8/25/2023

LECTURE 12
System of Linear Equations

Objectives
2

 System of Linear Equations

 Solving Systems with Gaussian Elimination
 Solving Systems with Inverses
 Solving Systems with Cramer’s Rule

System of linear equations

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 Suppose we have a system of m linear equations

with n unknown
 a11 x1  a12 x2  ...  a1n xn  b1
 a x  a x  ...  a x  b
 21 1 22 2 2n n 2

 ......................................
am1 x1  am 2 x2  ...  amn xn  bm

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System of linear equations

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 Example:
 x1  2 x2  x3  x4  1

2 x1  5 x2  8 x3  3 x4  3

System of linear equations

5

 If m = n
 a11 x1  a12 x2  ...  a1n xn  b1
 a x  a x  ...  a x  b
 21 1 22 2 2n n 2

 ......................................
an1 x1  an 2 x2  ...  ann xn  bn

System of linear equations

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 Example:
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =5
ቐ2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 = 7

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Solving System of Linear Equations

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1. Solving System of Linear Equations by

Elimination;
2. Solving System of Linear Equations using
Matrix inversion;
3. Solving System of Linear Equations using
Cramer’s Rule.

Triangle System
8

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 4𝑡 = 5
Example: 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 𝑡 = 4
5𝑧 + 2𝑡 = 3
𝑡=5

Backward-Substitution

The Augmented Matrix

9

A matrix can serve as a device for representing and

solving a system of equations.
To express a system in matrix form, we extract the
coefficients of the variables and the constants, and
these become the entries of the matrix.
We use a vertical line to separate the coefficient
entries from the constants, essentially replacing the
equal signs. When a system is written in this form, we
call it an augmented matrix.

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The Augmented Matrix

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𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 4𝑡 = 5
(a) 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 − 𝑡 = 4  𝐴ҧ =
5𝑧 + 2𝑡 = 3
𝑡=5

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧=5
(b) ቐ2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3  𝐴ҧ =
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 = 7

Gauss Elimination Method

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 Systematically eliminate unknowns from the equations

until only a equation with only one unknown is left.
 This is accomplished using three operations applied to the
linear system of equations:
A given equation can be multiplied by a non-zero
constant and the result substituted for the original
equation,
A given equation can be added to a second equation, and
the result substituted for the original equation,
Two equations can be transposed in order.

Row Operations
12

 𝑅𝑖 ↔ 𝑅𝑗
 k𝑅𝑖 → 𝑅𝑖 (𝑘 ≠ 0)
 𝑅𝑖 + 𝑘𝑅𝑗 𝑅𝑖

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Example
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𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 = 5
ቐ2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 = 7

Example
14

 x yz 5

2 x  3 y  z  3

Gauss Elimination Method

15

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =5
ቐ2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 = 7

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Solving System by Matrix Inversion

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Since the number of equations equal the number of unknowns

we can put the coefficients into a square matrix form

 x  b 
 a11 a1n   1   1 
   x2   b2 
    
 an1 ann     
 xn  bn 
Ax  b

Example
17

 Solve the following system

 x1  2 x2  1

 x1  x2  2
 Write in matrix form: Ax = b
 Solve the system using matrix inverse:
x = A-1 b

Cramer’s Rule
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 Let the system Ax=b. If det(A)  0, then the

system has the unique solution
det Aj
xj 
det A
where matrix A j is formed from A by replacing
column j with vector b.

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Example
19

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 = 5
ቐ2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 = 7

Cramer’s Rule
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Cramer’s Rule will give us the unique solution to a

system of equations, if it exists.
However, if the system has no solution or an
infinite number of solutions, this will be indicated
by a determinant of zero.
If the system is inconsistent or dependent, another
method, such as elimination, will have to be used.

Example
21

Production scheduling: Labor and material costs for

manufacturing two guitar models are given in the table below:
Suppose that in a given week $1800 is used for labor and
$1200 used for materials. How many of each model should be
produced to use exactly each of these allocations?

Guitar Labor Material

model cost cost
A $30 $20
B $40 $30

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Solution
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Conclusion
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 System of Linear Equations

 Solving Systems with Gaussian Elimination
 Solving Systems with Inverses
 Solving Systems with Cramer’s Rule