JSS Polytechnic Mysore

Department of Civil Engineering

Specialization

Transportation Engineering

Name:- Abhishek Vishnudev

Department:- Civil Engineering
Reg no:- 418CE21001
 Project-2
Pavement construction site visit
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 3
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:- ........................................................................................................ 3
LOCATIONS:- .............................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
STUDY ABOUT CONSTRUCTIONAL ASPECTS AND METHODOLOGY FOR SUB-
GRADE, SUB-BASE, BASE BITUMINOUS COARSE ........................................................... 4
SUBGRADE:- ............................................................................................................................ 7
SUB-BASE ................................................................................................................................. 9
BASE BITUMINOUS COARSE ............................................................................................11
Different Types Of Equipment, Machineries, And Rollers Used ............................................ 13
Tractor:- ................................................................................................................................... 13
Lorry:- ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Bulldozer:- ............................................................................................................................... 14
Grader:- ................................................................................................................................... 14
Scraper:- .................................................................................................................................. 15
Road Compacting Equipments:- ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Paver Finisher:- ....................................................................................................................... 16
Safety Precautions Taken During Pavement Construction:- .................................................. 17
INTRODUCTION
Pavement construction is the process of laying down a durable surface over a prepared subgrade
to provide a stable and smooth platform for vehicular traffic. It involves several steps, including
site preparation, subgrade construction, base course construction, surface course construction, and
joint sealing.
Site preparation involves clearing the site of vegetation and debris, and grading it to a level surface.
The subgrade is then constructed by compacting the native soil or imported fill material to create
a firm and stable base for the pavement.
Base course construction involves laying down a layer of coarse aggregate, such as crushed stone
or gravel. The base course provides a strong foundation for the pavement and helps to distribute
the load of vehicles over a wider area.
Surface course construction involves laying down a layer of fine aggregate, such as asphalt or
concrete. The surface course provides a smooth and durable wearing surface for the pavement.
Joint sealing involves sealing the joints between the slabs of pavement to prevent water from
seeping in and damaging the pavement.
The specific steps involved in pavement construction will vary depending on the type of pavement
being constructed, the traffic load anticipated, and the local climate and soil conditions. However,
the general principles remain the same.
Pavement construction is an essential part of transportation infrastructure, and it plays a vital role
in ensuring the safe and efficient movement of people and goods.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:-
1. Provide a stable and durable surface for vehicular traffic
2. Distribute vehicle loads over a wide area
3. Protect the subgrade from moisture
4. Enhance skid resistance
5. Provide a smooth and comfortable ride
6. Minimize noise pollution
7. Ensure durability and minimize maintenance
8. Cost-effectiveness
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION
 Type of Road Village road
 Project : Public works Department
 Length : 11.5 km
 Width : 7.5m
 Location : Ward no. 25th, Tilaknagar, Kailasapuram & Umer khayam Road, Mysore.
Road surfaces of village road

Earth work in surface excavation

Definition :-

Earthwork in surface excavation refers to the process of moving and shaping large quantities of
soil or rock to create a desired topography for construction projects, such as roads or building
foundations. This typically involves excavation, embankment, grading, and compaction to
achieve the desired ground configuration.
Purpose:-
The purpose of earthwork in surface excavation is to manipulate the existing topography of a site
to meet the specific requirements of a construction project. This may involve cutting into the
ground (excavation) to create foundations, leveling the terrain (grading) for infrastructure, or
adding material (embankment) to raise the ground to a desired elevation. Overall, earthwork
ensures a stable and suitable foundation for construction and facilitates proper drainage and
landscaping.
Wet mix macadam

Definition :-
Wet Mix Macadam (WMM) is a type of road construction method where aggregates and binding
materials are mixed with water before laying and compacting. This mixture forms a base course
for the road, providing stability and durability. WMM is known for its ability to withstand heavy
traffic loads and adverse weather conditions, making it a common choice in road construction
projects.
Purpose:-
Stability:-WMM creates a stable foundation that can withstand heavy traffic loads and prevents
deformation of the road surface.
Durability:- The mixture's composition, including aggregates and binding materials, enhances the
road's durability, reducing wear and tear over time.
Resistance to Water Damage:- The mixing with water before laying helps in achieving better
compaction and improves resistance to water-induced damage, ensuring the road's longevity.
Prime coat over WMM

Definition :-
A prime coat, in the context of road construction over Wet Mix Macadam (WMM), refers to a
bituminous layer applied to the surface of the compacted WMM base.
Purpose:-
Bonding Agent: -It acts as a bonding agent between the WMM base and the subsequent bituminous
layers, enhancing the adhesion and overall structural integrity of the road.

Waterproofing: The prime coat helps in waterproofing the WMM surface, preventing water
infiltration and protecting the underlying layers from moisture-related damage.

Dust Control: It minimizes dust generation from the WMM surface, creating a cleaner working
environment during further construction and improving visibility for drivers.

Tack coat on Bituminous surface

Definition :-

A tack coat, in the context of bituminous surfaces, refers to a thin application of bitumen emulsion
or asphalt binder sprayed onto an existing asphalt or bituminous pavement surface just before
laying a new layer.

Purpose:-

Adhesion:- It promotes adhesion between the existing bituminous surface and the new asphalt
layer, ensuring a strong bond between the layers.

Preventing Slippage:- Tack coats help prevent slippage or separation between the old and new
asphalt layers during construction and over time.

Waterproofing:- Tack coats contribute to the waterproofing of the pavement, reducing the
infiltration of water into the layers beneath.

Bituminous macadam grading

Definition :-

Bituminous macadam grading refers to the systematic classification or specification of the sizes of
aggregate materials used in the construction of bituminous macadam roads. This grading involves
categorizing the aggregates into different size ranges using sieves. The goal is to create a well-
graded mix that optimizes the distribution of particle sizes, promoting stability, interlocking, and
overall strength in the bituminous macadam layer.

Purpose:-
Stability and Strength:-Grading ensures a balanced distribution of coarse and fine aggregates,
promoting interlocking and stability in the bituminous macadam, which contributes to the overall
strength of the road.

Compaction:- Properly graded aggregates facilitate effective compaction during construction,

reducing voids in the mix and enhancing the density of the bituminous macadam layer.

Void Content Control:- Grading helps control the voids in the mix, influencing factors like
permeability and the susceptibility to moisture damage. Adequate void content is crucial for
durability.

Providing and laying bituminous concrete

Definition :-

Providing and laying bituminous concrete involves the process of supplying the necessary
materials and constructing a road surface using a mix of graded aggregates and bituminous binder.
This method is commonly employed in road construction to create a durable, smooth, and resilient
pavement.

Purpose:-

Providing Materials:- This entails procuring the specified aggregates, typically a combination of
coarse and fine particles, as well as the bituminous binder, which is usually asphalt.

Mixing:- The aggregates are combined with the bituminous binder to create a well-designed
bituminous concrete mix. This mix is carefully proportioned to achieve the desired strength,
durability, and other performance characteristics.

Transporting:-The prepared bituminous concrete mix is transported to the construction site in

trucks or other suitable vehicles.

Laying:-The bituminous concrete mix is spread and leveled on the prepared roadbed using
construction equipment such as pavers. It is then compacted to achieve the required density and
surface finish

Road marking

Definition :-
Road markings refer to the painted or applied symbols, lines, and patterns on road surfaces to
convey specific information and regulate traffic flow. These markings serve as visual cues to guide
drivers, pedestrians, and cyclists, promoting safe and efficient use of the road. Common road
markings include lane dividers, centerlines, edge lines, crosswalks, arrows, and other symbols that
provide information about traffic rules, lane usage, and potential hazards. Road markings are a
crucial component of road infrastructure, contributing to the organization and orderliness of traffic
on roads and highways.

Purpose:-

Traffic Organization:- Road markings help organize and manage traffic by indicating lane
boundaries, separating opposing flows, and guiding drivers along the intended path.

Safety Enhancement:- Markings such as crosswalks, stop lines, and pedestrian crossings enhance
safety for pedestrians and drivers, reducing the risk of accidents at intersections and pedestrian
crossings.

Lane Discipline:- Lane markings inform drivers about the number of lanes, proper lane usage, and
directional information, promoting orderly and safe traffic flow.

STUDY ABOUT CONSTRUCTIONAL ASPECTS AND METHODOLOGY

FOR SUB-GRADE, SUB-BASE, BASE BITUMINOUS COARSE
SUBGRADE:-

The subgrade, sometimes referred to as the formation level, provides the framework for the
construction of roadways, sidewalks, and railway tracks in transportation projects. It is made up
of either imported material or the native soil that was already there when the embankment was
built. Compaction is applied to the subgrade, regardless of where it came from, to increase its load-
bearing ability and make sure that cutting, snatching, or filling operations will not break it. While
natural soil that has not been disturbed may occasionally make up the subgrade, native soil is
usually compacted to provide homogeneity.

Methodology for Subgrade:-

Site Clearance and Grading:- Clear the site and perform grading operations as per the design and
drawing of the highway plan and profile.

Compaction:- Achieve proper compaction of the subgrade using suitable equipment such as
vibratory compactors, motor graders, and water bowser with sprinklers.
Quality Control:- Ensure that the subgrade is prepared as per the specifications outlined in the
construction contract technical specifications or MORTH specifications.
Marking and Trimming:- Mark the limits of filling and working lines, and build the layer wider
than the designed dimensions to allow for proper compaction and subsequent trimming.
Laboratory Testing:-Perform laboratory testing to determine the maximum dry unit weight and
relative compaction as per relevant standards.

Characteristics of Subgrade:-

 Load-bearing capacity.
 Moisture content

Properties of Subgrade Soil:-

1. Bearing Capacity: Ability to support loads without excessive settlement.

2. Soil Type: Determines its engineering behaviour (e.g., cohesion for cohesive soils, friction
for granular soils).
3. Compaction: The degree of soil compaction affects its strength and stability.
4. Moisture Content: Influences soil volume and strength; optimal moisture content is
essential for compaction.
5. Uniformity: Homogeneity in soil composition, avoiding abrupt changes, enhances
stability.
6. Permeability: Affects drainage; low permeability may lead to water accumulation and
weakening.
7. Particle Size Distribution: The distribution of soil particles (clay, silt, sand) influences
soil behaviour and compaction characteristics.
8. Plasticity: Indicates soil's ability to undergo deformation without cracking; assessed
through Atterberg limits.

Advantages of Subgrade:-

1. Strength Is Maintained.
2. Elimination of water trapped below the heavy-duty section reduces its freeze-thaw
susceptibility.
3. Less complexity in construction operations due to variable material thicknesses, including
staking, grading and paving, minimizing construction errors and ensuring accurate as-built
pavement sections.
4. The site can be graded to one level, resulting in less excavation, disposal and new pavement
materials, resulting in cost savings and shorter construction time

Disadvantages Of Subgrade:-
 1. Initial and maintenance costs: High initial costs and ongoing maintenance costs can be a
drawback.
2. Subgrade strength: Subgrade strength is variable and inconsistent, which can make it
difficult for engineers to design pavement.
3. California Bearing Ratio (CBR): A subgrade with a CBR value of less than 10 can cause
pavement deterioration.
4. Clay soils: Clay soils can shrink and swell depending on their moisture content.
5. Soils with excessive fines: Soils with excessive fines can be susceptible to frost heave in
freezing areas.

SUB-BASE

A subbase serves as the foundation for pavements, providing structural support and distributing
loads to the underlying subgrade. Composed of compacted aggregate materials like crushed stone
or gravel, the subbase enhances pavement stability. The construction process involves clearing and
grading the site, evaluating the subgrade, controlling moisture, and layering and compacting the
subbase material. Thickness verification, quality control testing, and adherence to specifications
are critical steps. A properly constructed subbase prevents settling, improves load-bearing capacity,
and contributes to the longevity and performance of pavements by creating a solid and durable
base for subsequent pavement layers.

Methodology for Sub-Base:-

1. Addition of Subbase and Base Course: Add a subbase course and base course over the
subgrade to provide additional load-bearing capacity.
2. Material Selection: Select suitable materials for subbase and base bituminous coarse,
considering factors such as bearing value and expansion tests.
3. Quality Evaluation: Evaluate the subbase and base materials using routine methods to
ensure their suitability for the intended roadway performance.

Advantages of Sub-Base:-
A subbase is a layer of material placed beneath a pavement or structure to provide support and
stability. It is typically made of compacted granular material, such as crushed stone or gravel. The
sub base serves several important purposes, including:
1. Improving drainage: The subbase provides a drainage path for water, preventing it from
accumulating beneath the pavement and causing erosion or instability. This is especially
important in areas with heavy rainfall or where the subgrade soil is prone to waterlogging.

2. Distributing loads: The subbase helps to distribute the weight of vehicles over a wider
area of the subgrade, preventing excessive stress concentrations and potential damage to
the underlying soil. This is critical for ensuring the long-term stability of the pavement.

3. Protecting the subgrade: The subbase acts as a protective layer, preventing the subgrade
from being damaged by the wear and tear of traffic. It also helps to prevent the subgrade
from being contaminated by pollutants or other harmful substances.
 4. Improving frost resistance: In cold climates, the subbase can help to prevent frost heave,
which is the movement of the ground surface caused by freezing and thawing of the soil.
This can damage pavements and structures.
5. Reducing maintenance costs: A well-designed and constructed subbase can help to reduce
maintenance costs for pavements and structures by preventing premature deterioration.
BASE BITUMINOUS COARSE

A bituminous base course is a crucial component in flexible pavement structures, providing

strength, durability, and load distribution. Comprising aggregate materials bound together by
bituminous binders, this layer serves as a transition between the underlying subbase and the
overlying asphalt surface.

Methodology for Base Bituminous Coarse:-

1. Application of Tack Coat: A tack coat of bitumen is applied to the base course before
laying the asphalt concrete layer. The quantity of bitumen applied varies depending on the
type of base course
2. Selection of Base Course Material: The base course material should exhibit resilient
behavior after the completion of the post-compaction period
3. The bottom layer essentially comprises an unbound mixture of coarse and fine crushed
stone, as well as crushed sand, to achieve the desired load-bearing capacity and absorb
traffic loads
4. Compaction and Quality Check: After the application of the bituminous coat and
placement of the bituminous mix, the base course is compacted and checked for quality to
ensure proper load-bearing capacity and durability.

Function:
1. Load Distribution: The base course distributes traffic loads evenly across the pavement
structure, preventing concentrated stresses on the subgrade.
2. Strength and Stability: It enhances the structural capacity of the pavement, providing
strength and stability to support heavy vehicular loads.
3. Moisture Resistance: The bituminous binder helps repel water, reducing the risk of
moisture-induced damage and maintaining the integrity of the pavement structure.
4. Flexibility: The flexible nature of the bituminous base accommodates minor movements
in the underlying layers, minimizing the potential for cracking and distress.
Construction Process:-
1. Aggregate Selection: Graded aggregates are selected based on engineering specifications
to achieve the desired mix design.
2. Binder Application: The bituminous binder is applied to the aggregates, ensuring
thorough coating and bonding.
 3. Mixing and Compaction: The coated aggregates are thoroughly mixed and compacted to
achieve the specified density and thickness.
4. Quality Control: Construction involves rigorous quality control measures, including
density and gradation tests, to ensure compliance with design requirements.
Benefits:
1. Enhanced Strength: The bituminous base imparts strength to the pavement, contributing
to its overall structural integrity.
2. Improved Durability: The combination of aggregates and bituminous binder creates a
durable layer capable of withstanding traffic and environmental stresses.
3. Reduced Reflective Cracking: The flexible nature of the base course minimizes the
likelihood of reflective cracking from the underlying layers.

BASE BITUMINOUS COARSE

Different Types Of Equipment, Machineries, And Rollers Used
Tractor:-

A tractor is a powerful motorized vehicle used in agriculture, equipped with large rear wheels, a
front-mounted engine, and attachments at the rear. It performs tasks such as ploughing and tilling,
aiding in farm activities. Tractors vary in size and functionality, from small utility models to larger,
more powerful machines. They play a vital role in mechanizing and improving efficiency in
agricultural and rural operations.
.
Lorry:-

A lorry, also known as a truck, is a large motor vehicle designed for transporting goods. It typically
has a cargo area at the rear, separated from the driver's cab. Lorries come in various sizes and
configurations, serving diverse transportation needs. They are crucial for the movement of goods
in logistics, shipping, and freight industries, playing a significant role in the global
transportation network.
Bulldozer:-

A bulldozer is a powerful, tracked or wheeled construction vehicle with a front-mounted blade.

Primarily used for earthmoving and grading, bulldozers are equipped with a substantial blade that
can push or pull materials such as soil, sand, or debris. Their versatility makes them essential in
construction, mining, and forestry. Some models also have rear ripper attachments for breaking up
compacted materials. Bulldozers are known for their robust design and efficiency in shaping terrain
and clearing land, making them indispensable in various heavy-duty construction and
excavation projects.
Grader:-

A grader is a heavy construction machine equipped with a long blade used for precision grading
and levelling of surfaces, such as roads or construction sites. It has multiple adjustable blades
that can be controlled to achieve specific slopes and levels. Graders are vital for creating smooth,
even surfaces, improving drainage, and preparing areas for pavement. They play a key role in
road construction and maintenance, ensuring the proper alignment and gradient of surfaces.
Graders are commonly used in the construction and maintenance of infrastructure projects to
achieve precise and controlled grading results.
Scraper:-

A scraper is a heavy earthmoving machine with a front-mounted bowl or hopper used for
excavation and material hauling. It efficiently moves large volumes of soil, gravel, or debris,
playing a crucial role in construction, mining, and major earthmoving projects.
Excavators:-

An excavator is a versatile construction machine with a rotating cabin, a boom, and a digging
bucket on an articulated arm. It is widely used for digging, lifting, and moving materials in
construction, excavation, and mining projects. Excavators come in various sizes, with attachments
such as buckets, breakers, and grapples for diverse tasks. Their mobility and precision make them
essential in digging trenches, foundations, and other earthmoving applications. The excavator's
adaptability and efficiency contribute to its prominence in the construction industry for tasks
ranging from excavation to demolition.
Road Compacting Equipments:-
Road compacting equipment, such as vibratory rollers or compactors, is designed to compress and
flatten surfaces during road construction. These machines use weight and vibration to eliminate
air voids, ensuring proper compaction of soil or asphalt. The compacted surface enhances stability,
durability, and load-bearing capacity, reducing the risk of settlement and extending the lifespan of
the road. Road compactors are crucial for achieving uniform density in the pavement layers,
providing a smooth and sturdy foundation for safe and reliable transportation routes.

Paver Finisher:-

A paver finisher is a construction machine used for laying asphalt or concrete on roads. It spreads
and finishes the material evenly, creating a smooth and durable surface. Paver finishers consist of
a hopper for material storage, a conveyor system for material distribution, and a screed that levels
and compacts the material. They play a crucial role in road construction, ensuring precision in
laying and finishing asphalt or concrete surfaces for highways, streets, and other infrastructure
projects. Paver finishers contribute to the efficiency and quality of road surfaces by providing
accurate and consistent application of paving materials.
Safety Precautions Taken During Pavement Construction:-
1. Wear highly visible apparel:- Wear high-visibility apparel that complies with the
American National Standard (ANSI) for Safety Apparel and Accessories that is designed
to be seen and understood. This includes vests, headgear, and armbands constructed of
reflective or fluorescent materials.
2. Determine any possible risks:- When on the site, exercise caution when approaching any
possible hazards by being aware of your surroundings. When operating machinery, always
be aware of your blind areas and take safety precautions when moving construction
equipment.
3. Recognize the tools used on the job:-Keep an eye out for cars coming and going from the
work site as well as the equipment used there. Recognise the channel lanes to determine
the areas where walking is forbidden.
4. Use spotters:- Always utilize spotters when loading and unloading equipment from cars.
You should be aware of safe spots to stand and appropriate hand gestures to employ when
interacting with drivers as a spotter.
5. Recognize and employ signaling for communication team members ought to be aware
of and employ the same signals for communication. As you enter and exit the work site,
load and unload equipment, or do any other task that involves moving around the site,
always make eye contact with your fellow workers to guarantee their mutual safety.
6. Put the equipment's parking brakes in place:- Always engage the parking brake while
stopping any machinery or cars used for construction. Use the appropriate block in front of
or behind the tyres while parking on an incline as an additional precaution.
7. Fasten your seatbelt: Never drive a work vehicle or operate construction equipment
without using a seatbelt. No matter how brief the trip, you should always wear a seat belt.
8. Be cautious when near automobiles on the job site:-Always proceed with extreme
caution when handling machinery or while operating a vehicle. Never assume that a car is
seeing you; instead, give them a signal to stop using their equipment and wait for the driver
to acknowledge you before you approach or cross the path.