Presented to the College of Engineering and Architecture

PHINMA University of Pangasinan

S.Y. 2023-2024

In partial fulfillment of the course

In BS Mechanical Engineering
UP-FC1-BSME4-01

Design, Fabrication and Evaluation of Rain Gutter Downspout Pico Hydroelectric Power
Generator

Submitted by:

Fontanilla, Jay Mark A.

Cabongason, Robert Louie O.
Cara, Mark Lance J.
Fernandez, Kian Owen S.
Ferrer, Mark Joseph P.
Padilla, Nicole C.

Engr. Jay Ian H. Cayago

October 2023

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 Table of Contents

Title page.....................................................................................................

Chapter I......................................................................................................

Introduction...........................................................................................

Background of the Study.......................................................................

Objectives.............................................................................................

Statement of the Problem......................................................................

Significance of the Study......................................................................

Scope and Delimitations of the study....................................................

Definition of terms.................................................................................

Chapter 2.......................................................................................................

Review of Related Literarure.................................................................

Foreign Literature ..................................................................................

Local Literature......................................................................................

Chapter 3.......................................................................................................

Research Design.....................................................................................

Materials And Procedures.................................................................

Methodology ....................................................................................

Bibliography.....................................................................................

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of rainwater collection to create

renewable energy. To facilitate this, a micro-hydropower system utilizing the gravity flow of

water is one option. Micro-hydropower systems are capable of producing up to 5 kW of

electricity. Although the construction and functioning of such systems can be costly, utilizing

them has several advantages. Since rain replenishes rainwater on a regular basis, using pico

hydropower generators offers a reliable source of electricity without the release of any

greenhouse gases or pollutants. Furthermore, as they are made of basic supplies and don't

require a lot of maintenance, they are ideal for use in rural areas with limited financial

resources. This research study will look at the design and construction of a low-cost pico

hydropower generator that can generate electricity from rainwater collected by a roof drainage

system. This generator could produce below 5kw that can possibly used in the Philippines,

allowing for greater access to renewable energy. We intend to significantly advance the search

for ecologically responsible and sustainable energy sources by investigating this intriguing

and cutting-edge idea.

Background of the Study

The small-scale hydropower generators use the energy from the flowing water in

rivers, streams, and even home pipes to generate electricity. They are cost-effective to build

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and maintain and can provide a reliable source of power for homes, schools, and small

communities. This study presents the design and construction of a pico hydro generator using

PVC pipes, generally found in domestic pipelines. It then evaluates the different turbine and

generator types to find the most suitable for the meagre water flow of home pipes, which turns

out to be a Pelton turbine and an axial flux permanent magnet generator. Testing the

developed model further revealed it could handle variable loads and speeds. This research is a

major step towards making sustainable energy options available to Philippine rural areas. Pico

hydro generators offer a solution to lower overall electricity costs while providing an assured

power supply for villages with no connection to the grid. (Asor, 2013)

It is crucial to address the demand for sustainable energy production now. In order to

minimize carbon emissions and create energy in a renewable manner, new energy systems

have been developed over time, utilizing various natural resources like water. Water is one of

the primary and common sources in the Philippines for the clean energy due to the vast

number of hydroelectric resources that can be utilized in many ways by use of turbines,

ranging from enormous facilities.

The most well-established renewable energy source for producing electricity is hydropower.

Hydroelectric generating is thought of as a mature technology, although there is always room

for advancement. Given the power's dependability and efficiency as well as the technology's

cost advantages, it is estimated that the capacity of hydro turbine installations worldwide is

increasing at a rate of 5% per year, doubling every 15 years or so. In particular, hydro

installations and plants survive a long time (as a result of continuous steady-state operation

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with low temperatures and mechanical strains) and produce energy at a cheap cost, which has

positive economic effects.(Okhueleigbe & Ofualagba, 2017)

Rainfall is the most important climatic element in the Philippines. Rainfall distribution

throughout the country varies from one region to another, depending upon the direction of the

moisture-bearing winds and the location of the mountain systems. The mean annual rainfall of

the Philippines varies from 965 to 4,064 millimeters annually. (PAGASA, 2023)

Statement of the Problem

This research addresses the critical problem of the high cost of electricity in the

Philippines puts a strain on consumers, especially those from rural areas who lack financial

means. Also, energy potential from rain water is wasted. Rain water is not effectively manage

and allowed to flow into drains, canals and eventually into the oceans, rather than being captured

and used. Lastly, power interruptions that are common during heavy rain and typhoons, cause by

the falling down of towers and breaking lines, which leads to inconvenience. To alleviate this

problems, scientists and inventors have been working on developing alternative energy solutions

to bring down these prices, use the untapped potential of rain water , to bring ease and improve

access to sustainable energy for all Filipinos. One promising and viable option for achieving this

is the use of pico hydro generators with a focus on its efficiency, output, and practical application

in high-facility building environments, in order to determine whether such a system can be a

viable and efficient source of renewable energy and offer a potential solution to the growing

energy and environmental challenges.

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Objective of the Study

This research project's main goal is to evaluate the efficiency and performance of a

rainwater-driven hydroelectric power generation. In this study, the claim that such a system may

offer a alternative and reliable source of renewable energy will be extensively tested. More

specifically, our goals are:

 To assess the hydroelectric power generator's production, efficiency, and other pertinent

parameters while using rainwater as a alternative source of energy.

 To ascertain whether installing an alternative energy source in a high-facility building

context would be feasible and increase efficiency.

 To methodically build and put together a rainwater harvesting system that collects

rainwater, filters it, and pumps it to a high reservoir where it powers a Pelton turbine to

provide energy.

 To collect, examine, and evaluate quantitative data that was obtained through

experiments in order to make judgements about the efficiency and longetivity of the

rainwater-driven hydroelectric generator.

 To respect moral principles throughout the research process, including the influence on

the environment and safety precautions.

Significance of the Study

This project's goal is to supply enough electricity with limited electrical access to run

lights and recharge phones. An alternative energy-harvesting system for homes that consists of a

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gutter assembly that collects and directs water from the roof to a downspout is the subject of the

study. This comprises conducting research, building prototypes, and testing them. The

downspout directs the water flowing to a turbine at ground level. The turbine is linked to a DC

motor that acts as the generator. When there are heavier downpours with higher flow rates, the

turbine performs well. To determine which turbine is the most effective, the study tests many

models at various flow rates. This work is significant because it has the ability to bring

renewable energy to rural areas with high rainfall levels and sparse access to electricity. The

study also illustrates a potential use for tiny hydroelectric turbines.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The following are the scope and delimitation of work to be done in this study.

Scope

1. The pico hydro-turbine energy generator powered by rainfall can generate 240V of

electricity.

2. This machine will work during rainy season or thunderstorm, especially when there is

a blackout.

3. This machine is efficient as alternative energy source during a thunderstorm, because

of the design of pico hydro-turbine which is like a hydro-turbine in a dam.

4. This machine is less expensive because the materials that we use can be found easily

and affordable.

5. This machine can store energy through a battery.

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 6. This machine can light up 3-4 light bulbs and 1 fan and 1 radio during a

thunderstorm.

Delimitation

1. The machine is only designed to generate electricity during rainy season or

thunderstorm only.

2. The machine can only light up 3-5 lightbulbs and 1 fan and 1 radio during a heavy

rainfall or thunder storm.

Definition of Terms

To show the clear understanding of the study, the following terms were operationally

defined:

Carbon emissions- are the greenhouse gas with the largest emissions in the atmosphere, they

have a considerable impact on the world. Of course, this results in climate change and global

warming.

Hydropower- is one of the biggest and oldest renewable energy sources that produces power

using the free flow of moving water.

Hydroelectric turbine- is a machine that can convert water's kinetic energy into mechanical

energy. They operate exceptionally well and are a necessary component of hydroelectric power

plants.

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Inverter- is among the most crucial components of a solar energy system. It is a device that

transforms solar panels produced direct current (DC) electricity into the alternating current (AC)

electricity needed by the electrical grid.

Horticulture- the creation, sustainable cultivation, marketing, and usage of high-value,

intensively grown food, and ornamental plants. (Merriam-Webster, 2023)

AC/ alternating current- is an electric current that, unlike direct current, which only travels in one

direction, occasionally reverses direction, and continuously varies its amplitude over time.

Moisture Bearing winds- formed in a region of high pressure over the southern Indian Ocean,

moving to the low pressure of the Indian subcontinent, blowing across the warm waters, and

accumulating moisture.

Downspouts- allows rainwater from a gutter to fall to the ground without splashing or trickling

down the building. Although they may be routed at an angle to avoid architectural features and

discharge onto an intermediary roof, downspouts are typically vertical and typically run all the

way to the ground.

Rain gutters- are the lengthy, hollow object fastened to the borders of the roof. Their main

objective is to divert rainwater away from your foundation by collecting it. A functioning gutter

system is necessary for a house to be finished. Gutters provide a variety of protection-related

tasks for your house and belongings.

Energy accumulation system- the mechanism that transforms electrical energy from power

systems into a form that may be stored for later conversion to electrical energy.

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Siphon- is any of a large range of apparatuses that use liquid flow through tubes. In a more

specific sense, the term refers specifically to an inverted "U"-shaped tube that raises liquid above

a reservoir's surface without the aid of a pump, instead using the liquid's fall as it descends the

tube due to gravity, before discharging at a level below the reservoir's surface from which

itOriginated.(Merriam-Webster, 2023)

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 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

Several studies have been conducted in the field of rainwater harvesting and hydroelectric power

generation. However, a comprehensive review of literature reveals a limited number of research

endeavors specifically addressing rainwater-driven downspout hydroelectric generators. Existing

studies primarily focus on conventional hydroelectric systems, neglecting the innovative

potential of utilizing downspouts as energy sources. Additionally, there is a dearth of systematic

evaluations concerning the design parameters, fabrication techniques, and performance

characteristics of these specialized generators.

This review of related literature aims to bridge this gap by comprehensively examining previous

research related to rainwater-driven downspout hydroelectric generators. The objectives of this

review are as follows:

1. To explore the existing literature on rainwater harvesting systems and their potential for

energy generation.

2. To identify key design considerations and parameters specific to downspout hydroelectric

generators.

3. To evaluate the performance metrics employed in assessing the efficiency and

effectiveness of downspout hydroelectric generators.

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 4. To highlight gaps in the literature and areas that require further exploration.

1.1 FOREIGN LITERATURE

Rainwater Harvesting and Energy Generation

Water's gravitational potential energy, which is typically stored in dams, is the source of

traditional hydropower systems' ability to produce electricity. While rainwater aids in the water

cycle that eventually fills reservoirs, its intermittent and unpredictable nature makes it difficult to

use rainwater directly as a consistent and reliable source of energy. (Knight, 2013)

Gravitational potential energy is the energy possessed by masses according to their

spatial arrangement and the gravitational force (one of the four fundamental forces) that pulls

them towards one another. The Earth's gravitational force is simply described as "down."

The interaction of gravitational potential energy, kinetic energy, and spring energy can be seen in

a potential energy simulation that can be played with. The simulation that follows demonstrates

the exchange of mechanical energy between kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy.

Potential energy due to gravity is calculated using the following formula:

‘E=mgh’

• E = is energy, measured in joules (J)

• m = is mass, measured in kilograms (kg)

• g = is the acceleration due to gravity measured in m/s2. On the surface of Earth this is

9.81 m/s2.

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 • h = is the height of an object relative to where it would be if it fell, measured in metres

(m)

Some forms of hydropower indirectly harness gravitational potential energy. The water

behind a hydroelectric dam stores gravitational potential energy since it is at a higher level than

the water on the other side of the dam. As the water falls, this potential energy is converted into

kinetic energy, which turns turbines to generate electricity. (Knight, 2013)

Hydropower production and precipitation are directly related. increased water is available

for power generation as a result of increased precipitation, which increases the amount of power

produced. On the other hand, less precipitation will result in less water being available, which

will cut down on the amount of power produced. (Carter et al., 2023)

The rate of water flow affects how much power is produced as well. Power generation

will increase with a higher flow rate and decrease with a lower flow rate. (Li et al., 2020)

Energy that comes from a source that is not exhausted when consumed is known as

renewable energy. Despite a rise in use, the source is constantly accessible. There are several

sources of renewable energy, including wind and solar power energy (Okioga et al., 2018). On

the other hand it is believed that the precipitation lost through gutters and downspouts can be a

major energy loss. To lower this potential energy loss, a recycling process needs to be

implemented rather than letting the rainwater freely go down the drain; instead, it should be

harnessed as a usable form of energy such as electricity. Capturing rainwater and passing it

through a hydroelectric turbine is one method of converting rain energy into electricity. A

rooftop rainwater energy-collecting system harnesses rainfall waters to generate power. Utilizing

hydroelectric turbines, energy is extracted from rain water (Carter et al., 2023)

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 Figure 1.

This illustrates how the turbine can be seamlessly incorporated into a house's gutter

system. Each turbine is linked to a battery storage system, enabling the stored energy to power

devices within the residence. One approach to enhancing the voltage output is by arranging the

turbines in series along the downpipe or by installing multiple downpipes around the exterior of

the building. (Carter et al., 2023)

Hydroelectric Power Generator and Pico Hydroelectric Power Generator

Utilizing hydroelectric turbines installed in downpipes, rainwater energy can be harvested

and converted to electricity. Building downpipes or drain spouts contain micro-turbines that are

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installed there specifically for low-flow settings. These little turbines can harness the power of

the rainwater's flow. (Carter et al., 2023)

Another study conducted on the 2023 where a small-scale experimental was done to

determine how to most effectively utilize electromagnetic generators in light rain to maximize a

rooftop rainwater energy harvester. The three key factors under investigation in the study were

the generator's torque rates, the hydro turbine's locations, and the presence of a rainwater buffer.

In order to help the permanent magnet generator, generate power on a modest scale, runoff from

rooftop rain gutters was used to turn a hydro turbine inside a cylindrical housing. The generator's

electricity was utilized to power 12-volt batteries. In two different positions—high position and

low position from the ground—the hydro turbine's position was compared. The study came to the

conclusion that a high position for the hydro turbine was ideal, and the performance of the

energy harvester was enhanced by the presence of a rainwater buffer. (Idros et al., 2023)

Hydroelectric Turbines Performance Optimization (Using Pelton turbine )

A practice called rainwater harvesting entails gathering and storing rainwater for later

use. The study demonstrates that generating electricity in metropolitan areas utilizing rainwater

as a source of energy is feasible. Pelton turbines are generally found to be amongst the most

suitable for low flow power generation. To assess the Pelton turbine's performance in a rainwater

harvesting system for urban micro hydropower generation simulation model is used to determine

the effects of several factors including turbine diameter, nozzle diameter, and water flow rate.

The findings revealed that the turbine diameter, followed by the nozzle diameter and water flow

rate, had the greatest impact on the Pelton turbine's performance. (Zamora-Juárez et al., 2023)

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1.2 LOCAL LITERATURE

Rainwater harvesting is becoming more and more well-liked in the Philippines as a

response to water shortages and flooding. Currently, the nation harvests only around 6% of its

annual rainfall, compared to India, which harvests over 60% of its 700-millimeter average.

(Mioten, E. 2022)

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) may be used to provide renewable energy in the

Philippines. RWH is a sustainable method that has been used for generations to collect and

store rainwater for use in a number of applications. Rainwater that has been collected in a

storage tank can be utilized to power micro-hydropower systems. The height of the water

tank, the water flow rate, and the turbine's efficiency are just a few of the variables that will

affect how much energy a micro-hydropower system can produce. However, research has

shown that even in regions with little rainfall, micro-hydropower devices may be used to

produce a sizable quantity of electricity. RWH has the potential to be a substantial source of

renewable energy in the Philippines. There is a rising need for renewable energy in the

Philippines, a tropical nation with plentiful rainfall. According to studies, RWH may be used

to produce enough electricity to run a small hamlet or a sizable chunk of a city's public

transport system. RWH is an environmentally friendly practice that may lessen the nation's

dependency on fossil fuels and increase energy security. (Jarito, 2023)

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A research was done in the Philippines to figure out how much energy high-rise buildings

could save by gathering rainwater. The study determined the comparable energy produced by

using rainwater, which includes:

 The increasing number of high-rise building construction as catchment facility.

 The rainfall precipitation of 58 stations in the Philippines.

 The floor area and the types of the building.

 The volume of water consumption per person per day.

The energy equivalent was calculated using the average floor space provided in the

authorized building permit as of 2017 and the 40% of the time that the rainfall precipitation

equaled or surpassed the other. The study developed a mathematical formula to represent the

equivalent energy of using rainwater. The initial building height of 5 meters and an extra

succeeding height of 3 meters per floor level were used to create the equation of energy

equivalent. (Andres & Loretero, 2021)

According to the study's findings, installing rainwater harvesting systems in tall

buildings is feasible and has a 10-year payback period. According to the Department of

Energy's classification, the equivalent energy production of rainwater collection is designated

as a small-scale energy source equivalent to a hydropower capacity. The energy equivalent of

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using rainwater harvesting ranges from 252.62 Whr up to 1,043.19 Whr for residential

buildings, 925.70 Whr up to 3,814.60 Whr for commercial buildings, and 1,851.40 Whr up to

7,629.20 Whr for institutional buildings, using an initial water head (height of the building)

of 5 meters, average floor area of buildings, and rainfall precipitation of 215.81 mm in the

Leyte province. (Andres & Loretero, 2021)

In conclusion, rainwater collection can offer high-rise structures in the Philippines a

different source of electricity. A mathematical equation that considers the building's height,

floor area, rainfall precipitation, and water usage can be used to calculate the energy

equivalent of rainwater collection. Installing rainwater collection systems is feasible and can

offer a micro-hydroelectric power source on a small scale. (Andres & Loretero, 2021)

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 CHAPTER III

DESIGN, MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The researcher choose to involve an experimental research design in this project study.

This type of research typically involves conducting experiments, collecting data, and analyzing

the results to test a hypothesis or answer specific research questions related to the performance

and effectiveness of the hydroelectric power generator in this case. It may also include

quantitative data analysis to measure the system's efficiency, output, and other relevant metrics

of alternative energy source using rainwater.

Materials and Procedures

To start the design of rainwater as a source of renewable energy, the researchers first

determine which facility should use. Reseachers chose a high-facility building for better

efficiency. Second, the researchers also considered the possible procedures and effective ways to

use the materials that are going to use. Understanding the mechanism of this machine will help to

maintain the efficiency and affordability of parts and the motion of gears and other parts. Third,

the researchers chose a quality and strong materials that will going to use for this machine, and

can now assemble the machine. Then will now conduct a test and gather all the data that we

need.

After the researchers gather all the materials, they will first make a rainwater harvesting system

wherein the water will be filtered before being directed to the elevated reservoir. The water from

19
the container will be directed to the generator through the downspout. Electricity will be

generated by the time the water hits the Pelton turbine.

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 Table 1.

Materials

Unit Quantity Unit Cost Total Cost

Bearing 2 85 170

Inverter 1 769 769

PVC Pipe 3 200 600

Lock Ring/Rubber
4 36 144
Seal

Plain Sheet 1 176 176

Nozzle 1 115 115

AC Generator 1 400-2000 400-2000

Wires 1 145 145

Bolts 500pcs set 378 378

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 Table 2.

Tools

Tools Functions

Socket Wrench Used to loosening and tightening bolts and

nuts on the machine.

Soldering iron Used to solder, normally from an electrical

inventory at high temperatures over the

softening mark of the metal alloy.

Welding Rod Used to support the welding arc and to give

the filler metal expected to the joint to be

welded.

Vise Grip Locking feature using to the clamp tight and

lock, have a portion to make a good cut, get

current measurements, free a stripped bolt,

and more.

Grinding and Cutting Disc Utilized for cutting metals sheets into the

right sizes.

Drill Bits Used to make holes into different sizes.

Multimeter Used to measure electrical properties.

Tape Measure Used to measure length or distance

Level Bar Used to check objects if horizontal or vertical.

The equipment listed in Table 1 is used to construct a small hydroelectric power plant that can

produce energy from a downspout of a rain gutter. The tools are used to put together the system's

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many parts, including the turbine, generator, and battery bank, and to test the system to make

sure it is operating as intended.

Table 3.

Equipment

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 Equipment Functions

Drilling Machine Used to make holes into different sizes.

Grinding Machine Used to cut and smoothen the metals.

Welding Machine Used to weld metals to joint them together.

Bending Machine Used to bend sheet steels

Methodology

Components of Rainfall System

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 Figure 2 shows a rainwater-powered hydroelectric energy generation system. The

system consists of a rooftop rainwater harvesting system, a siphon, two hydro-energy

conversion units, and a power utilization system.

Rainwater is collected on the rooftop and stored in a reservoir. The siphon is used to transfer the

rainwater from the reservoir to the hydro energy turbine. The hydro energy turbine generate

electricity from the flowing water. The electricity is then stored in an energy accumulation

system and used to power the building.

The total extractable power of a water turbine is,

P= ρgQh

 P= Total extractable power of a water.

 ρ= Density of water.

 g= Acceleration due to to gravity (9.81 m/s2).

 Q= Volumetric water flow rate (m3/s).

 h= Head of water source.

This system has the potential to reduce the building's reliance on grid electricity and

generate clean, renewable energy. However, more research is needed to optimize the design

and performance of the system.

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 Figure 2. Six components and two subsystems make up the Rain-Power Utilization System's

overall structure.

The rooftop of a building, being both elevated and spacious, serves as a readily accessible

platform for harvesting rainwater with the goal of concentrating energy. It's important to

highlight that the first batch of rainwater collected from rooftop surfaces is typically of subpar

quality due to exposure to atmospheric elements and the roof's surface, making it unsuitable for

direct power generation and typically necessitating disposal.

Bibliography

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(PAGASA, 2023)
https://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-philippines

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Knight, R. D. (2013). Physics for scientists and engineers: A Strategic Approach : with Modern
Physics. Addison-Wesley.

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