B- Basic information

MNFN 100 -
GR2-Y18-T2
 C – Professional Information
(1)

(2) (3)

(4)

(5)

(6)
Course Contents
Students’ Assessment Methods

5th&11th Wk
Mid-term Exam 20

40
List of References
 Chapter 1
IMPORTANCE OF
MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING Technology
FOR

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
 An electrical engineer

should know detailed information

about

how power stations and principal machines

are used

in a large electrical systems

 Any electrical system
Consists of three compartments:
- Generation
- Transmission, and
- Distribution

of Electrical Energy
 Basically,
generation of electrical energy
can be achieved through
three type of generation stations:

A- Hydropower generating station

B- Thermal generating station

C- Nuclear generating stations

 Chapter 1
Hydraulic
power
station

Thermal
power
Station

Nuclear
Generation of power
Electrical Energy station
A- Hydropower generating station

Hydropower generating
stations convert the
energy of moving water
into electrical energy
by means of a hydraulic
turbine coupled to a
synchronous electric
generator.
Hydropower system
Hydropower system
Electric

hydraulic
Cross section view of hydropower plant

Hydropower system
 Hydropower Plant
consists of
- Dam
that form a reservoir of water
- Penstock
Huge steel pipes
Which bring the water to the individual turbine through a
scroll-case
- Hydraulic turbine
Convert the energy of moving water
into
mechanical power (rotation)
through its runner
- Powerhouse
Convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
(contains generator, transformer, circuit breaker,
and associated control devices)
- Central control room
Contains instruments, relays, and measuring
devices (meters)
Where
The entire station can be
monitored and controlled
- Scroll-case
(surrounds the runner of the turbine)
So that water is evenly distributed around its
circumference
- Draft tube
(a carefully designed vertical channel)
Leads the water that passed through the turbine
runner towards the tailrace
- Tailrace
Channels the water into downstream river bed
- Conduits
They may be
Conduit
open canals,
or
tunnels curved through rock.

They lead the water from dam

site to one or more penstocks
 Available hydropower
The power that can extracted from a waterfall
depends upon:
- Water height (h, head)
- Water flow rate (Q)
The available hydro power equation
Wሶ hyd = 𝜌gqh
Where
Wሶ hyd …. Available water power (Watts)
q ……… Water volume flow rate (m3/sec)
h ……… Water head (m)
g ……….Gravitational acceleration (m/sec2)
𝜌 ……... Water density (kg/m3)
Note:
In SI system of units, the gravitational
acceleration is taken equal to 9.81 (m/sec2)
The water density at STP is equal to:
𝝆 = 1000 kg/m3
Then,
the available hydraulic power equation
will be:

Wሶ hyd = 9.81qh (kW)

The mechanical power output of the turbine is
less than that calculated by the basic equation

Due to friction losses

in
- Water conduits,
- Turbine casing, and
- Turbine itself
The total efficiency of the hydropower
system
is equal to:
𝜂ℎ𝑦𝑑 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡 = 0.85 – 0.93
The efficiency of large hydraulic turbines is:
𝜂ℎ𝑦𝑑 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 = 0.90 – 0.94

The efficiency of electric generator is:

𝜂𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.95 – 0.99
 Example
Calculate the electric power, which can be
generated from a dam, if the hydraulic head is
150m and the water flow rate is 1000 (m3/sec).
The total efficiency of the hydraulic turbine and
the electric generator system is considered to be
92 %.
 Solution
The available hydraulic power is:
Wሶ hyd = 𝜌gqh
= 1000 X 9.81 X 1000 X 150
= 1471.5 MW
Wሶ 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝜂ℎ𝑦𝑑 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡 X Wሶ hyd
= 0.92 X 1471.5
= 1353.78 MW
 Chapter 1
Hydraulic
power
station

Thermal
power
Station

Nuclear
Generation of power
Electrical Energy station