LCR Parallel Resonance

Expression for Resonant Frequency:

Parallel resonance circuit is shown in fig(1). One branch of the resonant circuit consists
resistance R in series with an inductance L. Capacitor C is connected parallel to the RL
combination in other branch. An AC source is applied across this parallel combination.
The admittance of the circuit is given by

1 1 1
y= = +
z R + jω L 1
jω C
1 1
y= = + jωC
z R + jωL
1 1 (R − jωL)
or = x + jωC
z (R + jωL) (R − jωL)
1 (R − jωL)
or = 2 2 2 2 + jωC
z (R − j ω L )

1 (R − jωL)
or = + jωC (Q j2 = −1)
z (R 2 + ω2 L2 )
1 R jωL
or = 2 − 2 + jωC
z (R + ω L ) (R + ω2 L2 )
2 2

1 R  L 
or = 2 − jω  2 − C ------------ (1)
z (R + ω L )
2 2
 (R + ω L )
2 2

At resonance the reactance part of Eqn(1) is equal to zero
 L 
∴  2 − C = 0
 (R + ω L )
2 2

L
or =C
(R + ω2 L2 )
2

or L = C(R 2 + ω2 L2 )
L
or (R 2 + ω2 L2 ) = ------------ (2)
C
L
or ω2 L2 = − R2
C
L R2
or ω0 2 = −
CL2 L2
1 R2
or ω0 2 = −
LC L2
1 R2
or ω0 = −
LC L2

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 1 R2
or 2πf 0 = − (Q ω0 = 2πf 0 )
LC L2
1 1 R2
or f0 = − --------------- (3)
2π LC L2

where f0 = resonant frequency of LCR parallel circuit

Dynamic Resistance

The resistance at resonance is known as dynamic resistance. Consider the following equation.
1 R  L 
= 2 − jω  2 − C
Z (R + ω L )
2 2
 (R + ω L )
2 2

 L 
at resonance  (R 2 + ω2 L2 ) − C  = 0
 
1 R
∴ = 2 ------------ (1)
Z (R + ω2 L2 )
L
we know that (R 2 + ω2 L2 ) = , substituting in Eqn(1), we get
C
1 R
=
Z L
C
1 RC
Or =
Z L
L
or Z0 = rd = ---------- (2)
RC
where rd is known as dynamic resistance.

Bandwidth

Bandwidth is defined as the band of frequencies

between two points on either side of resonant
1
frequency where impedance falls to times of
2
value at resonance.

Impedance of the LCR parallel circuit is given by

1
( R + jωL )
jωC
Z=
 1 
 R + jωL + jωC 
 

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or Z=
( R + jωL )
 1 
jωC  R + jωL +
 jωC 

or Z=
( R + jωL )
( jωRC − ω LC + 1)
2

where R << ωL then R can be neglected from the above equation.

jωL
Z=
jωRC + (1 − ω2 LC)
Taking modulus on bothsides of the above equation, we get
ωL
| Z |= --------------- (1)
ω R C + (1 − ω2 LC) 2
2 2 2

1
Multiplying numerator and denomination of eqn (1) with , we get
ωRC
1
ωL x
| Z |= ωRC
1
ω2 R 2C 2 + (1 − ω2 LC)2
ωRC
L
or | Z |= RC
1
ω R C + (1 − ω2 LC)2
2 2 2

ωRC
Ζ0  L 
or | Z |= Q Ζ 0 = 
1  RC 
ω2 R 2 C 2 + (1 − ω2 LC) 2
ωRC
Ζ0 ωRC
or | Z |=
ω R C + (1 − ω2 LC) 2
2 2 2

Z0
but | Z |=
2
Z0 Ζ 0 ωRC
∴ =
2 ω R C + (1 − ω2 LC) 2
2 2 2

1 ωRC
or =
2 ω R C + (1 − ω2 LC)2
2 2 2

or ω2 R 2 C 2 + (1 − ω2 LC) 2 = ωRC 2 ----------------- (2)

squaring on both sides of equ(2), we get
ω2 R 2 C2 + (1 − ω2 LC) 2 = 2ω2 R 2C2
or (1 − ω2 LC)2 = 2ω2 R 2 C 2 − ω2 R 2 C2
or (1 − ω2 LC) 2 = ω2 R 2 C 2
taking square root on both sides of the above equation, we get
1 − ω2 LC = ± ωRC
or ω2 LC ± ωRC − 1 = 0 --------------- (3)

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Eqn (3) is a quadratic equation in ω and will yield two values. The two values ω1 and ω2 and
they can be obtained as follows.
± RC ± R 2C2 + 4LC
=
2LC
± RC R 2C2 + 4LC
or = ±
2LC 2LC
± RC  R 2C2 4LC 
or = ±  2 2 + 2 2
2LC  4L C 4L C 

±R  R2 1 
or = ±  2+ 
2L  4L LC 
R2
as R << ωL, therefore can be ignored from the above equation, we get
4L2
±R 1
= ± -------------------- (4)
2L LC
R 1
Let = α , and we know that = ω0 , substituting these values in the equ (4) we get
2L LC

= ± α ± ω0
Two roots can be written as follows
ω2 = ω0 + α and ω1 = ω0 − α (since angular frequency can not be
negative)
Therefore Bandwidth ∴ ∆ω = ω2 − ω1
substituting ω1 and ω2 values in the above equation, we get
∆ω = ω0 + α − ( ω0 − α )
or ∆ω = ω0 + α − ω0 + α
or ∆ω = 2α ---------------- (5)
R
but α=
2L
2R
therefore ∆ω =
2L
R
or ∆ω =
L
R
or ∆ω = ω2 − ω1 = ( 2πf 2 − 2πf1 ) =
L
R
or 2π ( f 2 − f1 ) =
L
R
( f 2 − f1 ) =
2πL
R
Therefore bandwidth ∆f = ( f 2 − f1 ) = ------------- (6)
2πL

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 Quality Factor ( Q – Factor)
When voltage V is applied to the parallel LCR circuit, the
current flowing through the circuit at resonance is given by
V
I= ------------ (1)
rd
L
Where rd is dynamic resistance =
RC
Substituting rd value in eqn (1), we get
V
I=
L
RC
Fig (4)
VRC
or I=
L
IL
from above equation V = ----------- (2)
RC
Voltage across the capacitor = VC
Voltage across the inductor = VL
From fig (4) voltage across capacitor (VC) = voltage across inductor (VL) = applied voltage (V)
(Since the capacitor and the inductor are parallel to the applied voltage)
1
Voltage across capacitor V = IC x
ωO C
IC = VωO C ---------- (3)
Substituting V value from eqn(2) in eqn(3) we get
IL
IC = ωO C
RC
ILωO
or IC =
R
Voltage across the inductor is V = I L xωO L
V
or IL = --------- (4)
ωO L
substituting V value from eqn(2) in eqn (4), we get
IL 1
IL = x
RC ωO L
I
or IL = --------- (5)
RCωO
The Q-factor is defined as the magnification of the current at resonance
I I
Q= C = L
I I
IC ωO L
From eqn(4) we have =
I R
IC ω L
∴ =Q= O ------------- (6)
I R

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 IL 1
From eqn (5) we have =
I ωO RC
IL 1
∴ =Q= ---------- (7)
I ωO RC

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