12

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
Misamis Street, Bago-Bantay, Quezon City

UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS

(USLeM)

GENERAL PHYSICS 2
Week 6
Writer Illustrator Language Editor
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UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
GRADE 12 – GENERAL PHYSICS 2

LESSON 1: ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

EXPECTATIONS
This Unified Supplementary Learning Material will help you to:
• translate actual circuit to schematic diagram and vice versa.
• solve for the equivalent resistance, current, and voltage in a given network of resistor.
• appreciate the importance of having a complete circuit.

PRE-TEST
Direction. Write the letter of the correct answer:
1. Which of the following illustrations would make the bulb shine?

A. B. C. D.

2. Which of the following schematic diagrams correctly translates the circuit connection
at the right?

3. Which of the following is true for the voltage across each resistor for three identical
resistors connected in series to a battery?
A. The voltage is greater for the resistor near the battery.
B. The voltage across each resistor is the same as the voltage rating of the battery.
C. The voltage across each resistor is the same but higher than the voltage rating of
the battery.
D. The voltage across each resistor is the same but less than the voltage rating of the
battery.
4. What is the equivalent resistance for a 3, 4 and 6 resistors connected in series?
A. 13 B. 1.33 C. 0.75 D. 0.08
5. Which of the following is true when resistors are connected in parallel to a battery?
A. Each resistor has the same current.
B. The voltage in each resistor is the same.
C. The voltage in each resistor depends on the value of the resistance.
D. The current decreases as more resistors are connected in the circuit.

LOOKING BACK
In the previous module, you have learned about current, resistance and resistivity,
electromotive force, and the relationship of current and voltage using the Ohm’s Law. It is
emphasized that for ohmic materials, as the voltage increases, the amount of current also
increases as resistance is held constant. The resistance of a conductor is dependent on the
type of material, its cross-sectional area, and length. Likewise, resistance is also affected by

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temperature. In this module, you will apply the concepts of current, resistance, voltage, and
the Ohm’s Law to circuit.

INTRODUCTION
In your house, you illuminate your living room by turning on the switch. This is because
you need to close the circuit for charges to move. Voltage provides the “push” for charges to
move. Turning “on” an electric device means you close the circuit, while turning it “off” breaks
the circuit – making it open.

ACTIVITY
Activity 1: Basic Connection
Objective: To identify the type of circuit connection.
Directions: Observe the pictures. Complete the table by describing how the light bulbs are
connected, and by translating the given circuit to its corresponding schematic
diagram using circuit symbols.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

A.

Figure 1
B.

Figure 2

Activity 2: The Resistors in Series

Objective: To analyze the relationship of current, resistance, and voltage for individual
resistors connected in series using a lab result.
Directions: Students conducted an experiment using 2 resistors connected in series.
Analyze the data table obtained from the experiment. Answer the guide
questions accompanying the table.
Table 1. The Resistors in Series.
Set- R1 R2 V1 V2 I1 I2 Req Vtotal
up () () (V) (V) (A) (A) () (V)

1 20 20 1.50 1.50 0.075 0.075 40 3.00

2 20 50 0.860 2.14 0.043 0.043 70 3.00
3 50 50 1.45 1.45 0.03 0.03 100 3.00

1. From the result of the experiment, what can you infer about the total voltage as
compared to the values of the individual voltage of the resistor? Write an expression
that relates total voltage with the individual voltage across the resistor.
2. Compare the values of I1 and I2. What can you say about the value of the current for
each resistor in the setup?
3. Calculate the ratio of the total voltage (Vtotal) and the equivalent resistance (Req) for
each setup. How do the values of the ratio of Vtotal and Req compare with the I in each
resistor? What can you infer from these values?

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UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
GRADE 12 – GENERAL PHYSICS 2
4. What can you infer about the value of the equivalent resistance compared to the value
of the resistors? From the result of equivalent resistance, write an expression of the
Req with the individual value of the resistor.

Activity 4: The Resistors in Parallel

Objective: To analyze the relationship of current, resistance, and voltage for individual
resistor connected in parallel using a lab result.
Direction: Students conducted an experiment using 2 resistors connected in parallel.
Analyze the data table obtained from the experiment. Answer the guide
questions accompanying the table.

Table 2. The Resistors in Parallel.

Set- R1 R2 V1 V2 I1 I2 Req Vtotal
up () () (V) (V) (A) (A) () (V)
1 20 20 3.00 3.00 0.15 0.15 10.0 3.00
2 20 50 3.00 3.00 0.15 0.06 14.3 3.00
3 50 50 3.00 3.00 0.06 0.06 25.0 3.00

1. From the result of the experiment, what can you infer about the total voltage as
compared to the values of the individual voltage of the resistor?
2. Divide the Vtotal with the Req value. Compare the calculated value with the sum of the
currents for each resistor – that is I1 and I2.
3. Get the reciprocal of the Req for each connection. Compare the value obtained with the
sum of the reciprocal for pair of resistances in each setup.
4. Make an expression to find the equivalent resistance using the individual value of the
resistor.
REMEMBER
For Series Resistors: For Parallel Resistors:
𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑎𝑙 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = ⋯ = 𝐼𝑛 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛
𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + ⋯ + 𝑉𝑛 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = ⋯ = 𝑉𝑛
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + ⋯ + 𝑅𝑛 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ⋯+
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅𝑛

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Sample problem:
Three resistors with resistance values of 10.0Ω, 20.0Ω, 30.0Ω were connected in series
to a 90.0 V battery. (a) What is the equivalent resistance? (b) What is the total current that
flows in the circuit? (c) Find the voltage drop across each resistor. Calculate for (a), (b), and
(c) if the resistors were connected in parallel.

For Series:

The equivalent resistance is The voltage drop across each resistor is:
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 For 10 Ω resistor:
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 10.0 Ω + 20.0 Ω + 30.0 Ω = 60.0 Ω 𝑉10Ω = ሺ1.50 𝐴ሻሺ10.0 Ωሻ = 15.0 𝑉
For 20 Ω resistor:
Applying Ohm’s Law, the current that 𝑉20Ω = ሺ1.50 𝐴ሻሺ20.0 Ωሻ = 30.0 𝑉
flows in the circuit is: For 30 Ω resistor:
𝑉 90.0 𝑉
𝐼 = 𝑅 𝑇 = 60.0 Ω = 1.50 𝐴 𝑉30Ω = ሺ1.50 𝐴ሻሺ30.0 Ωሻ = 45.0 𝑉
𝑒𝑞

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For Parallel:

The equivalent resistance is: The current through each branch is:
1 1 1 1 For 10.0 Ω resistor:
= + +
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1
𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑉 90.0 𝑉
1 1 1 1 11.0 𝐼1 = 𝑅1 = 10.0 Ω = 9.00 𝐴
𝑅𝑒𝑞
= 10.0 Ω + 20.0 Ω + 30.0 Ω = 60.0 Ω
1

60.0
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 11.0 Ω = 5.45 Ω For 20 Ω resistor:
𝑉 90.0 𝑉
𝐼2 = 𝑅2 = 20.0 Ω = 4.50 𝐴
2
To find the current through the circuit,
apply Ohm’s Law: For 40 Ω resistor:
𝑉 90.0 𝑉 𝑉 90.0 𝑉
𝐼 = 𝑅 𝑇 = 5.45 Ω = 16.5 𝐴 𝐼3 = 𝑅3 = 30.0 Ω = 3.00 𝐴
𝑒𝑞 3

1. Four 10- resistors were connected in series. What is the equivalent resistance?
Calculate for the total current, current through each resistor, and voltage across each
resistor if the connection is attached to a 24-V battery.

2. Four 10- resistors were connected in parallel. What is the equivalent resistance?
Calculate for the total current, current through each resistor, voltage across each
resistor if the connection is attached to a 24-V battery.

3. What happens to the value of the current when we increase the number of resistors in
(a) series and (b) parallel to the circuit? Explain.

POSTTEST
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following statements is always true for branch current if 2 resistors are
connected in parallel?
A. The current in the branch is directly proportional to the resistance.
B. The current in the branch is the same as the total current in the circuit.
C. The current in the branch depends on the value of resistance in the branch.
D. The current in the branch is the same at all time regardless of the resistance value.
2. Which of the following statements is true about 2 resistors in series?
A. The voltage across each resistor is the same.
B. The current through each resistor is the same.
C. The greater the resistance the higher the current through the resistor.
D. The total current through the resistors is the sum of the individual current.
3. Which of the following would best complete the sentence. A simple circuit is made of
a resistor with resistance of 1-. If a resistor is connected parallel to the 1- resistor,
____________.
A. the voltage across 1- resistor will decrease.
B. the current through 1- resistor will decrease.
C. the total current through the circuit will increase.
D. the equivalent resistance of the circuit will increase.
4. Matthew connects 1-, 2-, and 3- resistors in series. What is the equivalent
resistance of the circuit?
A. 4- B. 5- C. 6- D. 7-
5. Jorge constructed a parallel circuit using 3-identical resistors R connected to a battery.
What is the equivalent resistance of the circuit?
A. R B. 3R C. 3/R D. R/3

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UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
GRADE 12 – GENERAL PHYSICS 2
LESSON 2: KIRCHHOFF’S
EXPECTATIONS
This Unified Supplementary Learning Material will help you to:
• state the Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule.
• state the Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule.
• solve problems involving complex circuit using Kirchhoff’s Rule.

PRETEST
Direction. Write the letter of the correct answer. .
1. Which of the following is true about Kirchhoff’s Current law?
A. Any junction is capable of storing energy.
B. Accumulation of charge at a junction is possible.
C. Accumulation of charge in a junction is not possible.
D. There is possibility that the amount of charge that enters a junction is greater than
the amount of charge that leaves a junction.
2. What term is used to indicate the intersection of branches of a conductor?
A. Loop B. Junction C. Coil D. Circle
3. What term is used for any closed conducting path in a circuit?
A. Loop B. Junction C. Intersection D. Point
4. Which of the following conservation law directly implies Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law?
A. Charge B. Energy C. Momentum D. Mass
5. Which of the following current relation is true based on the figure
on the right? I1 I2
A. I1 = I2 = I3 C. I1 + I2 = I3
B. I1 = I2 + I3 D. I3 – I2 = I1 I3
Figure 3

LOOKING BACK
Elements of any electrical circuit are composed of the source, the load, the path, and
the control. The load can be connected in either series or parallel. Most connections in houses
are in parallel because appliances operate with the same voltage. In series connection,
increasing the number of electrical loads will result in the increase in the resistance that will
decrease the current. In parallel connection, increasing the number of electrical loads will
result in the decrease in the resistance and an increase in current.

INTRODUCTION
Some electrical networks of resistors are
not merely a combination of series and parallel
connection. A single loop circuit with two batteries
and resistors in between them, a “bridge” circuit,
and circuit similar to Figure 5 are examples of
complex circuits that cannot be simplified using
series and parallel.

ACTIVITY
Figure 4. Complex Circuit
Activity: In the Junction
Objective: To understand the Kirchhoff’s Current Law using a pictorial representation.

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Direction: Study the picture presented below and answer the guide
questions.
1. Compare the number of dots that exits the intersection to pipe 1
and pipe 2 with the total number of dots that enters the
intersection. __________________________________
2. If the dots represent the amount of current, what can you infer
about the amount of current that enter and leave points A?
____________________________________________

The Kirchhoff’s Law is the mathematical approach in analyzing Figure 5. Junction of water pipe.
basic and complex circuit. It was developed by German-physicist
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff. The law uses the concept of the law of conservation of energy and
of charges.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (Loop rule) is a direct consequence of the conservation of
energy. This states that: the algebraic sum of the potential (voltage) around a closed loop in
the circuit is zero.
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (Node/Junction rule) on the other hand is a direct consequence
of the conservation of electric charge. This states that: the algebraic sum of all the current into
the node/junction should be zero. A junction is referred to as an intersection of conductors.
Thus, from the rule the amount of current entering a junction should be equal to the amount
of current leaving the junction.
In solving circuits using Kirchhoff’s rule, we assign the direction of current in the circuit
which is labeled in Figure 6 as “assumed current”. Also, we
assign the direction of travel for the loop we are analyzing.
Use the sign conventions for the loop rule as illustrated in
Figure 6. When adding V and IR terms in a loop we apply
the sign convention as illustrated in Figure 6. When we
traverse the loop from “negative to positive” of a battery, we
treat the voltage to be positive. When travelling from
“positive to negative” on the other hand, we treat the
voltage to be negative. When a resistor is encountered in
the loop, the IR term is positive when the direction of travel
is opposite to the direction of the assumed current. If the
direction of travel is the same as the direction of the
assumed current, the IR term is negative. Figure 6. Sign Convention (Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule).

REMEMBER
For Kirchhoff’s Rule:
a. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law: ∑ 𝑽 = 𝟎 b. Kirchhoff’s Current Law: ∑ 𝑰 = 𝟎

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Before answering the problems, study the sample problem .
A circuit connection was constructed as shown in Figure 4. Calculate for the magnitude
of the current through the 6-V battery if V1 = 9.0V, V2 = 6.0V, R1 = 8, R2 = 17, and R3 = 9
Apply Junction Rule at point a, to find Loop 2:
the current that goes into the 6-V battery. Thus, 6 − ሺ9Ωሻ𝐼2 = 0
𝐼3 = 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 𝐼2 = 0.67 𝐴
Substitute the values of I1 and I2 to solve
Apply loop rule for loop 1 and loop 2. for the magnitude of I3
The assumed direction for travel around the 𝐼3 = 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 = 0.12 𝐴 − 0.67 𝐴 = −0.55 𝐴
loop is counterclockwise. Hence, The negative value of I3 implies that
Loop 1: the direction of assumed current is opposite to
9𝑉 − ሺ17Ωሻ𝐼1 − 6𝑉 − ሺ8Ωሻ𝐼1 = 0 the direction of the actual current direction.
𝐼1 = 0.12 𝐴 Thus, the magnitude of current through the 6V
battery is 0.55 A
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UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
GRADE 12 – GENERAL PHYSICS 2
1. What is the advantage of using Kirchhoff’s Law in circuit analysis?

2. What does the negative value for current mean?

3. From the previous sample problem, solve for the magnitude of the current in the 6-V
battery if the 17  resistor is removed?

POST TEST
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer
1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law is a direct consequence of what conservation law?
A. Mass B. Charge C. Energy D. Momentum
2. Which law is used in analyzing basic or complex electric circuit?
A. Newton’s Law C. Faraday’s Law
B. Kirchhoff’s Law D. Ampere’s Law I1 I2
3. What is the amount of current I2 in the figure at the right if I1 = 5A
and I3 = 3A? I3
A. 8 A B. 2 A C. 3 A D. 5 A
4. Which of the following correctly describes Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law?
A. The sum of voltage is less than the battery.
B. The sum of voltage is dependent on the loop taken by the current.
C. The sum of voltage through the circuit regardless of the loop taken is zero.
D. The sum of voltage through the circuit is zero only if the components are in series.
5. Kirchhoff’s Current Law is applied only for ___________.
A. Junction in the circuit. C. Closed loop in the circuit.
B. Electronic circuit component. D. Current in the closed loop.

LESSON 3: RC CIRCUIT

EXPECTATIONS
This Unified Supplementary Learning Material will help you to:
• determine how capacitors are charged in an RC circuit.
• determine the time constant for an RC circuit.
• appreciate the application of RC circuit in electronic devices.

PRETEST
Direction. Write the letter of the correct answer.
1. RC circuit is a circuit with resistor and ________.
A. capacitor B. conductor C. current D. charge
2. A series RC circuit is connected to constant voltage source, at the instance the circuit
made contact with the battery, the voltage in the capacitor is ____.
A. greater than the voltage of battery C. less than the voltage of the battery
B. the same as the voltage of the battery D. zero.
3. The time it takes for a capacitor in an RC circuit to charge is called ___________.
A. Time constant B. Time zone C. Half-life D. Time constraint
4. The unit for the quantity RC in the RC circuit is _____.
A. ohm B. watt C. second D. volts
5. A resistor with value 2- is connected in series to a capacitor with capacitance rating
of 1.5 F and a battery with voltage rating of 12 V. The time constant is ________.
A. 3.0 s B. 2.0 s C. 1.3 s D. 0.75 s

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LOOKING BACK
Capacitor is a device used to store energy. On the other hand, a resistor is a device
that resists the flow of charge. When these two electrical components are found in a circuit,
we have an RC circuit.

INTRODUCTION
Devices such as flashbulb in a camera, flashing traffic light, the automatic turn engine
of a car, a car’s windshield wipers, pacemaker, and many other electronic devices operate in
an RC Circuit. In this type of circuit, we deal with how variables such as voltage and current
changes with time. There are two main purposes for this type of circuit: as a timing circuit or a
filter circuit.

ACTIVITY
Activity Graph Analysis
Objective To interpret the graph of voltage of capacitor with the charging time.
Direction Study the graph on the right. Answer the guide questions to understand RC
Circuit.

1. Describe the curve in voltage vs RC graph.

2. What does t=RC represent?
3. Look closely at the curve depicted in the graph
from 0 to 63% with the curve from 63%
onward. What does this imply?

REMEMBER Figure 7. RC Time Constant.

Charging a Capacitor. If the

capacitor is initially uncharged and the
switch is open, no current goes into the
circuit. When the switch is closed, at t =
0, the capacitor will start to accumulate
charges until sometime t.
The term RC in the equation is
known as the time constant, . When
the time constant is small, the capacitor
charges faster; on the other hand, if the
value of the time constant is larger, its
charging time also increases.
Discharging a Capacitor. When
the battery is removed from the circuit
after the capacitor has been charged
and the circuit is still closed, the
capacitor discharges.
• Time Constant: 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶
• (Charging a capacitor). Magnitude of charge
𝑡
in a capacitor for time t: 𝑞 = 𝑞𝑜 [1 − 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶 ]
• (Charging a capacitor). For the current that
is flowing through the circuit, as it
𝑡
approaches time t: 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑜 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶
• (Discharging a capacitor). The amount of
charge being discharged after time t:
𝑡
𝑞 = 𝑄𝑜 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶
• (Discharging a capacitor). The current after
𝑡
time t: 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑜 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶

CHECK YOU UNDERSTANDING

Before answering the problem, study the sample problem below to serve as your guide.

Sample Problem.
A resistor with value 2- is connected in series with a capacitor that has a capacitance
rating of 1.5 F. If the capacitor is initially uncharged, (a) What is the time constant? and (b)
What fraction of the final charge is on the plates at time t = 14 s?

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9
Answers:
PRE POST Activity 1
TEST TEST A. The bulbs are connected side-by-side along a single wire that is connected to a battery. This connection is a series connection.
1. C 1. C B. The wire branches out from the single wire, and along each branch, a bulb is placed. This type of connection is called parallel.
2. A 2. B Activity 2
3. D 3. C 1. The total voltage is the sum of the individual voltage. VTotal =V1 + V2
4. A 4.C 2. Same.
5. B 5. D 3. The ratio is the same. The current in the circuit is the same as the current in each resistor.
4. Req is the sum of the value of each resistor. Req = R1 + R2.
Activity 3
LESSON 1

1. Same. 2. The value is the same.

3. The value is the same. 4. 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2.
Check your understanding:
1. Req=40; Itotal=0.6A; Ieach R = 0.6A; Veach R=6V 2. Req=2.5; Itotal=9.6A; Ieach R=2.4A; Veach R=24 V
3. (a) I decreases due to increase in resistance; (b) I increases due to decrease in resistance.
PRE POST Activity
TEST TEST 1. The sum of dots that exits pipe 1 and 2 is the same as the number of dots that enters A.
1. B 1. B 2. The amount of current that enters an intersection is the same as the algebraic sum of the current that leaves the intersection.
2. C 2. B Check your understanding
3. A 3. B 1. It helps to solve complex circuit that series and parallel simplification cannot be performed.
LESSON 2

4. B 4. C 2. Negative value indicates that the direction of “assumed” current is opposite to the direction of the actual current.
5. B 5. A 3. 0.29A
PRETES POST Activity
T TEST 1. The voltage increases with time but approaches to a maximum voltage value after t=RC
1. A 1. A 2. The time to reach 63% of voltage value. It is the time constant.
2. D 2. B 3. A fast increase in voltage before t=RC equals 63%, and a slow increase thereafter. It implies that after a long time and charges
3. A 3. A accumulate in the capacitor, current decreases and the voltage across the capacitor equals the voltage of the battery.
4. C 4. C Check your understanding
LESSON 3

5. A 5. A 1. No 2. t=1RC 3. 25 s
Pearson Education, Inc.
Young, H. and Freedman, R. (2016). University physics with modern physics (14th ed).
Giancoli, D. (2005). Physics principles with application (6th ed). Pearson Education, Inc.
REFERENCE:
A. 98% B. 99% C. 63% D. 50%
constant is 5 s?
5. What fraction of charge is stored in the plate of a capacitor after 4RC if the time
A. 20% B. 32% C. 39% D. 50%
is 20 s?
4. What fraction of charge is stored in the plate of a capacitor after 10 s if the time constant
A. 30 s B. 15 s C. 3.0x10-8 s D. 3.0x102 s
3. What is the time constant for an RC circuit if R = 3  and C = 10 F?
B. the same as the voltage of the battery D. zero.
A. greater than the voltage of battery C. less than the voltage of the battery
makes contact with the battery, the voltage in the resistor is ____.
2. If an RC circuit is connected to a constant voltage source, at the instance the circuit
D. less than the battery’s voltage, but greater than zero
C. greater than the battery’s voltage
B. equal to the battery’s voltage
A. zero
resistor will be ________.
1. In an RC circuit, when the voltage reaches the steady state, the voltage across the
Direction. Write the letter of the correct answer.
POST TEST
respectively?
3. What is the time constant for a resistor and capacitor with values 5 and 5F,
2. At what factor can we get an approximate 63% charged plates of the capacitor?
1. Is it possible to get a 100% charged plate?
𝑞𝑜
= 99.1% (b) The fraction of the final charge is,
𝑞
𝑞0 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶 = 2.0 Ωሺ1.5 𝐹ሻ = 3.0 𝑠
= 1 − 𝑒 −𝑅𝐶 = 1 − 𝑒 −4.67 = 0.991
𝑡
𝑞 (a) The time constant is,
GRADE 12 – GENERAL PHYSICS 2
UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS