Objectives

Oil has a higher viscosity than water. And so the higher of viscosity of the oil, will cause it to take longer
to make the other subtance to move or flow. On the other hand, a mixture of vinegar and food coloring
has a low viscosity becuase it has a little resistance to flow or flows easily and quickly. Baking soda has
high viscosity and density that would not flow easily but rather create a solid mass. Viscosity is
important in any fluid phenomena.

Oil is a non-polar molecule and its molecules are not attracted to each other as strongly, which makes it
less dense. Vingear has a higher density. Baking soda has high viscosity and density that would not flow
easily but rather create a solid mass that create as well as baking soda.

Oil has a high surface tension due to its high nonpolarity. Vinegar has a higher boiling point based on
molecular weight and lower surface tension due to its higher polarity related to the water. If you put
baking soda in water, the surface tension will be lower. If you have a lower temperature of water, the
surface tension will be higher.

Hypothesis

The presence of air inside the lamp changes the density and viscosity of the liquid, which affects the
behavior of the flow and the pattern of the bubbles. The vinegar solution is acidic due to the presence of
vinegar, which has a low pH level. It is also denser than the oil used in the mixture, which causes it to
sink to the bottom of the container when poured in. This creates a layer of vinegar solution on the
bottom, with a layer of oil on top. The acid in the vinegar reacts with the baking soda, resulting in the
production of carbon dioxide gas bubbles. These bubbles are less dense than the oil, causing them to
rise up through the oil layer. When the bubbles reach the surface, they burst, and the vinegar solution
inside them falls back down, creating a repeating cycle of rising and bursting bubbles.

Materials

And for doing the experiment here are the materials we need:

Lava lamp
Baking soda

Oil

Vinegar

Food coloring

Container

Dropper

Stirring rod

Experimental procedures

1. To start, we begin by getting everything ready for our lava lamp experiment. This first step is super
important because it makes sure we have all the stuff we need, which helps everything go smoothly.

2. After we're all set, we put the baking soda into the container we've chosen. This is a big deal because
the baking soda is a main part of our lava lamp. We use baking soda because it reacts with vinegar,
making gas bubbles that move up and down, just like in a real lava lamp.

3. Next, we mix the food coloring and vinegar. This step makes our experiment look cool by adding
color. The food coloring makes colorful blobs in the oil, and the vinegar starts a reaction with the baking
soda.

4. To finish, we pour the mixture we just made into the container. This last step ties everything together
and finishes our homemade lava lamp. The mix of all the stuff we used makes a cool, colorful show, just
like the awesome look of a store-bought lava lamp.

For our safety while doing the experiment, here are the things we need to wear:
Surgical mask

Surgical gloves

Lab coat

Hairnet

Surgical Glasses

Error analysis

The reaction between vinegar and baking soda produces carbon dioxide gas, which floats on oil and
settles at the bottle's bottom. The acid reacts with baking soda to create bubbles, which stick to colored
vinegar and float to the surface. The color returns to the bottle's bottom as the bubbles burst. This gas,
which we breathe out, occasionally carries colored water globules as it bubbles back and up through the
oil. Any water transported by the bubbles sinks back down while new ones rise. As we conduct the
experiment we notice an error while doing it. We don't have enough heat to make the reaction more
visible, that is why the reaction between the baking soda and vinegar with food coloring is slower
compared to the lava lamp that you can see. We're not expecting this outcome as we expect a more
visible reaction. In the end we can say that you need a huge amount of heat in order for the reaction to
be more evident.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, The presence of air in a lamp alters the liquid's density and viscosity, affecting flow and
bubble pattern. The vinegar solution, acidic and denser than the oil, sinks to the bottom, creating a
vinegar solution layer and oil layer. Acid reacts with baking soda, producing carbon dioxide gas bubbles
that rise and burst. Oil has a higher viscosity than water, making it take longer for other substances to
move. A mixture of vinegar and food coloring has low viscosity due to little resistance to flow. Baking
soda has high viscosity and density, creating a solid mass. Oil is non-polar, making its molecules less
dense. Vinegar has a higher boiling point and lower surface tension due to its higher polarity. When
baking soda is mixed with water, the surface tension decreases, while when it's in water, it increases.
Viscosity is crucial in fluid phenomena.

Data analysis
In a lava lamp, the oil and water don't mix because of their differences in density. The oil floats on top of
the water because it's less dense, while the water sinks because it's more dense. When you add heat to
the lamp, the oil expands and rises, creating the characteristic "lava" effect.

If you were to add vinegar with food color to the lava lamp, it would behave differently. The vinegar
would sink in the water because of its higher density, and it would create a layered effect with the oil.
The food color would make the vinegar layer more visible.

Baking soda, on the other hand, would not work well in a lava lamp. Because of its high viscosity and
density, it would not flow easily and would likely create a solid mass at the bottom of the lamp.

Safety Considerations:

Safety was our top priority as we promoted our lava lamp experiment. We knew that making our own
lava lamp would be a fun and educational experience, but it was critical that the experience remained
safe throughout. We carefully selected a stable and heat-resistant surface for our workspace with the
help of our chemistry teacher, making sure it was away from any potential flammable hazards. The glass
container we used was specifically designed to withstand temperature changes without shattering. We
also wear safety goggles to protect our eyes from any chemicals that may come into contact with them.
At last, as our lava lamp experiment came to an end, we made sure to properly dispose of any leftover
materials, adhering to local regulations to protect the environment. Finally, we were able to complete
our experiment while adhering to safety guidelines.