Chem reviewer lol

Kinetic Molecular Theory(KMT)

- all matter is made of atoms or molecules that are in constant
motion
- they contain energy
- movement is random

Properties of gasses:
> They have mass
> They take the shape and volume of their container
> are compressible (as great distances separate them)
> Gasses move through each other easily
> They exert pressure

Pressure
- Gas molecules hit the walls of a container, exerting a force
- Pressure depends on the number of impacts per unit of time
and the force of each impact

What is air pressure?

- the pressure exerted on us by the weight of gases above and
around us

At sea level:
AP = 1 atmosphere
= 760 torr
= 760 mmHg
= 101.3 kPa
KMT of gasses:
- particles move in rapid, random, straight-line motion (like dvd
screensavers lmao)
- elastic collisions, when there’s a collision they don't lose PE
- separated by great distances
- they do not attract nor repel each other

Real vs Ideal gasses

Ideal - obeys KMT all the time

- it is a model
- it does not exist

Real
- molecules have volume
- molecules will interact at high P and low T
- when molecules get close, they can interact and condense

When we measure the temperature of the gas, we are

measuring the average KE of the particles
Laws of gasses:
Charles’s law
- states that the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is
directly proportional to its absolute temperature if constant
pressure
Formula and derivations:

V1/T1 = V2/T2
V1 = V2T1/T2
T1 = V1T2/V2
V2 = V1T2/T1
T2 = V2T1/V1

V = volume (1-initial,2-final)
T = temperature (1-initial,2-final)

Boyle’s law
- a volume of gas increases while the pressure decreases

Formula and derivations:

Pv = K
P1V1 = P2V2
P1 = V1/P2V2
V1 = P1/P2V2
P2 = P1V1/V2
V2 = P1V1/P2

V = volume (1-inital,2-final)
P = pressure (1-initial,2-final)
Example situation:

Given:

Initial vol.(V1) = 2L
Initial pres.(P1) = 700 mmhg

Final vol.(V2) = 5L
Final pres.(P2) = ?

P1V1 = P2V2 = P2 = (P1V1)/V2

P2 = (700mmhg x 2L)/5L = 280 mmHg

Therefore, the gas exerts a pressure of 280 mmHg on the
walls of a 5-liter container
! - DONT FORGET THE CONCLUSION 🤓☝️
! - Remember: ALWAYS CONVERT TO KELVIN WHEN
CALCULATING (C + 273.15 or 273 = K)
Air Pollution
- Contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by
any physical, chemical, or biological agent that modifies
the characteristics of the atmosphere
- Simply: anything that contaminates the inside and outside
environment with chemicals and stuff.

Air pollutant - any other matter in the atmosphere other than

oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, CO2, and inert gasses in their
natural or normal concentrations that is detrimental to health
and the environment

2 sources of air pollution:

- man-made (by us)
- natural (by nature itself)

Man-made sources:
- stationary source (is stagnant, ex. factories)
- mobile source (is moving, ex. cars)
- area source

Natural sources:
- forest fires
- volcanic eruptions
- natural gasses
- pollen
VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds)
- compounds with high vapor pressure and low water solubility.
- many VOCs are human-made chemicals that are produced
from paint, pharmaceuticals, and refrigerants

PM10 (Particulate Matter less than 10μm(micrometers) in

diameter)
- a common air pollutant
- can be irritating to the eyes, nose and breathing
- people with any respiratory disease may experience more
symptoms

PM2.5 (pm10 but like 2.5μm in diameter)

- exposure to fine particles correlates with premature death of
lung and heart diseases
- can trigger or worsen asthma, heart attack, bronchitis, and
other respiratory diseases

Ambient air quality

- the general amount of pollution in an area
- refers to the atmosphere’s avg. purity from discharge
measurements taken at the sources of pollution (Continuous
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations)
Effects on health and environment

Particulates (PM10,PM2.5)

On health:
- decreases lung function
- causes heart ailments
- causes premature death

On environment:
- visibility reduction
- environmental damage
- aesthetic damage

Sulfur Oxides - colorless, strong suffocating odor

On health:
- eye irritation
- breathing problems
- increased risk of death from respiratory or cardiovas. Disease

On environment:
- reacts with water and oxygen to form acid rain
Grnd. Lv. Ozone - colorless, pungent irritating odor

On health:
- triggers chest pain, coughing, throat irritation and congestion.
- worsens bronchitis, emphysema and asthma

On environment:
- affects vegetation and ecosystem

Carbon monoxide - a colorless, odorless, byproduct of

incomplete combustion

On health:
- reduces oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood
- at high levels, can cause death

On environment:
- contributes to forming of grnd. lv. ozone and smog

Lead

On health:
- affects the nervous system
- kidney function
- immune system
- reproductive system
- developmental system
- cardiovascular system

On environment:
- affects ecosystem
Climate change (but isn't this earth science!??!! What
the fart!!!)

1. Weather vs climate

Weather
- short-term changes in atmospheric variables (pressure,
temperature, rainfall, etc.)
- can change rapidly

Climate
- long term changes in atmospheric variables

And our activities change the climate

Things that cause climate change:

- natural variations
- volcanic eruptions
- human activity

Our atmosphere is like a greenhouse

- heat from the sun will be absorbed into the atmosphere and
some will be reflected
- greenhouse gases trap heat in the earth.
Greenhouse gases examples:
- CO2 (carbon dioxide)
- CH4 (methane)
- N2O (nitrous oxide)
- HFCs
- PFCs
- SF6

More greenhouse gases make the earth warmer as more heat is

reflected BACK to earth than to space

Human activities made climate change

- CO2 to atmosphere
- Combustion
- Deforestation

- CH4 to atmosphere
- farts LMFAO
- agriculture (livestock and rice)
- landfills

- Other gases to the atmosphere

- ozone from car exhausts
- CFC from aerosols
- The average temperature increased by 0.74 C over the past
century (what!!!)
- rainfall patterns have changed (it starts raining in late May??)
- sea levels have risen (higher temp -> melting ice -> rising sea)
- more severe weather (higher flooding, more extreme
heatwaves)
- changes will go onto the future (global temp will be higher oh
no!!)

Climate change affected our lives

- Health impact
- Agriculture yield
- Forest impacts
- Wildlife and biodiversity
- Coastal areas
- Water resources

Adaptation and change (yay!!!!!!)

Mitigation - reducing the severity of climate change

- Wind farms
- Planting trees
- Solar energy
Adaptation - adapt to the current changes of our doing
- Making inventions, programs, rules, and alternatives to
adapt to our current state of the world right now
- Examples: reforestation, 3r’s, cleaning projects, solar power
subsidies, etc.