ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS IV

(FEG 404)

Dr. Charles Okpala

 TOPICS

FURTHER NUMERICAL METHODS:

 FIRST ORDER DIFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

 EULER’S EQUATION
 SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
 RUNGE- KUTTA METHOD
EULER’S EQUATION
Euler’s method is the easiest approach of the Numerical Methods
for solving First Order Differential Equations.
Euler’s Equation is given as: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Equation (1) can also be written as: ( ) ( )
Example

Given that ( ) with the initial condition that at x = 2,

y=5. Find an appropriate value of y at x = 2.2
Solution

( )

( )
( ) ( )
 ( )
( )

( ) ( )
( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
 ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )
Present the results in a tabular form
N ( )
0 2.0 5.0 1.0
1 2.2 5.2 1.2
2 2.4 5.44 1.36
3 2.6 5.712 1.488
4 2.8 6.0096 1.5904
5 3.0 6.32768 1.67232
Example 2

Obtain a numerical solution of the equation

( )
Solution
( )
( ) )
( )
( )
Then, tabulate as shown below:
N ( )
0 1.0 2.0 0
1 1.2 2.0 0.2
2 1.4 2.04 0.36
3 1.6 2.112 0.488
4 1.8 2.2096 0.5904
5 2.0 2.32768 0.67232
SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
The two formulae for solving the second order differential equations
are:

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Example
Solve the equation
( )
Solution
From the given equation

Therefore ( ) ( )
( )
From (1), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

From (2), ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )
 ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
 ( )

( ) ( )
( )
( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )
( )

Tabulate the Answers as shown below:

n
0 0 1.0 0 1.0
1 0.2 1.02 0.2 1.06
2 0.4 1.0812 0.412 1.246
3 0.6 1.18852 0.6612 1.58524
4 0.8 1.352465 0.978248 2.135063
5 1.0 1.590816 1.405261 2.996077
Runge-Kutta Method for Second Order Differential Equations
Starting with the given equation ( ) and initial
conditions that at
( )

(a) We evaluate
( )

*( )( ) ( )+

*( )( ) ( )+
 *( )( ) ( )+

(b) ( )
( )

(c)

( ) ( )
Example

If ( )

Solution

From the initial conditions

But

Therefore ( )
Step 1
Calculate

( ) ( ) ( )

{( )( ) ( )}
( ) {( )( ) (
)}
{( )( ) ( )}

( ) {( )( )

( )}

{( )( ) ( )}

( ) {( )( )

( )}
 ( ) ( )

( )
( )

( )

( ) ( )
Therefore from the given equation

( )

Second Step
Here
( ) ( )

Calculate
Next, evaluate P and Q.
Also, calculate for ( )

Then, find ( ) from the equation ( )

Other Steps
Repeat the process for

0 1.0 0 1.0
0.2 1.020201 0.204040 1.061009
0.4 1.083284 0.433316 1.256610
0.6 1.197208 0.718333 1.628208
0.8 1.377107 1.101706 2.258472
1.0 1.648677 1.648721 3.297398

Questions?
Thanks a lot for listening.