Technology for Teaching and Learning 1

Certificate in Teaching

Chapter 1- Introduction to Technology and Learning

In this Module:

1. Meaning of Educational Technology

2. Understanding Technology in Teaching and Learning
3. Development of Educational Technology and ICT
4. Importance of Educational Technology
5. Roles of Technology in Teaching for Learning

Introduction

In today’s education system technology becomes part of the teaching and learning. Most of
the educators are looking for different technology to be used in teaching different students. The
effective use of the technology in Education has improved the look of education and it gives
more educational chances. Using technology in teaching and learning benefitted both the
teachers and the students. Through the use of technology, teachers have learned how to
integrate technology in their teaching and learning, while students become more engaging, and
enhance their interest in learning.

It is very important that teachers must understand how educational technology takes place in
teaching learning process. Further, it is also necessary that in order to determine appropriate
technology to be used in teaching, one shall understand the concept of the technology in teaching
and l earning. It is also a big help for teachers to determine the different roles of technology in
teaching for learning.

Lesson 1- Meaning of Educational Technology

Objectives: This lesson aims to relate educational technology to instructional technology, technology
integration, and educational media. At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

1. define educational technology; and

2. explain the relationship between educational technology to instructional technology,
technology integration, and educational media.

Educational Technology

 Early developments referred to the role of technology in education which signifies the
use of audio-visual equipment that is hardware in educational process. Later
development recognizes the concept of technology of education that is techniques and
methodologies of teaching and learning. This is indeed the software aspect of
educational technology. Educational technology is also different from audio-visual aids.
Educational Technology is a vast subject concerned with the application of scientific
knowledge about learning and conditions of learning in order to improve the
effectiveness of teaching, learning and evaluation.
o Audio –visual aids are merely the aids or resources, i.e., materials which are
employed to improve the quality of the message. Audio-visual aids are only a part
of educational technology.

Nature and Characteristics of Educational Technology

 Educational Technology is the application of scientific principles to education

 It lays stress on the development of methods and techniques for effective teaching-
learning
 It emphasis the designing of measuring instruments for testing learning outcomes
 It involves input, output and process aspect of education
 Educational Technology is not to be taken as a synonym to audio-visual aids in
education
 Educational Technology is a comprehensive term and is not to be viewed in terms of its
parts or processes. It includes instructional technology, teaching technology,
programmed learning, micro teaching and system etc.
 The scope of Educational Technology is as wide as education itself. The scope includes
the use of hardware and software and system analysis in various educational
operations. The possibility of using ET in almost all areas of education has been and is
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being explored. As such the scope of ET encompasses educational objectives, media

and their characteristics, criteria for selection of media and resources,
management of resources, as well as their evaluation. ET increases the output of the
entire system of education.
 Educational technology is also associated with other terms

-Technology in education
-Instructional technology
-Technology integration
-Educational media

TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION

 refers to the use of technological hardware in education. It is not only limited to how
technology is used in the teaching and learning. This also refers to the application of
technology to any those processes involved in operating the institutions which house the
educational enterprise.

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY

 it refers to those aspects of educational technology that are concerned with instruction
as contrasted to design and operations of educational institutions. Further, this also
refers to the systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process
of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives.

TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION

 is the use of learning technology to introduce, reinforce, supplement, and extend skills.
Basically, this is the use of technology to enhance and support educational environment,
teacher instruction, and student learning.

EDUCATIONAL MEDIA

 is all means of communication that includes prints, graphics, animations, audios, and
audiovisuals. In education, this also refers to the channels of transferring of information
to learners and also those gadgets and machines that are needed in transmitting
information to learners.

Lesson 2: UNDERSTANDING TECHNOLOGY IN TEACHING AND LEARNING

Objectives: This lesson aims to help you to understand the usefulness of technology in the
teaching and learning process. At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
1. select appropriate technology to be used in teaching and process; and
2. trace the history of educational technology.

Introduction

Understanding the how technology works in education and how are these will be
used in the teaching and learning process are very difficult especially in teaching and in this
digital age. That is why it is very important that as teachers in the future where technology is
continuously developing, it is very important that we have to keep updated on what is going on.

In this lesson, you will be able to learn how to choose appropriate technology to be
used in the teaching and learning process and be able to trace back the history of educational
technology.

Activity 1: Arrange the following in chronological order. Which do you think comes first?
Write your answer in the box.
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INQUIRY AND THE SOCRATIC METHOD LEARNING SEQUENCE AND OBJECT TEACHING

AFFORDABLE EDUCATION DISTANCE EDUCATION OBJECT TEACHING: QUINCY METHODS

METHOD OF APPERCEPTION VISUAL INSTRUCTION AUDIOVISUAL INSTRUCTION AND WWII

INSTRUCTIONAL TV AND PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION THE CONDITIONS OF LEARNING

IBM INTRODUCES PC SATELLITE TV SYSTEMS THE WORLD WIDE WEB

STUDENT RESPONSE SYSTEMS THE WIKI SITE ISTE ESTABLISHES NETS

LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PARTICIPATORY JOURNALISM FLIP CAMERAS

KHAN ACADEMY EDMODO: SAFE SOCIAL NETWORKING IN SCHOOLS 21ST CENTURY TABLETS

Technology plays an important role in the teaching and learning process. Even before, if we
can trace back the history of educational technology, we can say that it is already being used to
help the teachers teach their learners.

Technology is defined as the application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of

human life or, as it is sometimes phrased, to the change and manipulation of the human
environment. Therefore, when we say technology, we are not only referring to different
devices like computers, cellphone, and the like. Even books, chalkboards, and teaching
strategies can be considered as technology, why? Because these are application of scientific
knowledge like research.

The following are the 7 steps for choosing the best technology tools for teaching (Rhode,
2014).

Survey your
"Tech
Start with your Landscape" Set your
Objectives budget

Sample Set parameters

available tools Select your tool for use

Scrutinize your

choice
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A Guide to Select Technology Tools for Classroom Use.

Learning Instructional Types of Tool Tool

outcomes Strategies Technology Advantages Disadvantages
Tool

Verbal Direct instruction LOW Ease of use If used too often can be
information: with feedback Affordable boring
Chalk- & white
Declarative Teacher / Student Readily
boards PowerPoint
knowledge or presentations available
slide show, Paper
knowing what Displays Practice
worksheets, Drill &
practice

Examples: Board games or

like activities
State all letters in
the alphabet HIGH

Presentation Allow for Initial cost and

Name the 50 U.S.
software (i.e., reusability when maintenance
state capitals
SMART notebook, applicable Expense of
List Nine Events of Prezi, Slideshare, equipment & software
Instruction Google Docs,
Licensure of software &
Keynote) E-games
equipment for
and activities
entire classroom use

Intellectual Demonstrations
Skills: Presentations
Procedural Discovery
knowledge or learning
knowing how

Discrimination: Discrimination: Discrimination: Discrimination: Discrimination:

comparison of Comparison Economical
LOW
items by attributes activities Availability Can
Worksheets to be Lack of immediate
make feedback
interesting while
Example: comparisons of
learning
Recognize like/different
different sounds as items Match
same or different. Games that
require object
comparisons

Match paint HIGH

colors Economical May focus on winning
e-games for Variety of games rather than learning
matching like items can be found outcome
online Immediate
feedback during
games
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Intellectual
Skills:
Procedural
knowledge or
knowing how

Concrete Concepts: Concepts: Concepts: Concepts:

concepts: identify Discovery Students are Can be expensive
LOW
& name tangible Learning able to visually
items by Identifying or Manipulatives represent
commonalities Classifying Visual displays abstract
activities into like of concepts concepts
groups by
tangible or HIGH
Examples: Identify
intangible Virtual Access to
birds by their Inexpensive
manipulatives computers/mobile
classification Digital natives are
(ihttp://nlvm.usu.edu devices may not be
characteristics familiar with using
/en/ equal for all students
mobile devices
Defined concepts: nav/vlibrary.html)
classify Virtual manipulative
abstractions by
meanings apps on iTunes

Example: Classify
democratic
governments
correctly

Intellectual
Skills:
Procedural
knowledge or
knowing how

Rule-using: Apply Rule-using: Rule-using: Rule-using: Rule-using: Lack of

lower- order Direct- Easy access quantitative data with
LOW
declarative & Instruction or Inexpensive class discussions and
procedural Demos. Paper/pencil partner talk
knowledge Applications Class
Worked discussions
Examples: Apply Examples Partner talk
correct formula to Question &
solve algebra Answer
problems Activities HIGH Requires training for
Write a short story Practice Immediate
Interactive faculty
with correct feedback to
response systems
grammar and students and Can be expensive
(i.e. “Clickers”)
punctuation teacher Mobile devices and
Interactive polling
additional hardware
websites
needed Compatibility
(polleverywhere.c
issues across campus or
district
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om; Socrative)

Intellectual
Skills:
Procedural
knowledge or
knowing how

Higher-order (H- O) H-O rules: H-O rules: H-O rules: H-O rules:
rules: Problem-based
LOW
learning
assess complex Discussion Paper-based or Easily available Feedback on proposed
problem situations Collaborative or video- based case Classroom solutions might be
& apply concepts/ team-based studies allows incomplete or lack details
lower order rules to learning
solve about case.
In class for F2F team
assignments on meetings
complex problems
Example: Generate Allows instructor Time limitations for
an environmentally to guide, direct & classroom activity
sound solution for provide
rain run-offs into feedback to all
underground water students
sources simultaneously

Develop a lesson
in your content
HIGH Expense Accessibility
area & for your
Could be to equipment &
students Web-based case
interactive and software
studies eGames dynamic with
author of case

Cognitive Lecture LOW

strategies: Demonstration on Paper/pencil
Monitor & control when, how & Inexpensive Assisting students in
own cognitive where appropriate Word documents, Readily developing cognitive
processes; use Graphic data or spread available strategies & their
learning organizers sheets knowing when and how
strategies; to use is lengthy process
metacognitive
strategies HIGH
Using mind- Not always
Mind mapping mapping available
software (i.e. software helps
Examples: Adopt Inspiration, students work Some faculty training
positive self-talk Mindomo, Microsoft toward digital needed to become
Word or literacy proficient with software
Self-check for
PowerPoint, Apple tools
understanding of
Pages)
concepts presented
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Attitude: Role Playing Case LOW

Personal actions studies Paper scripts, books Inexpensive Readily Storage space for paper
of choice to Discussions or readings
exhibit Dramatizations available Can be scripts, books, and
developed by readings
faculty

Examples: HIGH
Choose to count
Blogs (i.e. Blogger, Provide an outlet for
to 10 before Weebly, Wordpress,
losing temper. Edublogs) students to express Monitoring the blogs for
their thinking safety External equipment
Podcasts (Audacity, may be needed (i.e.
GarageBand, microphones, webcams)
AudioBoo,
Choose to start Moviemaker, iMovie)
an exercise Videos (Animoto,
regime to Creaza, Khan
Academy,
improve health
Educreations, TED-
Ed, jing)

Motor Skills: LOW

Precision & Live or Classroom
coordination ov Demonstration Inexpensive Safety issues if using
demonstrations.
physical Endurance and Available students for
agility and speed Video demonstrations demonstrations
movement skills
training Physical practice on
skills

Examples:
Execute a HIGH
somersault;
Dribble a Digital storytelling
software (Photostory, Can use slow Assists, but not meant to
basketball Animoto, Creaza, motion techniques alleviate hands-on training
correctly. Moviemaker, iMovie) to identify critical Providing equipment &
Perform a double Videos (i.e., Animoto,
Creaza, Khan moves and form software at location in
back flip correctly Academy, which
Educreations, TED-
Ed, practice occurs
jing)

Summary

Although technology selection is a part of developing and implementing effective instruction, it

should be done in conjunction with presenting effective classroom application in a more specific
manner. One way is to provide guidance to preservice teachers on selecting technology in
coordination with aligning these tools with specific learning outcomes and instructional
strategies. Such understanding could lead these teachers-in-training to not only make
appropriate technology choices in congruence with their learning outcomes and instructional
strategy choices, but also make their lessons and teaching more effective.
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Lesson 3: Development of Educational Technology

Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you are expected to trace the development of Edtech and
information and communication technology.

A. Stone Age

- Ignition of fire by rubbing two stones, hand-made

weapon, utensils making using stones, and the use of
clothing from animal skin and fur. They also developed
canoe-ship technology, learned ocean currents, weather
conditions, sailing techniques, Astro navigation and star
maps

B. Bronze Age

- Development of agricultural technology, fishing techniques and

domesticating animals and establishment of permanent homes.

- Developed metal technology using copper and bronze

C. Iron Age

- People made progress by resorting the

iron smelting technology since iron was
the last period period to the discovery
of writing.

D. Ancient Civilization

Paul Saetller- traced the development of Edtech during the ancient civilization when the tribal
priests introduced bodies of knowledge and ancient culture, and introduced sign writing or
pictographs to record or transmit information

- The greatest advances in technology and engineering came with the rise of the ancient
civilization which stimulated and educated people and societies in the world to adopt new
ways of living
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Harappan People- writing was described as pictographic script

- The script contained 400 basic signs with variations

- The writing is done from right to left found on seals used in trade and official and
administrative activities

Chinese Civilization

- Contributed technology like paper, seismological detectors , toilet paper, matches, iron
plough, suspension bridge, wheelbarrow, parachute, natural gas as fuel, magnetic compass,
elevated relief map and gun powder

- Culturing different handmade paper products as means of visual aids

Ancient Egyptian language

- One of the longest surviving and used language in the world

- Script was made up of pictures of the real things like birds, animals, different tools. These
pictures are known as hieroglyph.

Hieroglyphics- a writing system invented in Egypt and is the second oldest form of writing.
It takes the form of pictures, each representing an entire word, syllable, or phoneme.

E. Medieval and Modern Period

- Invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenburg, a German inventor. This event
was a prime development factor in the history of educational technology to convey the
instruction as per the need of the complex and advanced-technology cultured society

Pre-industrial Phases

Utilization of gadgets like Slate, Horn book, Blackboards, and Chalk. Textbook was used
with few illustrations. Edtech during those times was associated with simple aids like charts
and pictures.

Slate
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1873

- Edtech paved its way to be known as audio-visual education when an international

exhibition held in Vienna showcased the winning American exhibition of maps, charts,
textbooks and other equipment.

- Maria Montessori (1870-1952) an internationally renowned child educator, when she

introduced the Montessori Method, which developed graded design activities to provide for
the proper sequencing of subject matter for each individual learner

- In 1929, the first practical use of regular television broadcast was done in Germany. The
Olympic Games in 1936 were shown on television in Berlin. Then open circuit television
began to broadcast entertainment in 1950. In 1960, television was used in education.

- In 1943 Charles Babbage designed the first computing machine

- In 1966, O.K. Moore developed a talking type tutorial Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI).
Since 1947, computers are interestingly used in schools, colleges, and universities.
- In 1956, Benjamin Bloom from USA introduced the taxonomy of educational objectives
through his publication, "The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, The classification of
Educational Goals, Handbook I.: Cognitive Domain".
- In 1961, Micro teaching technique was first adopted by Dwight W. Allen and his co-workers
at Standford University in USA.
- Electronics is the main technology being developed in the beginning of the 21st century.
Broadband Internet access became popular and occupied almost all the important offices
and educational places and even in common places in developed countries with the
advantage of connecting home computers with libraries and mobile phones.

HISTORY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION

The UNESCO uses the term ICTs to describe “the tools and the processes to access,
retrieve, store, organize, manipulate, produce, present, and exchange information by electronic
and other automated means.

Five Phases of Using Computer in Education

1. Late 1970’s- Early 1980: Programming, Drill, and Practice

- Teachers teaching “ADP”– Automated Data Processing”

- Nokia MikroMikko- released by Nokia Corporation’s computer division Nokia Data from
1981 through 1978. MikroMikko was Nokia Data’s attempt to enter the business
computer market.
- The reason to teach programming was not to train programmers but the believe that it
will develop students’ logics and math skills.
- Software developed by teachers for simple drills and practice exercises for math and
language learning.
- These exercises didn’t help much students to reach any deeper understanding, as they
were mainly simulating students’ short term memory and “trial, error, trial, error, trial,
past” kind of activity.

2. Late 1980’s – early 1990’s: computer-based training (CBT) with multimedia

- It was said that students would learn if they could watch animations in colors, small
video clips and then do the exercises.
- Golden era of CD-ROMs and multi media computers.

3. Early 1990’s: Internet-Based Training (IBT)

-The 3rd wave of using computer in education came with the raise of the world wide
web.
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-The promoters of this new paradigm claimed that information changes so fast that one
should update it almost everyday. And the solution: The Internet and Internet-based
training.
-All you could do on the Internet that time was text and pictures and some early
experiments with animations, video and audio.
-The purpose and reason to promote this was the believe that it is cost-efficient as there
were no more travelling to training or absence from workplace.

4. Late 1990’s-Early 2000: E-Learning

-The markets for e-learning courses and especially for Learning Management Systems
(LMS) were created.
-The point of e-learning is to deliver courses for the students.
-Later on, the learning platform developers has become more aware that learning
requires social activities among the learners themselves and the teacher.

5. Late 2000: Social Software + Free and Open Content

social software and free and open content will make a real breakthrough in the field of
educational technology. Blogs and wikis have already brought web back to its original
idea: simple tool for your personal notes that are easily accessible and even editable by
your peers and your potential peers.

Activity 1: Through an illustration, show the contributions if the following key persons to the
educational technology.

Maria Montessori

Charles Babbage
Importance of Educational Technology

Benjamin Bloom

Dwight Allen

Activity 2: What do you think are the contributions of Educational Technology to teaching and
learning
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Lesson 4: Importance of Educational Technology

Objectives: At the end of this lesson, students are expected to:

a. Identify the benefits of Technology in Education
b. Establish the importance of Edtech in facilitating teaching and learning

A. BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION

1. Instructional Effectiveness- Increase student’s achievement.
2. Active Learning- encourage student’s involvement in the learning process.
3. Critical Thinking- promote higher-level thinking skills.
4. Cooperative Learning-foster the development of leadership abilities, teamwork, and
improved self-esteem.
5. Communication Skills- integration of telecommunications in the curriculum,
students are exposed to correct pronunciation, diction, and enunciation.

6. Multisensory Delivery- allows students with various learning styles to assimilate

and apply knowledge
7. Multicultural Education – link students and teaches in national and international
exchanges.
B. IMPORTANCE OF TECHNOLOGY IN SCHOOLS
1. Children conversant with technology show improvements in their writing, reading and
math skills.
2. Technology has also contributed to the decrease in drop out rates, improvement in the
student’s attendance and enhancement in their learning abilities.
3. Technology in school benefits the children during their higher education. It lays a strong
foundation of the successful professional life of an individual.
4. Computers can offer livelier explanations of various subjects. The internet is an ocean of
information, which can be harnessed for the rendition od information school.
5. The inclusion of technology in the process of learning makes learning an enjoyable
activity, thus inviting greater interests from kids.
6. The knowledge from all around the world can be better brough about for the children and
can be better assimilated by them.
7. The administration processes, the official procedures of school can be simplified by
means of technology.
8. The school could have a library system, which, by the utilization of technology, can be
maintained in an efficient manner.
9. The attendance records of the pupils and teachers can be maintained by means of
student database.
10. The school can host a website of its own, holding information about the school.
C. IMPORTANCE OF TECHNOLOGY IN LEARNING
1. Technology provides important tools to support knowledge construction for presenting
learner’s ideas, understanding and beliefs and for producing organized, multimedia
knowledge bases for learners.
2. Technology serves as information vehicles for exploring knowledge to support learning-
by-constructing.
3. Technology is important when used for comparing perspectives, beliefs and world views.
4. Technology supports in presenting and simulating real-world problems, situations and
context. Technology provides varied materials that cater to the different senses that are
stimulated by the activities and technology used to better understand the lesson
5. Technology supports in representing beliefs, perspectives, arguments, and stories of
others in the form of documentation and picture taking can show some religious beliefs .
6. Technology helps learners to articulate and represent what they know reflecting on what
they have learned and how they come to know it.

Lesson 4: Roles of Educational Technology

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Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
a. Infer the roles of Edtech in the 21st century classroom.

THE FOUR PILLARS OF EDUCATION AND THE 21ST CENTURY SKILLS

Edtech is closely related to the four pillars because technology skills and tools help the learner
attain them.
A. Learning to Learn
- Enables one to address coping with situations that need knowledge, greater
intellectual curiosity, shapes the mental faculties and enables one to make judgement
on the things and situations they experienced.
-Learning to learn is composed of the necessary whole of learning to know and
requires the constant updating in exercising memory and thinking, in addition to
paying attention to things and people.
B. Learning to do
- Equips one with certain skills to undertake certain tasks to be productive and
competent. The learners put into action what they learned and the task is translated
to actual manipulation or productivity.
C. Learning to live together
- Provides the individual the potential for harmonious relationship with people around
them. It also emphasizes the idea about unity in diversity in terms of race, religion,
and personal beliefs.
D. Learning to be
- Gives an individual a picture of what he plans to be after certain periods in his
lifetime. The learners outlook about himself may vary from time to time as he realizes
certain episodes in his life.

ELEMENTS FOR USING TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION

Element 1. Motivation
a. Gaining Learner Attention
- Substantial evidence indicated that teachers frequently capitalize on the
novelty and television-like attraction of computers and multimedia to achieve
the essential instructional goal of capturing and holding student’s attention.
b. Encouraging the Learner through Productive Work
- Teachers encourage students create their own technology-based products
c. Increasing Perceptions of Learner Control
-students are motivated by feeling that they in control of their own learning.
d. Technology Use as Motivation
-students enrolled in schools where teachers teach using technology

Element 2. Unique Instructional Capabilities

-Element 2 which deals with instructional capabilities is closely related to the four pillars
of education, namely: learning to know, learning to do, learning to be, and learning to live
together.
a. Linking Learner to Information sources
b. Enabling Learners Visualize Problems and Solutions
c. Tracking Learners’ Progress
d. Linking Learners to Learning Tools

Element 3. Support for New Instructional Approaches

a. Cooperative Learning
b. Shared Intelligence
c. Problem Solving and Higher-level Skills
Problem solving can be done by:
Sensing the problem
Researching the problem
Formulating the problem
Finding the alternatives
Choosing the solution
Building acceptance

Element 4. Increased Teacher Productivity

- Provide more accurate information
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- Produce better-looking, more “student friendly” materials

- Any technology resource can help teachers increase their productivity;
word processing, spreadsheet, database, graphics, publishing, etc.

Element 5. Required Skills for an Information Age

The final and most compelling reason for integrating technology into teaching and learning is
the need for students to learn skills that will prepare them to become lifelong learners in an
information society.
- Technology Literacy
 Information Literary (1. Task definition, 2. Information-Seeking Strategies, 3. Location
and Access, 4. Use of information, 5 synthesis, and 6. Evaluation)
 Visual Literacy
-a visual literate person can interpret, understand, and appreciate the meaning of visual
messages; communicate more effectively through applying the basic principles and
concepts of visual design; produce visual messages using the computer and other
technology, and use visual thinking to conceptualize solutions to problems

Activity 3. This activity will allow you to get information from teachers and students on the
importance of technology in teaching and learning.

A. Teachers (at least 3 teachers)

Interview Questions: What are the behaviors you observed from your students after
using technology in teaching?

Teacher’s Name: _____________________________________________________

Signature:______________________________________
Responses:

B. Students (at least 3 students)

Interview Questions: What are the behaviors you observed from your students after
using technology in teaching?

Student’s Name: _____________________________________________________

Signature:______________________________________
Responses: