Renewable energy sources

- a source of energy that can be replaced continuously and will

never run out
- hydro, wave, diesel, tidal, wind, biomass, geothermal

Energy sources cannot be new

- a source of energy that cannot be replaced and will be
depleted
- nuclear power, coal, natural gas, petroleum

generator - a device used to generate electricity

- when the crank on the model is rotated, a

current known as the induction current will be
produced

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i) Wire movement

- the connecting wire or solenoid is moved through the space

between the magnetic poles rapidly
- induction current is generated in the connecting wire or
solenoid and flows through the galvanometer

ii) Magnetic motion

- the magnet is moved so that the magnetic field line is cut by

the connecting wire or solenoid
- induction current is generated in the connecting wire or
solenoid and flows through the galvanometer

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1) Diesel, natural gas and coal

Mechanism
- fuel combustion
- water is boiled into steam
- steam rotates the turbine
- generators produce electricity
Changes in the form of energy
- chemical energy> thermal energy> kinetic energy> electrical
energy

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2) Solar energy

Mechanism
- sunlight
- solar panels convert light energy from the sun into electrical
energy
Changes in the form of energy
light energy> electrical energy

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3) Hydroelectric

Mechanism
- water stored in high dams
- water flows from high level to low level
- the flow of water rotates the turbine
- generators produce electricity
Changes in the form of energy
- gravitational potential energy> kinetic energy> electrical
energy

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4) Wind energy

Mechanism
- The air is moving
- The wind moves the blades
- The blades rotate the turbine
- generators produce electricity
Changes in the form of energy
kinetic energy> electrical energy

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5) Nuclear fuel

Mechanism
- nuclear reactions
- water is boiled into steam
- steam rotates the turbine
- generators produce electricity
Changes in the form of energy
- nuclear energy> thermal energy> kinetic energy> electrical
energy

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6) Biomass

Mechanism
- methane is produced by biomass
- water is boiled into steam
- steam rotates the turbine
- generators produce electricity
Changes in the form of energy
- chemical energy> thermal energy> kinetic energy> electrical
energy

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 Direct current (a.t) - an electric current that flows in one
direction only
Alternating current (a, u)-an electric current whose direction
of flow changes continuously

Cathode ray oscilloscope -an electronic device that can be used

to show differences in graph shape, current direction and
voltage changes for direct and alternating current.

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 Np = 15 turns Ns = 7 turns

-voltage converter for alternating current

- consists of a laminated soft iron core wrapped by a coil of
coated wire, a prime coil and a secondary coil

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 i) step -up transformer
- the primary voltage (input) across the primary coil is lower
than the secondary voltage (output) across the secondary coil
- the number of turns on the primary coil is less than the
number of turns on the secondary coil

ii) step -down transformer

- the primary voltage (input) across the primary coil is higher
than the secondary voltage (output) across the secondary coil
- the number of turns on the primary coil is more than the
number of turns on the secondary coil.

i) power generating station

ii) step -up transformer station
iii) national grid network
iv) step -down transformer station
v) main inlet substation
vi) switch field
vii) section substations

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i) single phase wiring

- suitable and stable enough for electricity consumption that

does not exceed 10kW or 50A as in residential areas

ii) three phase wiring

- in commercial and industrial areas, electricity consumption of

more than 10kW or 50A, three -phase wiring is more stable.

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 3-pin plug -electrical appliances such as kettles and irons
obtain electricity from sockets on the wall through a 3-pin
plug
2-pin plug -appliances such as hair dryers and radios obtain
electricity from sockets on the wall via a 2-pin plug

i) Suis
ii) Fuse
iii) Earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB)
iv) minitature circuit breaker (MCB)
v) Earth wire
vi) Lightning conductor

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 - a short fine wire that easily heats up and melts when the
current flowing through it is greater than the value of the
fuse.
- if the wire on the fuse melts, the power supply will be cut
off

i) Cartridge fuse
ii) Replacement wire fuse

Fuse value - the maximum value of current that can flow

through the fuse without causing the fuse wire to melt. (1A,
2A, 3A, 5A, 10A, 13A, 15A and 30A)
example - an electric kettle uses a maximum electric current of
11.34A, then the fuse installed should have a fuse value of
13A

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 energy efficiency - the percentage of input energy converted
into a beneficial form of output energy

power, P - the rate of electrical energy, E, consumed by an

electrical appliance
current, I - the rate of flow of electric charge, Q, through a
conductor.
Voltage, V - electrical energy, E, used to move a unit of
electrical charge, Q through a conductor.

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 Cost calculation
Electrical energy consumed (kWh) = power (kW) x Time (h)

* a 2kW kettle takes 10 minutes to boil water. Calculate the

cost of using electricity to boil the water if the rate per unit
is 21 cents

electrical energy used

= 2kW x 10/60 j
= 1/3 kWh
= 1/3 unit

the cost of electricity consumption

= 1/3 x 21 sen
= 7 sen

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