Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis

Ahmad Mahbubul Alam

INSA de Rennes

13.11.2014
Action Items for This Meeting

1. Finding out the Spectral Efficiency (SE) and and transmit

power (Pt ) for which maximum Energy Efficiency (EE) is
obtained for an AWGN channel.
2. Finding out how the SE for which maximum Energy Efficiency
is obtained for an AWGN channel varies with ’a’ (coefficient
for transmission dependent power). Consider the parameters
for macrocell into account.
3. Working on variation of EE with SE including interference.
4. Working on a article on the EE vs SE issue for an AWGN
channel.

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

Outline

EE-SE Tradeoff for AWGN Channel

EE-SE Tradeoff for Hexagonal Cellular Network Considering Fluid

Model

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

 Section 1

EE-SE Tradeoff for AWGN Channel

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

SE and Pt Corresponding to Maximum EE I
Channel bandwidth = w [Hz]
Transmit power = Pt [W] £ ¤
Noise spectral density = No W/Hz
Close-in reference distance = ro [m]
Distance between transmitter and receiver = r [m]
Path loss exponent = α³
Pt ( rro )−α
´ £ ¤
Channel Rate, C = w ln 1 + wNo nats/s
Spectral Efficiency

C ³ Pt ( rro )−α ´ £ ¤
SE = = ln 1 + nats/s/Hz
w wNo
Transmit Power
r α
Pt = (e SE − 1)wNo ( )
ro

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

SE and Pt Corresponding to Maximum EE II

Total power assumed, Ptotal = aPt + b [W]

Here, a is the coefficienct for transmit power and b is the fixed
circuit power.
Energy Efficiency

C wSE wSE £ ¤
EE = = = nats/s
Ptotal aPt + b a(e SE − 1)wNo ( rro )α + b

Putting x = aNo ( rro )α ,

wSE
EE =
xw (e SE − 1) + b

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

SE and Pt Corresponding to Maximum EE III
∂EE ∂ ³ wSE ´
=
∂SE ∂SE xw (e SE − 1) + b
³ ´−1 ∂ ∂ ³ ´−1
= xw (e SE − 1) + b (wSE ) + wSE xw (e SE − 1) + b
∂SE ∂SE
³ ´−1 ³ ´−2
SE
= w xw (e − 1) + b + wSE (−1) xw (e SE − 1) + b wxe SE

∂EE
∂SE= 0 at the point where EE is maximum.
Putting ∂∂EE
SE = 0,
³ ´−1 ³ ´−2
w xw (e SE − 1) + b = wSE xw (e SE − 1) + b wxe SE

³ ´−2
Dividing both sides by w xw (e SE − 1) + b as it is 6= 0

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

SE and Pt Corresponding to Maximum EE IV

xw (e SE − 1) + b = xwSEe SE

Dividing both sides by xw as it is 6= 0

b
e SE − 1 + = SEe SE
xw
b
⇔ − 1 = (SE − 1)e SE
xw
1³ b ´
⇔ − 1 = (SE − 1)e (SE −1)
e xw
h1³ b ´i
⇔ SE − 1 = Wo −1
e xw

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

SE and Pt Corresponding to Maximum EE V

Wo is the positive branch of the lambert-W function. Negative

branch of the lambert-W function, W−1 ranges from
W−1 (−1/e) = −1 to W−1 (0− ) = −∞. On the other hand, positive
branch of the lambert-W function is ≥ −1. Since SE can’t be
negative, hence positive branch of the lambert-W function is taken
here.
Therefore
h1³ b ´i
SE = Wo − 1 +1 (1)
e awNo ( rro )α

This is the SE corresponding to maximum EE.

Transmit power, Pt corresponding to the maximum EE can be
obtained from Pt = (e SE − 1)wNo ( rro )α by using equation (1).

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

Parameters for Plots

b = 712 W
w = 10 MHz
No = -168.83 dBm/Hz
r = 2 km
ro = 1.70 × 10−4 km
Carrier frequency, fc = 1.8 GHz
α = 3.5

G. Auer, V. Giannini, M. Olsson, M. J. Gonzalez, and C. Desset, “Framework for

energy efficiency analysis of wireless networks,” in 2nd International Conference
on Wireless VITAE, pp. 1–5, 2011
Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014
EE-SE Trade-off for a
4
x 10
2.5
a=5
a=10
a=14.5
2

1.5
EE (b/J)

0.5

0
0 5 10 15
SE (b/s/Hz)

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

SE and Pt Corresponding to EEmax for a

4
x 10
4.5 4 5 400

4 3.5
4 300
3.5 3
SEmax (b/s/Hz)

SEmax (b/s/Hz)
EEmax (b/s)

Ptmax (W)
3 2.5 3 200

2.5 2
2 100
2 1.5

1.5 1 1 0
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
a a

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

EE-SE Trade-off for b
4
x 10
2.5
b=100W
b=400W
b=712W

1.5
EE (b/J)

0.5

0
0 5 10 15
SE (b/s/Hz)

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

SE and Pt Corresponding to EEmax for b

4
x 10
2 5 2 80

1.5 4 1.5 60
SEmax (b/s/Hz)

SEmax (b/s/Hz)
EEmax (b/s)

Ptmax (W)
1 3 1 40

0.5 2 0.5 20

0 1 0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
b (W) b (W)

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

EE-SE Trade-off for r
4
x 10
7
r=0.5km
r=1km
r=1.5km
6

4
EE (b/J)

0
0 5 10 15
SE (b/s/Hz)

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

SE and Pt Corresponding to EEmax for r

5
x 10
20 2 14 70

12 60

10 50
(b/s/Hz)

SEmax (b/s/Hz)
8 40

EEmax (b/s)

Ptmax (W)
10 1
max
SE

6 30

4 20

2 10

0 0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
r (km) r (km)

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

EE-SE Trade-off for α
18000
α=2.5
α=3.5
16000 α=4.5

14000

12000

10000
EE (b/J)

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0 5 10 15
SE (b/s/Hz)

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

SE and Pt Corresponding to EEmax for α

4
x 10
4 2 3 140

2.5 120
SEmax (b/s/Hz)

EEmax (b/s)
2 100

SEmax (b/s/Hz)

Ptmax (W)
2 1

1.5 80

1 60

0 0 0.5
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
40
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 α
α

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

EE vs SE for Different Bandwidth (w)
EE vs SE for a=14.5, b=712W, N=−168.83 dBm/Hz, r=2km, r =1.70 × 10−4 km, f =1.8GHz, α=3.5
o c
16000
EE for w=1.5MHz
EE for w=10MHz
EE for w=20MHz
14000

12000

10000
EE (b/J)

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0 5 10 15
SE (b/s/Hz)

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

Maximum EE and Corresponding SE for Different w
max EE and corresponding SE for a=14.5, b=712W, N=−168.83 dBm/Hz, r=2km, r =1.70 × 10−4 km, f =1.8GHz, 4α=3.5
o c x 10
4 2

SE (b/s/Hz)

EE (b/s)
2 1

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
w (MHz) x 10
7

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

SE and Pt corresponding to maximum EE for Different w
SE & P corresponding to max EE for a=14.5,b=712W,N=−168.83 dBm/Hz,r=2km,r =1.70 × 10−4 km,f =1.8GHz,α=3.5
t o c
4 100

SE (b/s/Hz)

Pt (W)
2 50

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
w (MHz) 7
x 10

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

 Section 2

EE-SE Tradeoff for Hexagonal Cellular Network

Considering Fluid Model

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

System Parameters and Assumptions
Ï System bandwidth = w [Hz]
Ï Transmit power = Pt [W] £ ¤
Ï Noise spectral density = No W/Hz
Ï Close-in reference distance = ro [m]
Ï Distance between transmitter and receiver = r [m]
Ï Path loss exponent = α
Ï Frequency Reuse Factor = K
Ï Cell Radius = rH [m]
Ï v = rrH
Ï Inter-cell Interference = I, No intra-cell interference
Ï Interference to desired signal ratio
p ( pv )α
1 4π 3 1 3K
= f (v ) = .676717−0.00561K +v (0.2297−0.00791K ) 3 α−2 (1− p v )α−2
3K
Ï Downlink direction
Ï Only one user
J.-M. Kelif, M. Coupechoux, and P. Godlewski, “A fluid model for performance
analysis in cellular networks,” EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications
and Networking, 2010
Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014
SE and Pt Corresponding to Maximum EE I

User rate

w ³ Pt ( rro )−α ´ £ ¤
C = ln 1 + w nats/s
K K No + I

Spectral Efficiency of the user

C ³ Pt ( rro )−α ´ £ ¤
SE = w = ln 1 + w nats/s/Hz (2)
K K No + I

From equation 2,

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

SE and Pt Corresponding to Maximum EE II

Pt ( rro )−α
w = e SE − 1
K No + I
1
⇔ w = e SE − 1
K No I
Pt ( rro )−α
+P r −α
t ( ro )

1
⇔ w = e SE − 1
K No
Pt ( rro )−α
+ f (v )
w
K No 1
⇔ r −α + f (v ) = SE
Pt ( ro ) e −1
w
K No 1
⇔ r −α = SE − f (v )
Pt ( ro ) e −1
Pt ( rro )−α 1
⇔ w = 1
K No e SE −1
− f (v )
Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014
SE and Pt Corresponding to Maximum EE III
w
r −α No (e SE − 1)
⇔ Pt ( ) = K
ro 1 − f (v )(e SE − 1)
( rro )α K
w
No (e SE − 1)
⇔ Pt =
1 − f (v )(e SE − 1)

Total power assumed, Ptotal = aPt + b [W]

Here, a is the coefficienct for transmit power and b is the fixed
circuit power.
Energy Efficiency
C
EE =
Ptotal
w
SE
= K
aPt + b
w
K SE
= [nats/J]
( rro )α K
w
No (e SE −1)
a 1−f (v )(e SE −1)
+b
Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014
SE and Pt Corresponding to Maximum EE IV

Putting ( rro )α K
w
No = x ,
w
K SE
EE =
(e SE −1)
ax 1−f (v )(e SE −1) +b

w
∂EE ∂ K SE
=
∂SE ∂SE ax (e SE −1) +b
1−f (v )(e SE −1)
¡ ¢
(e SE −1) e SE 1−f (v )(e SE −1) +(e SE −1)f (v )e SE
³ ´ ³ ´
w w
K ax 1−f (v )(e SE −1) +b − K SE ax ¡ ¢2
1−f (v )(e SE −1)
= ´2
(e SE −1)
³
ax 1−f (v )(e SE −1) + b

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

SE and Pt Corresponding to Maximum EE V
(e SE −1)
³ ´ ³ ´
e SE
ax 1−f (v )(e SE −1) + b − SE ax ¡ ¢2
w 1−f (v )(e SE −1)
= ´2
K ³
(e SE −1)
ax 1−f (v )(e SE −1) + b

w ∂EE
As K 6= 0, putting ∂SE = 0,

(e SE −1)
³ ´ ³ ´
e SE
ax 1−f (v )(e SE −1) + b − SE ax ¡ ¢2
1−f (v )(e SE −1)
´2 =0
(e SE −1)
³
ax 1−f (v )(e SE −1) + b
³ (e SE − 1) ´ ³ e SE ´
⇔ ax + b − SE ax 2
=0
1 − f (v )(e SE − 1)
¡ ¢
1 − f (v )(e SE − 1)
(e SE − 1) e SE b
⇔ SE
− SE ¢2 = −
1 − f (v )(e − 1)
¡
1 − f (v )(e SE − 1) ax

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

SE and Pt Corresponding to Maximum EE VI
multiplying both sides by 1 − f (v )(e SE − 1) if
1
1 − f (v )(e SE − 1) 6= 0 ⇔ 1 6= f (v )(e SE − 1) ⇔ f (v )
6= e SE − 1 ⇔
1 1
+ 1 6= e SE ⇔ SE 6= ln 1 + f (v
¡ ¢
f (v ) )
⇔ Noise 6= 0

1 b¡
e SE − 1 − SEe SE ¡ 1 − f (v )(e SE − 1)
¢
¢ =−
SE
1 − f (v )(e − 1) ax

Letting e SE − 1 = y ⇔ SE = ln(y + 1),

1 b¡ ¢
y − ln(y + 1)(y + 1) =− 1 − f (v )y
1 − f (v )y ax

No closed form expression for y. Solved it numerically and obtained

the SE corresponding to maximum EE. Maximum Pt corresponding
( rro )α K
w
No (e SE −1)
to maximum EE is obtained using Pt = 1−f (v )(e SE −1)
by putting
the value of the obtained SE.
Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014
Parameters for Plots

a =14.5
b =712 W
w =10 MHz
No =-168.83 dBm/Hz
r =1 km
ro =1.70 × 10−4 km
Carrier frequency, fc =1.8 GHz
α =3.5
rH =2 km
K =1

G. Auer, V. Giannini, M. Olsson, M. J. Gonzalez, and C. Desset, “Framework for

energy efficiency analysis of wireless networks,” in 2nd International Conference
on Wireless VITAE, pp. 1–5, 2011
Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014
EE-SE Trade-off for r I

4
x 10
7 14
r=0.5 km From EE vs SE
numerical solution
6 r=1 km Pt=12.13,SNR=18.20, SIR=20.0769 12
r=2 km

5 10

SEmax (b/s/Hz)
4 8
EE (b/J)

3 6
Pt=18.19,SNR=9.49, SIR=8.7184
2 4

1 2
Pt=18.19,SNR=−1.01, SIR=−4.59
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
SE (b/s/Hz) r (km)

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

EE-SE Trade-off for r II

5
x 10
20 2 14 20

12 18

10 16
(b/s/Hz)

SEmax (b/s/Hz)
EEmax (b/s)

Ptmax (W)
8 14
10 1
max

6 12
SE

4 10

2 8

0 0 0 6
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
r (km) r (km)

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

EE-SE Trade-off for K I

4
x 10
2.5 8
Pt=18.19,SNR=9.52, SIR=8.75 K= 1 From EE vs SE
K= 3
numerical solution
K= 7 7
2

SEmax (b/s/Hz)
1.5 Pt=18.19,SNR=14.29, SIR=18.02
EE (b/J)

1
Pt=12.13,SNR=16.21, SIR=24.67 4

0.5
3

0 2
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
SE (b/s/Hz) K

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

EE-SE Trade-off for K II

4
x 10
8 3 10 20

6 2
SEmax (b/s/Hz)

SEmax (b/s/Hz)
EEmax (b/s)

Ptmax (W)
5 15

4 1

2 0 0 10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
K K

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

EE-SE Trade-off for α I

4
x 10
3.5 Pt=24.25,SNR=10.77, SIR=22.80 4
α=3 From EE vs SE
α= 4.4 Pt=18.19,SNR=9.52, SIR=14.31 numerical solution
3
α= 6 3.5
2.5

SEmax (b/s/Hz)
3
2
EE (b/J)

Pt=12.13,SNR=7.76, SIR=5.03

1.5
2.5

1
2
0.5

0 1.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
SE (b/s/Hz) α

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014

EE-SE Trade-off for α II

4
x 10
4 4 4 30

3 3
SEmax (b/s/Hz)

SEmax (b/s/Hz)
EEmax (b/s)

Ptmax (W)
2 20

2 2

1 1 0 10
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
α α

Progress Meeting of the PhD Thesis Ahmad Mahbubul Alam 13.11.2014