Distributed load

M= -1.36 ×0.9 = -1.22 t.m

N=0

Concentrated Load

M= -1.36*1.64= -2.23

N=0

For horizontal loads

Normal Moment Sec 5-5 = Normal Moment Sec

1-1

Side earth pressure

M = (1/1+2×1) × e (3.5)2 / 12 =0.34 3.31 =1.122 t.m

Surcharge pressure

M= 0.34*0.33= 0.11 t.m

Table 4: moemnts and normal forces

section Vertical loads Horizontal loads

Dead load Distrubuted Concenrated Earth surcharge
live loads rolling load pressure
M N M N M N M N M N
1 4.15 0 0.61 0 1.115 0 2.25 -5.79 -0.22 0.58
2 -2 0 -0.3 0 -0.55 0 2.25 -5.79 -0.22 0.58
3 -2 -8.55 -0.3 -1.26 -0.55 -2.29 2.25 0 -0.22 0
4 -2 -8.55 -0.3 -1.26 -0.55 -2.29 2.8 0 0.28 0
5 -8.3 0 -1.22 0 -2.23 0 1.22 -5.79 0.11 0.58

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Figure 47: typical 2 vents reinforcements

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Figure 48: moments using Staad pro

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Figure 49: moments aand details using excel

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Figure 50: moments and details for the 4 vents culvert

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CULVERT INLET AND OUTLET PROTECTION

Culverts, whether they are box culverts or pipe culverts, often require soil
stabilization around the localized area of culvert placement, especially at
the inlets and outlets. To stabilize soil conditions around culvert Inlets and
Outlets gabion headwalls, wing walls, and scour aprons are often
implemented.

Wing walls

are designed to protect the slopes of an embankment against lateral scour

as well as retain the embankment itself and to increase culvert efficiency by
providing a flush inlet as opposed to a projecting one.

Gabion headwalls

can be designed and constructed in a variety of configurations and typically

include wing walls and scour aprons. The wing walls prevent scour, soil
erosion, retain the embankment adjacent to the culvert, control grade
elevations and direct water flow.

The scour apron

is placed at the base of the inlet our outlet and is designed specifically to
prevent scour and erosion on the base.

Figure 51: Wing walls

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 Figure 52: Scour aprons

Figure 53: General plan of the culvert

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LINING AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES PROTECTION

In general, inlets and outlets of hydraulic structures as well as areas at risk

of erosion are in need of proper protection. Proper protection will be
supplied at entrances and exits of culverts, ditches, road embankments,
and outlets. The protection is usually grouted riprap or concrete depending
on the velocity of water at that area. The location and details for protection
of each respective hydraulic structure are portrayed in the hydrology and
storm- water drainage drawings and details.

Lining used in ditches were riprap, Riprap is an erosion-resistant ground

cover made up of large, angular and loose stones (rock, concrete or other
material) with geotextile or granular layer underneath. Riprap is commonly
used in drainage channel to provide a stable lining to resist erosion by
channel water.

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It is also used in channels where infiltration is intended but the velocity of
flow is too large for vegetation.

A layer of geotextile is normally provided under riprap to perform separation

from underlying soils. This prevents the migration of fined-grained soils
from sub-grade into riprap and results in settlement and loss of ground.

Figure 54: culvert-crossing channel lined with riprap

many of the negative impacts of riprap can be lessened through the use of
vegetation throughout the project, both limiting the amount of rock in the
project through the use of vegetation on the top of the bank, and
interplanting the riprap with vegetation. Once established, the vegetation
can also provide long-term stability to the project.

Riprap also tends to require on-going maintenance to correct instances

where the rock is being undermined and either peeling away from the bank,
or slumping into the stream.

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CONCLUSION

It has been proposed and studied flood mitigation measures and internal
drainage methods along with all required hydraulic structures sufficient to
protect the project area and its inhabitants. This includes the sizing and
location of ditches, sizing and location of culverts, storm-water drainage
system, and all other necessary protective methods. It has been proposed
18 Culverts and 4 ditches, while taking into consideration the sites
surrounding. It is important to mention that all proposed ditches and
culverts were designed to carry the 75-year design storm in order to ensure
maximum safety.

The newly constructed culvert and riprap lined channel banks have
provided the facility adequate hydraulic capacity in the storm water channel
to handle normal seasonal flows. The riprap lining has provided protection
from erosive events, and the new culvert provides additional flow area for
woody debris to pass through the channel without being held up at the
crossing.

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SOFTWARE STEPS

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After getting the complete cad file we select the whole city and then choose
the option to copy it.

Then we open a new cad file and anywhere we click paste the original
coordinates.

We save the file with a diffferent name o use it in the global mapper
software and google earth.

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Figure 55: Save new file

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We open up the global mapper then we choose to open our own data file

We select the cad file that we created and pess okay

Change te projection settings to UTM and the zone to 37 ,that,s where the
location is on the mapes.

Datum is WGS84 and units are in meters.

Then press okay

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74 | P a g e
From file menue we choose export and from the sub-menue choose export
vector/lidar format

For format e choose KML/KMZ and that’s the one that makes the mape
locatable on google earth

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We save the file in the project folder to use it in google earth

Open google earth and drag the file into the screen it will automatically load
up the city location on the map with the vector outlines of the city

After locating the city adjust camera option so that it’s completly in the
center of the view and flat out and fully visible and not skewed

Then form the upper bar we click on the yellow pin

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Put the pin in a relatevly close location to the study site and give it a
number

This pin shows he coordinates of the exact spot it’s on (Earthing , northing
and zone).

We use these coordinates in the Wms software to determine the site

location whereabout on the srtm map.

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Repeat the same thing three times making 3 pins around the site in a
suitale position.

Make sure pin number 1 and 2 are exactly placed on the same line.

Same goes for pin number 2 and 3 tey should be on the same line

To do this you copy and paste the earthing and northing values into these
pins.

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From the upper bar choses the the pin icon it will show a new ar from which
you select the option to save image.

Select the project folder and give it a suitable name because it’s oing to be
used in the WMS.

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Open the WMS and drag the image that we got from google earth to the
program frame . it will open a register image new tab.

Using the + marker locate the pins exactky and start modifying the
coordinates using the ones from google earth.

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81 | P a g e
Next we need to get the digital elevation model DEM or the srtm file that
determines the topography of the site.

There are a lot of sites that offers the file for whatever the zone your
looking for. I used the csi site and marked the zone square and
downloaded it.

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After the fle is downloaded extract it in the project folder and then drag the
srtm file in the wms interface.

It will open up a coordinate conversion tab .

Caange from Geographic to UTM with the same elipsoid WGS1984.

Zone 37 and units are in meters.

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After pressing okay it weill open up a new window press okay again.

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After a long while the elevation for the whole zone will be loaded but you
only need the part where the site is to work on.

After zooming in and finding the exact location of site ,from the tool bar
choose DEM and the use the trimming option of polygon and mark around
the site leaving suitable space for surrounding elevations.

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86 | P a g e
x

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the next step is to determine the flow of storm water relative to the site .

click on the drainage model icon and the from the tool bar choose DEM
again and the choose compute TOPAZ flow data.

Make sure units are in kilometers.

Then press okay.

88 | P a g e
This will result in the lines that indicate flow lines

From the bar of the drainage model choose locate outlet point and and
mark at least 3 points on the flow line in places that are considered
dangerous to the site.

After doing tis go for the DEM menue once again and this time choose
Delinate Basins Wizards.

This allows you to see the basins around the site so that you can decide
where to locate your protection structures.

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90 | P a g e
Click on the hydrologic modeling module and from the side bar choose
select basin.

Choose the required basin and start editing it’s values and parameters.

Start of wit the precipitaion tab then from the new window choose basin
average.

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Click on define series to edit the rate and the pattern of the precipitaions
using the given file or from the web.

If you go to the web you will find a lot of sites that offer information and data
files for precipitaions that can be analysed through softwares like hyfran or
excel.

Or data files that can be directly loaded in this section that wll give instant
value.

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From the curve drob box select the one with name TypeII-24hour

And press okay.

Then go to the loss method tab and change curve number to the calculated
one. Mine was 85.

From the upper bar go to HEC-1 and check the simulation for errors .

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If there are no errors then from the same bar choose job control then run
simulation.

Save the simulation output with project files

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After a while the flows graphs will be modified on the site.

Double click on any graph to see the peak flow values across the basins in
places that hit the city .

These are the discharges that we’re gonna desgin upon the channels and
culverts .

Peak discharge in the top and the middle of the site were close 30 cms .

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Peak discharge in lower middle and bottom was 8.6 cms.

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The very south has only 2 culverts the one crossing in the west of the site
and the one crossing that is outside the city on in the east. It’s not
connected to a ditch but this area remains a dangerous place with this high
discharge so i’m listing it with the others.

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WARNINGS FOR FLASH FLOODS

IF YOU ARE UNDER A FLOOD WARNING, FIND SAFE SHELTER

RIGHT AWAY

BE SAFE DURING

 Do not walk, swim or drive through flood waters. Turn Around, Don’t
Drown!
o Just six inches of moving water can knock you down, and one
foot of moving water can sweep your vehicle away.
 Stay off of bridges over fast-moving water.
 Depending on the type of flooding:
o Evacuate if told to do so.
o Move to higher ground or a higher floor.
o Stay where you are.
 If your car is trapped in rapidly moving water stay inside. If water is
rising inside the car get on the roof.
 If trapped in a building go to its highest level. Do not climb into a
closed attic. You may become trapped by rising floodwater. Only get
on the roof if necessary and once there signal for help.

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BE SAFE AFTER

 Listen to authorities for information and instructions. Return home

only when authorities say it is safe.
 Avoid driving except in emergencies.
 Snakes and other animals may be in your house. Wear heavy gloves
and boots during clean up.
 Be aware of the risk of electrocution. Do not touch electrical
equipment if it is wet or if you are standing in water. If it is safe to do
so, turn off the electricity to prevent electric shock.
 Avoid wading in floodwater, which can be contaminated and contain
dangerous debris. Underground or downed power lines can also
electrically charge the water.
 Use a generator or other gasoline-powered machinery ONLY
outdoors and away from windows.

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REFERENCES
1. www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/floods/ NOAA National
Severe Storms Laboratory

2. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration:

3. National Weather Service htps://www.weather.gov/iwx/wsr_88d

4. The State of Queensland (Office of the Queensland Chief Scientist)

5. General Authority for Meteorology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (AEQD)

6. The community for sustainable drainage (susdrain)

7. McLuckie, D, Kandasamy, J, Low, A & Avery, D 2010, 'Chapter 10 –

Managing risk to future development', in D McLuckie & J Kandasamy
(eds),
8. Floodplain Risk Management, University of Technology Sydney
Course Notes, Sydney.

9. types of culverts material construction. Sadanandam Anupoju, The

Constructor.org

10. "Southwestern Arabian montane woodlands". Terrestrial

Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund

11. www.citypopulation.de, Saudi Arabia

12. Hydraulic Design of Highway Culverts. U.S. Department of

Transportation

13. Hydraulic Design Manual Chapter 10: Strom Drains .Texas

Department of Transportation

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14. WHEATER, H. AND EVANS, E. (2009). Land use, water
management and future flood risk. Land Use Policy: 26, 251-264.
https://geographyas.info/rivers/discharge-and-hydrographs/

15. Design of Irrigation Structures, CULVERTS, Dr. Amir Mobasher

16. Design Consultancy and Supervision Contract in Asir and Al

Baha region, Hydrology and Storm Water Drainage Report /Dec.
2017

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