ESO225

Lecture #4
Recap:
Course website: Mookit

https://hello.iitk.ac.in/course/eso225sem12324
 Engineering Materials
In the stream of Materials Science and Engineering, we deal with solid
materials that we humans extract or make. These materials have
certain predefined properties which could be controlled through
processing or synthesis condition.

This group of materials is known as Engineering Materials. For

example, metals, ceramics, polymers are engineering materials.
Materials Science
& Engineering

Materials Science Materials Engineering

Resultant knowledge of
the structure, properties,
Basic knowledge of processing and Applied knowledge of
Materials performance of Materials
engineering materials.
Foundations of Mat. Sc. & Eng. By W. F. Smith
Common materials
Graphite
Glass: amorphous
Ceramics

Crystal
Metals Polymers
 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES
OF MATERIALS

www.carsparefinder.co.uk
Bonding
Bonding
Bonding
 In Addition: Composites
• Nonhomogeneous mixtures of the other three
basic types rather than a unique category
 • For example,
case-1: Carbon and Silicon
Note: Two different atoms but same structure (or arrangement)
Same structure and
type of bonding
Different between atoms in Different materials and different properties
atoms these two materials

•A transparent solid object.

Carbon •Electrically insulator

•An opaque solid object.

Silicon •Electrically
semiconducting
case-2: Carbon and Carbon (i.e. same atoms but different structures or arrangement)

Different structures
and the force
between the atoms
of two layers in
graphite in not there
in the carbon atoms
Same in diamond diamond. Different materials and different properties
atoms

•A transparent solid object.

Carbon •Electrically insulator

•An opaque solid object.

Carbon •Electrically conducting
 Diamond cubic • Casting
• Metal Forming
• Welding
Thermo-mechanical • Powder Processing
Crystal Treatments • Machining

Atom Structure Microstructure Component

Electro-
magnetic

Processing determines shape and microstructure of a

component
Crystalline Structure
Magnesium, Titanium, Zinc
Crystal Structures for Common Metals
(at Room Temperature)

• Body-centered cubic (BCC)

– Chromium, Iron, Molybdenum, Tungsten
• Face-centered cubic (FCC)
– Aluminum, Copper, Gold, Lead, Silver, Nickel
• Hexagonal close-packed (HCP)
– Magnesium, Titanium, Zinc
 Microstructure

10 µm

100 nm

1Å
 Microstructure

10 µm 10 µm

Pure Iron Steel (Fe with 0.8 wt% C)

 Macrostructure: Gas turbine blade

http://www.asminternational.org/content/ASM/StoreFiles/06785G_Sample.pdf

Typical Magnification
Stereo microscope
∼ 60X -70X
http://blog.makezine.com
Gas turbine blades

http://www.turbocare.com/gas_turbine_blades_buckets.html
 Miller indices (Contd.)
Example #2
1. Intercepts: ∞, b, ∞
z
2. Divide by unit cell dimensions: ∞, 1, ∞
3. Inverse of these: 0, 1, 0
4. No fractions, no common factors,
Therefore, Miller indices of the
indicated Plane are (010)

y
010

8/18/14 ESO 205A: Dr. Tanmoy Maiti 19

 z

CV
y

Miller indices of the indicated Plane are (0 1 0)

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 What about the plane passing through the origin?

Plane passing through origin

Plane passing through origin
Intercepts → ∞ 0 ∞
Plane → (0 ∞0)
Hence use this plane Intercepts → 0 0 ∞
Plane → (∞∞0)

We want to avoid infinities in Miller indices

In such cases the plane is translated by a unit distance along the non zero axis/axes
and the Miller indices are computed

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• Finding a plane corresponding to a given Miller indices (hkl):

 Just follow the reverse of the procedure to find miller indices.

Refer to the reference books.

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• Family of equivalent planes
Due to the symmetry of the crystal, many non parallel planes
have identical density and arrangement of lattice-points, and
therefore these are clubbed together into a family denoted by
{hkl}
For example, in a cubic crystal system
for a plane (100) the corresponding family of planes is

{100} (100), (0 10), (00 1), ( 1 00), (0 1 0), (00 1)

In tetragonal system, the

family {100} would indicate
only the planes

(100), (0 10), ( 1 00), (0 1 0)

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• Interplanar spacing: (only for crystal systems having all the
three angles = 90°)

a=b=c α=β=γ =90 Cubic

a=b≠c α=β=γ =90 Tetragonal

a≠b≠c α=β=γ =90 Orthorhombic

1
d hkl =
2 2 2
h k  l 
  +  + 
a b c

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