Name: KYLA G.

MARASIGAN Course Code/Schedule: CE07/ S 7:00 – 11:30A

Section: CEIT-02-501P Instructor: ENGR. NENITA R. VALENCIA

Highway and Railroad Engineering

ASSIGNMENT #3

This chapter discusses about Placing and Finishing Concrete.

There are a lot of things to be prepared before the placing of concrete like paving the
subgrade, moistening the subgrade and compacting the subgrade in order to have a smooth and
good-quality concrete placing.

In placing of concrete, you must be aware of the basic requirements which are, first, to
preserve the quality of the concrete – check its water-cement ratio, air content, slump and also
check for homogeneity, proper mixing is essential to produce homogeneous, uniform concrete.
Second, is to have proper handling of aggregates to avoid separation or segregation of aggregate
and mortar. Next, to avoid excessive horizontal movement and choose the right equipment for the
concrete. During placing, concrete must be consolidated into the forms and around reinforcing
bars to eliminate trapped air and voids.

A conveyor belt is one of the important tools in the construction and concrete placement.
In massive construction, such as dams and power plants which require large quantities of concrete,
conveyors are advantageous and useful because of their placing capacities. They are also used in
large floor slabs and bridge decks.

In depositing concrete on a pavement slab, concrete is being deposited in front of slip form
paver by dump trucks and should be spread evenly across the subgrade by the paver before
consolidation and finishing. In depositing concrete on curb/curb and gutter, concrete is being
deposited into hopper of slip form curb and gutter machine which then extrudes the concrete into
the desired shape. Concrete on walls should be deposited in horizontal layers with uniform
thickness and each layer should be consolidated before next.

Nuclear density gauge (NDG) is one of the most commonly used methods which provides
staff undertaking general surveillance with guidance on the general aspects of field density testing.
Screeding or Strike-off is the process of cutting off excess concrete to bring the top surface of a
slab to proper grade. A vibratory concrete screed is a machine-powered tool that is used to
screeding the concrete to make it smooth and level. Concrete used on driveways, patios and
sidewalks requires finishing. Darbying or bull floating is a finishing process that gives concrete
surface the desired smoothness, texture and durability.

Edging densifies and compacts concrete next to forms where floating is less effective and
is required along all edge forms, isolation and construction joints in floors and exterior slabs.
Edging may also be required after each subsequent finishing operation for interior slabs. Floating
is done to embed aggregate particles just beneath the surface, to remove slight imperfections,
humps, and voids and to compact the mortar at the surface in preparation for additional finishing
operations.
Name: KYLA G. MARASIGAN Course Code/Schedule: CE07/ S 7:00 – 11:30A
Section: CEIT-02-501P Instructor: ENGR. NENITA R. VALENCIA

Highway and Railroad Engineering

Troweling is a process used to create smooth, hard, dense concrete surface. Brooming is a
process made to create a slip-resistant texture on the surface of the concrete while tining is used to
provide friction and skid resistance. Curing and protection on concrete provide protection from
weather and adequate moisture, temperature and time for the concrete to meet its needed
properties.
In the construction world where accidents are extremely prominent, safety is a major
concern for any laborer. Absence or inadequate use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) are
the main reasons why it is not safe in the construction area. PPE is very important equipment that
protects workers against health or safety risks on the job and reduces employee exposure to
hazards. The following are the PPE’s that need to be observed in any construction industry: safety
helmets or hard hats for the head, working boots or safety shoes for feet, protective clothing or
reflected vest for the body, eyeglasses with protective lenses or goggles for the eyes and face, and
gloves for hands.