Differential calculus

Radius of curvature in Cartesian coordinates

( )

( )

Differentiating (1) with respect to , we get

( )

( ( ) ) ( )

( )
( )

( ( ))
 ( ( ) )
( )

( ) ( ) ( )
( ( ))

( )

( )

( )

Differentiating (1) with respect to , we get

( )

⇒( )

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )

( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
( )

( ( ) ( )) ( ( ) ( )) ( ( ) ( ) )( ( )( ) )

( ( ) ( ))

( )( ) ( )( )

( )

( )( )( ( ))

( ) ( ) ( )

( )
( )

( ) ( ( ) ) √ √
( )

√
( )

( )

( )

Differentiating (1) with respect to , we get

 ( )
( )
( )
( )

( )

(( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ( ) ) √
√

( )

( )

Differentiating (1) with respect to , we get

( ) ( ( ) )

( ) ( ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
 ( )
( )

( )

( )

Differentiating (1) with respect to , we get

( )
( )

( )
( )
( )

( ( ) ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

Differentiating (1) with respect to , we get

√ √

√ √
 √ √

√ √

√ ( )
[ ]
√

√ √ √
( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
√ √ √ √ √
√ √
[ ]
[ ]

√ (√ √ )
[ ]
√ √

√
( ( ) )
( ( ))
( ) √
√ (√ √ ) √ (√ √ )
* + * +
√ √ √ √
( )
√ (√ √ )
( ) * +
√ √

( )
( ( ))
√ (√ √ )
( ) * +
√ √

( )

Radius of curvature in Parametric form

IF ( ) ( )

(( ) ( ) )
The parametric form is ( )

( )

( )

( )

(( ) ( ) )

(( ) ( ) )
( )( ) ( )( )

( )
( )( )

( ) ( )
( )( )

( )( )
( )( )

( )

( ) ( ) ( )

The parametric form is ( )

 (( ) ( ) )

(( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )

( ) ( )

The parametric form is ( )

(( ) ( ) )

(( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )

( )

Centre of Curvature in Cartesian form:

( ( ) )
̅

( ( ) )
̅

Circle of curvature

( ̅) ( ̅)

Find the circle of the curve ( )

( )

Differentiating (1) with respect to , we get

 ⇒

( )( )

( )
( )( )

( ( ) )
̅

( ( ) )
̅
( )

( ( ) )
̅

( ( ) )
̅
( )

The center of curvature is ( )

( ) ( ( ) )
√
( )

The circle of curvature is given by

( ̅) ( ̅)

( ) ( )

Centre of Curvature in parametric form:

IF ( ) ( )

̇ (( ̇ ) ( ̇) )
̅
̇ ̈ ̇ ̈

̇ (( ̇ ) ( ̇) )
̅
̇ ̈ ̇ ̈
 ̇ ̈ ̇ ̈

Find the equation of the evolute of the curve

Solution:

The parametric form is ( )

̇ ( )

̈ ( )

̈ ( )

̇ (( ̇ ) ( ̇) )
̅
̇ ̈ ̇ ̈
(( ) ( ) )
( )( ) ( )( )

( )
( )( )

( ) ( )
( )( )

( )
( )

̇ (( ̇ ) ( ̇) )
̅
̇ ̈ ̇ ̈
(( ) ( ) )
( )( ) ( )( )

( )
( )( )
 ( ) ( )
( )( )

( )
( )

̅ ̅

̅ ̅ ( ) ⇒(̅ ̅) ( ) ( )

̅ ̅

̅ ̅ ( ) ⇒(̅ ̅) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

(̅ ̅) (̅ ̅) ( ) ( )

( )

(̅ ̅) (̅ ̅) ( )

The locus of ( ) the evolute of the given curve

( ) ( )

Find the equation of the evolute of the curve

Solution:

The parametric form is ( )

̇ ̈ ̇ ̈

̇ (( ̇ ) ( ̇) )
̅
̇ ̈ ̇ ̈

(( ) ( ) ) (( ) ( ))
̅
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )

̅ ( )
 ̅ ̅
̅ ⇒ ⇒ ( ) ( )

̇ (( ̇ ) ( ̇) )
̅
̇ ̈ ̇ ̈

(( ) ( ) ) (( ) ( ))
̅
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )

̅ ( )

̅ ̅
̅ ⇒ ⇒ ( ) ( )

The center of curvature is ( )

From (2) and (3), we get

̅ ̅
( ) ( )

Raising the powers with 6 on both sides, we get

̅ ̅ ̅ (̅ )
( ) ( ) ⇒

̅ (̅ )

The locus of ( ) the evolute of the given curve

( )

Find the equation of the evolute of the curve

Solution:

The parametric form is ( )

̇ ̈ ̇ ̈

̇ (( ̇ ) ( ̇) )
̅
̇ ̈ ̇ ̈
 (( ) ( ) ) (( ) ( ))
̅
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )

̅ ( )

̅ ̅
̅ ⇒ ⇒ ( ) ( )

̇ (( ̇ ) ( ̇) )
̅
̇ ̈ ̇ ̈

(( ) ( ) ) (( ) ( ))
̅
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )

̅ ( )

̅ ̅
̅ ⇒ ⇒ ( ) ( )

The center of curvature is ( )

From (2) and (3), we get

̅ ̅
( ) ( )

Raising the powers with 6 on both sides, we get

̅ ̅ ̅ (̅ )
( ) ( ) ⇒

̅ (̅ )

The locus of ( ) the evolute of the given curve

( )

Find the equation of the evolute of the curve

Solution:

( )
 ̇ ̈ ̇ ̈

̇ (( ̇ ) ( ̇) )
̅
̇ ̈ ̇ ̈

( ) (( ) ( ) ) ( )( )
̅
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

( )
̅

̅ ( )

̇ (( ̇ ) ( ̇) )
̅
̇ ̈ ̇ ̈

( ) (( ) ( ) ) ( )
̅
( )( ) ( )( )

̅ ( )

The center of curvature is ( ( ) ( ))

̅ ̅ ( ) ( ) ( )

(̅ ̅) ( ) ( ) ( )

̅ ̅ ( ) ( ) ( )

(̅ ̅) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
 (̅ ̅) (̅ ̅) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

(̅ ̅) (̅ ̅) ( ) *( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ( ))

(̅ ̅) (̅ ̅) ( )

(̅ ̅) (̅ ̅) ( )

The locus of ( ) the evolute of the given curve

( ) ( ) ( )

Solution:

The parametric form is ( )

̇ ̈ ̇ ̈

̇ (( ̇ ) ( ̇) )
̅
̇ ̈ ̇ ̈

(( ) ( ) )
( )( ) ( )( )

( )

( )
( )

( ) ( ( ) )

( ) ( )
̅
 ̅ ̅
̅ ( ) ⇒ ⇒( ) ( )

̇ (( ̇ ) ( ̇) )
̅
̇ ̈ ̇ ̈

(( ) ( ) )
( )( ) ( )( )

( )

( )
( )

( ) ( ( ))

( )
̅

̅ ̅
̅ ( ) ⇒ ⇒( ) ( )

( ) ( )

̅ ̅
( ) ( )

( ̅) ( ̅) ( ) ( )

The locus of ( ) the evolute of the given curve

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Solution:
 ( ) ( ) ( )

̇ ( ) ̈ ̇ ̈

̇ (( ̇ ) ( ̇) )
̅
̇ ̈ ̇ ̈

(( ( )) ( ) )
( )
( )( ) ( )( )

( )
( )

( ) ( )

( )

̅ ( )

̇ (( ̇ ) ( ̇) )
̅
̇ ̈ ̇ ̈

( ) (( ( )) ( ) )
( )
( )( ) ( )( )

( )( )
( )

( )( )
( )

( )( )
( )

( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )

̅ ( ) ( )

The locus of ( ) ( ) the evolute of the given curve

( )
Envelope

Solution:

( )

( )

Differentiating (2) with respect to , we get

⇒ ⇒

( )
⇒
( )

( )
( )
√ √( ) ( )

( )
( )
√ √( ) ( )

Substituting (3) and (4) in (1), we get

( ) ( )
√( ) ( ) √( ) ( )

( ) √( ) ( ) ( ) √( ) ( )
 (( ) ( ) ) √( ) ( )

(( ) ( ) ) ⇒( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

Solution:

( )

⇒ ( )

Substituting (2) in (1), we get

( ) ( )⇒ ( )

The above equation is quadratic in

Here ( )

( ) ⇒ ( ) ⇒ ( ) √

√ √ ⇒ (√ √ ) ⇒ √ √ √

√ √ √ which gives the envelope of the family of curves.

Solution:

( )

⇒ ( )

Substituting (2) in (1), we get

( )

The above equation is quadratic in

Here

( ) ⇒ ⇒

which gives the envelope of the family of curves.

Solution:

( )

( )

Differentiating (1) and (2) with respect to we get

⇒ ⇒ ( )

⇒ ( )
From (3) and (4), we get

⇒ ⇒ ( ( ) ( ))

⇒ ⇒ ( )

⇒ ⇒ ( )

Substituting (5) and (6) in (1), we get

which gives the envelope of the family of curves.

Evolutes as the envelope of the normal

Solution:

The parametric form is ( )

Equation of normal is given is by

( )

( )

( )
 ( )

( )( )

( )

( ) ( )

To find the envelope:

Differentiating (2) partially with respect to we get

( )

( )

( ) ( ) we get

( )

( ) ( ) we get

( )

( ) ⇒( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ⇒(̅ ̅) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )

( ) ( )

Find the evolute of the parabola considering it as the envelope of its normals.

Solution:

The parametric form is ( )

Equation of normal is given is by

( )

( )
( )

( )⇒ ( )

To find the envelope:

Differentiating (2) partially with respect to we get

⇒ ⇒( ) ( )

Substituting in (2)

( )
 ⇒ ⇒( ) ( )

From (3) and (4)

( ) ( )

Raising the powers with 6 on both sides, we get

( )
( ) ( ) ⇒

( )

Find the evolute of the parabola considering it as the envelope of its normals.

Solution:

The parametric form is ( )

Equation of normal is given is by

( )

( )

( )⇒ ( )

To find the envelope:

Differentiating (2) partially with respect to we get

⇒
 ⇒ ⇒( ) ( )

Substituting in (2)

( )

⇒( ) ( )

From (3) and (4)

( ) ( )

Raising the powers with 6 on both sides, we get

( )
( ) ( ) ⇒

( )

Solution:

The parametric form is ( )

Equation of normal is given is by

 ( )

( )

( )

( ) ( )

To find the envelope:

Differentiating (2) partially with respect to we get

( )( ) ( )

( ) ( ) we get

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ⇒ ( ) ⇒

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) we get

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ⇒ ( ) ⇒

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )