Biology Project

NAME POOJA PRIYADARSHINI JENA

CLASS XII, C
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that "Pooja
Priyadarshini Jena" a
student of class - 12th 'C'
has successfully completed
their Chemistry Project on
"Study of the presence of
oxalate ions in guava fruit”.

SIGNATURE
 ACKNOLEDGEMENT

I hereby acknowledge my deep

sense of gratitude and indebtedness
to our mentor whose immense help,
genius guidance, encouragement,
necessary suggestions, initiations,
enthusiasm, and inspiration made
this work a master art and a joint
enterprise. I would also like to thank
friends and family who helped me
complete this project and supported
me throughout the process.
 INTRODUCTION
A cigarette is a little roll of thinly rolled, finely
chopped tobacco leaves intended for smoking. The
cigarette is lit on one end and allowed to smolder;
the other end, which is held in or near the mouth, is
then used to inhale the smoke. In some situations,
a cigarette holder may also be utilized. Filtered
cigarettes with reconstituted tobacco and other
additives are a common feature of modern-
produced cigarettes. Since cigarettes were widely
used for the first time in the middle of the 20th
century, rates of cigarette smoking have varied
substantially and altered significantly over time.
While smoking rates have leveled off or decreased
over time in wealthy countries, they are still rising
in emerging countries. Like other tobacco products,
cigarettes have detrimental impacts on one's
health. The main psychoactive component of
cigarettes and tobacco, nicotine, is addictive. On
average, smokers lose 14 years of life and
approximately half of them pass away from
diseases linked to tobacco use. Smoking during
pregnancy has been linked to birth abnormalities
like mental and physical problems.
 SMOKING
In the past, people could purchase cigarettes and smoke
almost any place, including in hospitals! We're more
conscious of the harm smoking does to our health today.
Nearly all public spaces have smoking restrictions or
outright bans, and tobacco corporations are no longer
permitted to run commercials on TV, radio, or in many
magazines. Almost everyone is aware that smoking
shortens life by 10 years or more, causes cancer,
emphysema, and heart disease, and can cost a smoker
thousands of dollars annually. Why then do people
continue to light up? Addiction is the answer, to put it
simply. Once You Start, It's Hard to Stop. Due to nicotine's
high level of addiction, tobacco is a difficult habit to kick.
The nicotine in cigarettes quickly becomes so ingrained in
the body and mind, much like heroin or other addictive
substances, that one needs to smoke them just to feel
normal. There are several reasons why people begin
smoking. Some believe it to be stylish. Others begin due to
the smoking of their family members or associates.
According to statistics, nine out of ten tobacco users begin
their habit before becoming 18 years old. The majority of
folks who began smoking in their teens never anticipated
developing an addiction. Because of this, some people
claim that quitting smoking altogether is just so much
simpler.
 HEALTH HAZARDS
The consequences of smoking may seem very far off, but
long-term health problems aren't the only hazard of smoking.
Nicotine and the other toxins in cigarettes, cigars, and pipes
can affect a person's body quickly, which means that teen
smokers experience many of these problems:

Bad Skin
Because smoking restricts blood vessels, it can prevent
oxygen and nutrients from getting to the skin - which is why
smokers often appear pale and unhealthy. Studies have also
linked smoking to an increased risk of getting a type of skin
rash called psoriasis.
Bad Breath
Cigarettes leave smokers with a condition called halitosis, or
persistent bad breath.
Bad-smelling hair and clothing
Stale smoke has a way of sticking around, not just on people's
clothes but also on their hair, furniture, and cars. And the
smoking smell is frequently difficult to eliminate.
Decreased athletic ability
Due to the physical impacts of smoking, athletes who smoke
typically cannot compete with their non-smoking
contemporaries.
Injury risk is higher, and recuperation takes longer
Smokers recuperate from common sports injuries including
injury to tendons and ligaments more slowly than non-
smokers because smoking impairs the body's ability to
generate collagen.
CONSEQUENCES
 INFECTIONS
The circulation of a smoker allows many cancer-
causing substances from cigarette smoke to
enter the organs and impair the immune
system. Smoke carries carbon monoxide
through the body, interfering with oxygen levels.
The brain, heart, muscles, and other organs
receive less oxygen. The constriction of the lung
airways and an excessive amount of mucus in
the lungs both affect lung function. Invading
substances cause lung inflammation and
damage, which then causes lung infection.
Smoking toxins that travel into the bloodstream
have a deleterious impact on blood pressure
and heart rate. Smokers' immune systems do
not function as well, making them more
vulnerable to diseases like pneumonia and the
flu. Smokers recover from illnesses more slowly
than non-smokers.
 LUNG TISSUES
According to a study from the University of Cincinnati
in Ohio, smoking can trigger the body's immune
system to attack lung tissue and lead to serious
respiratory diseases. To study the relationship
between cigarette smoke, the immune system, and
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), a
dangerous lung condition marked by emphysema
and severe inflammation of the lung tissue, health
researchers looked at mice. In the lab experiment,
cigarette smoke-damaged lung cells communicated
with the immune system when it was time to
eliminate them. According to the findings, smoking
actually causes specific immune system components
to become active and wage an attack on lung tissue.
Researchers compared the findings with human
tissue samples from nonsmokers, smokers with
COPD, and smokers without COPD. In patients who
had never smoked, they discovered that the lung
cells that caused the immune system to assault lung
tissue were completely absent. The illness was
diagnosed in both current and previous smokers who
had these lung signs.
 SIGNS OF ADDICTION
The most obvious sign of an addiction is the need to
have a particular drug or substance. However, many
other signs can suggest a possible addiction, such
as changes in mood or weight loss or gain. (These
also are signs of other conditions, though, such as
depression or eating disorders. But they might also
be symptoms of other diseases, such as eating
disorders or depression. Some signs of addiction
are:
Withdrawal or keeping secrets from family and
friends.
Loss of interest in activities that used to be
important.
Changes in friendships, such as hanging out only
with friends who use drugs.
Spending a lot of time figuring out how to get
cigarettes.
Stealing or selling belongings to be able to afford
cigarettes.
Failed attempts to stop taking cigarettes or
drinking.
Anxiety, anger, or depression.
Mood swings.
 QUITTING
There are many different methods that have
successfully helped people to quit smoking,
including:

Quitting smoking cold turkey.

Systematically decreasing the number of
cigarettes you smoke.
Reducing your intake of nicotine gradually
over time.
Using nicotine replacement therapy or non-
nicotine medications to reduce withdrawal
symptoms.
Utilizing nicotine support groups.
Trying hypnosis, acupuncture, or counseling
using cognitive behavioral techniques.

You may be successful with the first method you

try. More likely, you’ll have to try a number of
different methods or a combination of treatments
to find the ones that work best for you.
 MEDICATIONS
Smoking cessation medications can ease
withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings
and are most effective when used as part of
a comprehensive stop-smoking program
monitored by your physician. Talk to your
doctor about your options and whether an
anti-smoking medication is right for you.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
approved options are:

Nicotine replacement therapy

Non-nicotine therapy
Hypnosis
Acupuncture
Behavioral therapy
Motivational therapy
Smoking deterrents