Aesp Ebook English

AUTHORISED
ENTRANT & STANDBY

PERSON
CONFINED SPACE
SAFETY PROGRAM
INHOUSE RULES
2 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

CONFINED SPACE SAFETY
COURSES
1. Trained by NIOSH or other training provider
approved by DOSH and pass examination
2. Difference between AESP and AGTES program:
AESP – Level 1
AGTES – Level 2
For person who is For person who is
standby and responsible for
entering confined confined space
spaces safety
2 Days of theory 3 Days of theory

and practical and practical

PROGRAM

AESP ASSESSMENT
Type of
Item Evidence
Assessment
1) 2Knowledge on CS entry
Oral Assessment
. operation
Knowledge on procedure PTW and

2) Practical
and CS entry operation checklist

WHY DO YOU NEED TO ENTER
CONFINED SPACE?
Because you are offered a job involving
work in confined space such as :
• Cleaning, inspection, painting, maintenance.
• Modification involving hot work, repairs, etc.
• Initial gas testing
Because you are with the emergency rescue

team:
• To rescue people in trouble in the confined
space.

COURSE OBJECTIVE
• State legal requirement pertaining to confined space
• Identify hazards in the confined space
• State the duties / responsibilities of Authorised Entrant and

Standby Person
• Use suitable personal protective equipment and other related

equipment
• Demonstrate confined space entry procedures
• Qualified as competent Authorised Entrant and Standby Person

M1:
LEGAL
REQUIREMENTS
CONFINED SPACE
SAFETY PROGRAM
LEARNING OUTCOME
Upon completion of this chapter, participants
will be able to:

LEGISLATIVE
REQUIREMENTS
FACTORIES AND
MACHINERY ACT 1967

FACTORIES AND MACHINERY ACT 1967
v Section 10: Provisions relating to safety, etc.
§ (d) such means as are reasonably
practicable shall be provided, maintained,
and used so as to ensure safe access to any
place at which any person has at any time to
work;
§ (e) every opening, sump, pit or fixed vessel in
a floor, or working level shall be securely
covered or fenced so as to prevent risk of
persons falling;

FACTORIES AND MACHINERY ACT 1967
v Section 22: Provisions relating to health

• (c)(i) effective and suitable provision shall be
made for securing and maintaining
adequate ventilation by the circulation of
fresh air in every part of a factory and for
rendering harmless, so far as practicable, all
gases, fumes, dust and other impurities that
may be injurious to health arising in the
course of any process or work carried on in a
factory;

SECT 51(2) PENALTIES
A fine not exceeding:

FM (SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE)
REGULATIONS 1970, REGULATION 13(1)
Where any work has to be done inside any chamber, tank, vat,
pit, pressure or other vessel or other confined space
in which dangerous fumes are liable to be present to such an

extent as to involve risk to any person being overcome thereby
such confined space shall, unless there is other adequate

means of egress, be provided with a manhole;
such manhole may be rectangular, oval or circular in shape,

and
shall not be less than sixteen inches wide or not less than
eighteen inches in diameter if circular.

REGULATION 13(2)
No person shall be required to enter any confined
space UNLESS:-
All practicable It has be

steps have been ascertained by A reliable and
taken to remove suitable test that competent
any fumes AND the confined person is station
prevent any space is free from at the entrance
ingress of fumes; dangerous fumes
Provided no such test cannot be carried out

the person entering confined space shall wear
an efficient respiratory protective device,
suitable safety belt with attached life line

SHW-REGULATION 41 (PENALTIES)
A fine not exceeding:

LEGISLATIVE
REQUIREMENTS
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
AND HEALTH ACT 1994

SALIENT PROVISIONS
• General Duties of Employer and Self-
Employed Persons (Section 15)
• General Duties of Employees (Section 24)
• Penalties (Section 19 & 24)
• Industry Code of Practice (Section 37)

GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYER AND
SELF-EMPLOYED PERSONS - SEC 15(1)
Health
Safety
ENSURE
Welfare
All his/ her employees at

work
GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYER
AND SELF-EMPLOYED PERSONS
Section 15(2)
• The provision and maintenance of plant and

systems of work.
• The making of arrangements for operation,
handling, storage and transportation of plant and
substances.
• The provision of such information, instruction,
training & supervision.
• Provision & maintenance of the means of access
to & egress from workplace.
• Provision and maintenance of a working
environment and welfare facilities.

GENERAL DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES
Section 24
• To take reasonable care for the safety and health of

himself and of other persons.
• To co-operate with his employer or any other person
in the discharge of any duty.
• To wear or use at all times any protective equipment
or clothing provided by the employer.
• To comply with any instruction or measure on
occupational safety and health which is instituted by
his employer.

PENALTIES

INDUSTRY CODE OF PRACTICE

LEGISLATIVE
REQUIREMENTS
INDUSTRY CODE OF PRACTICE
FOR SAFE WORKING IN A
CONFINED SPACE 2010

APPLICATIONS OF ICOP CS 2010
ICOP CS 2010 is to provide guidance for the

safety and health of persons
Not apply to underground mining or works in

a confined space other than atmospheric
pressure
A person whose head or upper body is within

a confined space is considered to have
entered the confined space

CONTENTS OF ICOP CS
PART I: Introduction
PART II: Confined Space Entry Programme
PART III: Detail Requirements

• Permit to work
• Isolation requirements
• Hazardous Atmosphere
• Rescue and Emergency Services
• Health Requirement
• Training
• Additional Precautions
• Record Keeping
PART IV: Duties of Responsible Persons

CONFINED SPACE DEFINITION
An enclosed or partially enclosed space;
Is at atmospheric pressure during occupancy;
Is not intended or designed primarily as a

place of work, AND
Is liable at any time to:

• Have an atmosphere which contains harmful
levels of contaminants;
• Have an oxygen deficiency or excess; OR
• Cause engulfment AND
Could have restricted means for entry and exit

EXAMPLE OF CONFINED SPACE

ACTIVITIES IN THE CONFINED SPACE
Cleaning of sludge and other waste materials
Inspection of the physical integrity of process equipment
Maintenance, including abrasive blasting and application of

surface coatings
Repair, including welding, modification and adjustments to
mechanical equipment
Rescue of workers
Construction purposes
Gas testing

ACTIVITIES IN THE CONFINED SPACE

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Post danger sign such as
Employer to establish and
“DANGER– CONFINED
implement a written
SPACE - DO NOT ENTER” – In
Confined Space Safety
both Bahasa Malaysia and
Program
English
Take measures to prevent

unauthorized persons from
entering the confined
space

WHY CONFINED SPACE SAFETY
PROGRAM IS REQUIRED?
Many people have died in confined spaces.
Number of cases are alarming – statistics from DOSH and
SOCSO, and newspaper reports.
No. of Fatalities
14
12
12
10 11
8
6
4 5
4
2
2 2 2 2 1
0
Sabah Selangor Pulau Johor Perak Melaka Kuala Kedah Pahang
Pinang Lumpur
SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIY DATA FOR SECONDARY DATA FROM DOSH (2006 – 2011)

LESSON LEARNT

ANY QUESTIONS?

M2:
HAZARDS IN
CONFINED SPACE
CONFINED SPACE
SAFETY PROGRAM
1
LEARNING OUTCOME
Upon completion of this chapter, participants will be
able to:

WHAT IS HAZARD?
A source, situation or act, with a
potential for harm, in terms of:
injury or ill- damage to a

damage to
health to environment, combination
property
people or of these
Source: MS1722:2011 Occupational Safety and Health Management System

HAZARD CATEGORIES
Chemical
Environment Physical
HAZARD
Psychosocial Biological
Ergonomics

HAZARDS IN THE CONFINED SPACE
Oxygen deficiency
Toxic gases
Flammable gases
Excavation collapse
Drowning in fluids, solids
Slip and trip
Noise, electricity, radiation, etc.
Injury from use of tools and equipment
Direct contact with chemicals
Biological hazards

CHEMICAL HAZARD
CONFINED SPACE
SAFETY PROGRAM
1
CHEMICAL – MODES OF ENTRY
Inhalation
- Intake through the respiration system
Ingestion
- Intake through the mouth
Absorption
- Introduced through eyes and skin
Injection
- Introduction into the body by syringe or sharp object

WHAT DO I NEED TO KNOW
SDS – Safety Data Sheet

ü Hazard rating
ü PEL, MEL (exposure)
ü LEL, UEL
ü Fire fighting measures
ü Emergency
ü PPE
ü Etc..

WHAT IS HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE?
Source : Industry Code of Practice for Safe Working In Confined Space 2010
Oxygen content is below 19.5%
• a person can be asphyxiated @ choked to death
Oxygen level above 23.5%
• fires will burn ferociously
Accumulation of flammable or explosive gas greater than 10% of its LEL
• introduction of a spark can lead to fire or explosion
Accumulation of toxic gases equal to or exceeding its permissible exposure

limit (PEL)
• people can be poisoned
Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or

health (IDLH);
• e.g. presence of any toxic, corrosive, or asphyxiation substance

HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE
What gases will
be present?
How can I work Where do they

safely? come from?
What do I
NEED TO
KNOW?
Where will they Is the risk
go? acceptable?
How can I
remove the
gases?

CONFINED SPACE ACCIDENT

OXYGEN LIMITS
AIDS EXPLOSION.
> 23.5 % VOL.
DO NOT ENTER!
NORMAL CONCENTRATION
20.8 % VOL. IN AIR.
SAFE TO ENTER
DANGER OF ASPHYXIATION.
< 19.5 % VOL.
DO NOT ENTER!

CAUSES: O2 DEFICIENCY
After purging with gas (N2, Ar, CO2)
Rusting in progress
Contaminated soil – Biologically Organic

Decay (BOD)
Decay of organic matters
Combustion
EFFECTS :
§ Asphyxiation
§ Death
EFFECTS OF O2 DEFICIENCY
% Volume Effects
19.5 Minimum permissible level
15 – 19 Decreased ability to work strenuously
12 – 14 Pulse up, impaired co-ordination and

perception
10 – 11 Respiration increases, poor judgment,

lips blue
8 – 10 Mental failure, fainting, ashen face
6–8 Exposed for 8 minutes: 100% fatal

4–6 Coma in 40 seconds, convulsions,
death

O2 ENRICHMENT
CAUSES:
Leak in O2 hose from cylinders
Leak in O2 piping
Oxidizing agents
Can lead to:

§ spontaneous combustion
§ self ignition
§ explosion

TOXIC GASES AND VAPOURS
Gases and vapours which can cause:
• irritation of skin, eyes, nose and throat
• injury or fatality
Some toxic gases are odourless

Source of contaminants:
• The space itself
• Earlier process
• Previous contents
• Adjoining plant or environment
Example:
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), Ammonia (NH3), Chlorine (Cl2), Carbon
Monoxide (CO) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT TOXIC
GASES AND VAPOURS
• NOT exceeding the
TWA8 eight-hour time-
weighted average Permissible
Exposure Limit (PEL)
• 15 minute time
MEL weighted average
which is TWA8 X 3
Unit of measurement:
• Not to be exceeded parts per million (ppm)
during any part of the %volume = % of gas in air
CEL working day, time
exceeds the ceiling
1% volume = 10,000 ppm
limit

POINTS TO PONDER
Some gases
are inert –
Some gases Some gases Some gases they are not
are just toxic are just are both toxic or
but not flammable flammable flammable
flammable but not toxic and toxic but they can
be
asphyxiate
CH4 is not toxic,

Argon,
Chlorine but it is also CO, NH3, H2S
Nitrogen
asphyxiate

HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S)

EFFECTS OF H2S EXPOSURE
Limit (ppm) Effects
4.6 Moderate odour
10 Eye irritation
27 Strong , very unpleasant odour, but not
intolerable
100 Coughing, loss of sense of smell
200 – 300 Conjunctivitis & respiratory tract

500 – 700 Loss of consciousness, breathing stops,
death
700 – 1000 Immediate unconsciousness, breathing
stops, death

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a common industrial
hazardous gas from:
• all internal combustion engines including diesel,

gasoline, and kerosene
• burning coal, wood, paper or plastics product,
and welding process
CO is a by-product resulting from incomplete

combustion of fuels
Combustion appliances that have not been

properly installed or maintained or poorly
ventilated may result to higher CO risk

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

EFFECTS OF CO EXPOSURE
Limit (ppm) Effects
25 Discomfort
200 Slight headache, serious discomfort
400 Severe headache
1000 Confusion, nausea
2000 Tendency to stagger
2500 Unconsciousness
4000 Fatal

EFFECTS OF CO2 EXPOSURE
Limit (%vol.) Effects
2–3 Shortness of breath, deep breath
5 Breathing becomes heavy, sweating, pulse

quickens
7.5 Headache, dizziness, restlessness,
breathlessness, increased heart rate and blood
pressure, visual distortion
10 Impaired hearing, nausea, vomiting, loss of
consciousness
30 Coma, convulsions, death

FLAMMABLE ATMOSPHERE
Elements of fire
• Oxygen
• Fuel
• Ignition of source
Fuels, solvents, hydrocarbons, if ignited, can

cause fires and explosion
Physical-chemical properties:
• explode
• catch fire
• oxidize

FLAMMABLE ATMOSPHERE
• the minimum concentration of
Lower Explosive flammable gas or vapor in air that is
capable of being ignited.
Limit
• If the flammable gas concentration
LEL is below its LEL, ignition cannot occur
because the gas-air mixture is too
“lean” to burn.
• the maximum concentration of a

Upper Explosive flammable gas or vapor in air that
can be present for an explosion to
Limit occur.
UEL • Ignition will not occur if the gas-air

mixture is above the UEL because
the mixture is then too “rich” to burn.

NEED TO KNOW
(Flammable Gases)
100% LEL
10% LEL

EXPLOSION

EXPLOSION PROOF MARKINGS
MARKING TYPE OF PROTECTION
Ex d Flameproof
Ex e Increased safety
Ex p Purged / pressurised
Ex o Oil filled
'Epsilon-x' logo for
Ex q Sand/powder filled
explosion proof
Ex m Encapsulated equipment
Ex n Non-incendive
Ex [ia] or [ib] Intrinsically safe
Ex s Special protection

CHEMICAL – HEALTH HAZARDS
Toxicity
Skin irritation
Eye damage
Corrosion
Sensitization
Carcinogen
Mutagen
Aspiration hazard

CHEMICAL – HEALTH EFFECTS
1. Acute or
chronic effects
ü Skin problems
(dermatitis),
ü Eye, nose and
throat irritation
2. Systemic
poisoning

PHYSICAL
HAZARD
CONFINED SPACE
SAFETY PROGRAM
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
HAZARDS SOURCE EFFECT(S) CONTROL
Heat Hot works Heat-induced Accelerated by proper

disorders – ventilation and/ or suitable
heat stroke, protective clothing
heat cramps
Noise Grinding Hearing loss Wear ear muff/ ear plug
Mechanical Mixer, Physical Need for Lock out/ Tag out

cutting injuries procedure (LOTO)
Ionizing Naturally Cancer risk Proper Protective Shielding

Radiation Occurring
Radioactive
Material
(NORM)

BIOLOGICAL
HAZARD
CONFINED SPACE
SAFETY PROGRAM
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

OTHER HAZARDS
PSYCHOSOCIAL
• Example: claustrophobia, stress, sexual harassment,

overtime, others.
ERGONOMIC HAZARD
• Structure/ awkward posture

• Example: repetitive work, awkward posture, carrying
excessive load, Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDS)
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD
• Example: extreme weather, earthquake and others
© 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

77
ANY QUESTIONS?

M3:
ENTRY PROCEDURE &
EQUIPMENT
PROGRAM
LEARNING OUTCOME
Upon completion of this chapter, participants
will be able to:

VIDEO

PARTIES INVOLVED
1 • Employer
2 • Contractor
3 Entry Supervisor
4 • Authorised Gas Tester
5 • Permit Issuer
6 • Standby Person
7 • Authorised Entrant
8
• Emergency Response Team

DEFINITION
Authorised Entrant (AE)
• An employee who is authorised by the employer
to enter and do work in a confined space and
has attended a training course for AESP and
passed the examination
Standby Person (SP)

• A person who is stationed outside a confined
space to monitor the condition of the authorized
entrants, and to raise the alarm, if required and
has attended a training course for AESP and
passed the examination

DEFINITION
Authorised Gas Tester
• A competent person who is appointed by the employer and is
authorised by DOSH to carry out atmosphere testing in a confined
space
Entry Supervisor
• A person appointed by employer and is authorised by DOSH to be
responsible for determining that entry conditions are acceptable
Permit Issuer
• A person who is trained as AGTES and authorized by the employer. He
cannot be the same person who supervise the confined space activity.
Emergency Response Team (ERT)
• ERT shall attend the course on rescue and emergency services
conducted and certified by Malaysia Fire and Rescue Department
(BOMBA)
• Each member of the rescue service shall also receive the training
required of authorised entrants

DUTIES OF EMPLOYER
AS OWNER OF INDUSTRY
1. To inform his employees or contractor
§ Entry is allowed only if requirements of ICOP are
complied
§ Previously identified hazards
§ Precautionary measures and procedures
implemented
2. Coordinate entry operation with contractors
3. Ensure all persons involved in entry operation carry
out their duties
4. Conduct debriefing at the end of entry

DUTIES OF EMPLOYER
AS CONTRACTOR
1. Obtain information regarding confined space
hazard and entry operation from the employer
2. Cooperate with owner when personnel will be
working in or near confined spaces
3. Brief the owner on the implementation of confined
space programme
4. Inform employer of hazards that the contractor
confronted or created through debriefing.
5. If the contractor possesses the site, they have to
comply with duties of employer
6. Ensure all persons involved in entry operation carry
out their duties

DUTIES OF PERMIT ISSUER
1. To update his knowledge of hazards in
confined space
2. To identify and recommend control
measures to ensure safe entry
3. Ensure there is no other incompatible
activity in the vicinity of the confined space
4. Authorise the permit to work
5. Endorse the cancellation and closure of
the permit to work

DUTIES OF ENTRY SUPERVISOR
1. Update knowledge of hazards that may be faced
during entry operation
2. Ensure the permit to work has been filled, tests
specified by the permit has been conducted,
procedures and equipment specified in the permit
are in place before endorsing the permit and
allowing the entry
3. Remove unauthorised individuals who attempt to
enter the confined space during entry operation
4. Terminate the entry and cancel the permit if the
acceptable entry condition cannot be maintained

DUTIES OF ENTRY SUPERVISOR
5. Verify that the rescue services are available and
means for summoning them are operable
6. Be in-charge of communication during emergency
7. To ensure entry operation remain consistent with
terms in the permit, and acceptable entry
conditions are maintained
8. Brief entry team on hazards, permit to work
requirements and emergency procedures
9. Conduct debriefing
10. Close the permit to work
11. Submit the PTW to employer for record keeping

DUTIES OF AGT
1. To update his knowledge of hazards in
confined space
2. To identify hazards and recommend control
measures to ensure safe entry
3. Familiar with all equipment used in confined
space entry (including rescue equipment)
4. Test and interpret the reading from gas
detector

DUTIES OF STANDBY PERSON
1. To have knowledge of hazards in the confined
space
2. Aware of possible behaviour changes due to
exposure to hazards in the confined space
3. To ensure accurate count and identification of
entrants in confined space
4. Remain outside the assigned confined space
area during entry operation
5. Communicate with entrants or fire watch
regularly to monitor entrants, and to alert of the
need to evacuate

6. To monitor activities outside and inside the
confined space and order to evacuate if
§ the SP detects a prohibited condition as
stated above
§ the SP cannot safely perform all duties
§ any alarm is activated
7. To summon rescue and emergency services if
entrants need assistance to escape from the
confined space
8. To perform non-entry rescue only

9. To ensure unauthorised persons do not enter
the confined space and to inform the entry
supervisor if an unauthorised person have
entered the confined space
10. Not to perform any duties that may interfere
with standby person duties
11. Monitor the condition of equipment required
for the entry

DUTIES OF AUTHORISED ENTRANT
1. To have knowledge of hazards in the confined
space
2. Declare his fitness in writing prior to entry into
confined space
3. To use equipment require to perform job
correctly
4. To communicate with stand-by person regularly
and when he identify any dangerous situation
or prohibited condition
5. To evacuate from confined space as quickly as
possible if required

ENTRY PROCEDURE
FLOW CHART
STEP 1 •ENTRY PREPARATION
STEP 2 •ISOLATION
STEP 3 •INITIAL CLEANING
STEP 4 •INITIAL VENTILATION
STEP 5 •GAS TESTING

ENTRY PROCEDURE
FLOW CHART
STEP 6 • CONTINUOS VENTILATION
STEP 7 • EQUIPMENT PREPARATION
STEP 8 • ISSUANCE OF PERMIT
STEP 9 • ENTRY AND WORK
STEP 10 • WORK COMPLETED

STEP 1 - ENTRY PREPARATION
Employer should:
• Review all related
documents (e.g. JSA,
HIRARC, PTW, health record
Request etc)
work by • Identify all hazards and risk
work assessed
leader • Make sure all team
members are competent
• Prepare all related
equipments

HEALTH REQUIREMENTS
Employees should be certified physically and mentally fit by OHD without health
problems such as :
Fits, blackout and faintings
History of heart disease and heart disorder
High blood pressure
Asthma, bronchitis and shortness of breath
Sensory problems : defective hearing, defective eyesight, defective sense of smell
Meniere's Disease - giddiness & loss of balance
Claustrophobia or other nervous disorders
Back pain or joint trouble that limits mobility

Any other disease or condition that may affect or endanger the person’s safety
and health
DECLARATION OF HEALTH STATUS BY AE
DECLARATION OF HEALTH STATUS BY AUTHORISED ENTRANT
Name :
……………………………………………………………………………………
NRIC / Passport No. ……………………………………………….
Date of Birth : ……………………….. Sex : …………………………
Name and Address and Employer :
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
I hereby would like to declare that having following sickness ……………..

and felt FIT / NOT FIT to work in confined space for ………………. (Date).
Remarks (if any) : ……………………………………………………………..
Signature.
……………………..
Date :
TRAINING
Code 12 - Training

PERMIT TO WORK SYSTEM
Before ES verify the PTW

and allowing the entry,
ES must
• Ensure the permit to
To prepare Duration of PTW
not exceed 8 work has been filled
permit to • Tests specified by the
work based hours + 4 hours
(conditions permit has been
on risks conducted
identified remain the
same) • Procedures and
equipment specified in
the permit are in place

STEP 2 - ISOLATION
Can we accept this

barricade and signage?

STEP 2 - ISOLATION
Depends on conditions or
activities of the confined space
Employer shall take proactive

steps :-
• Positive isolation – to prevent
accidental introduction of material
through piping, ducts, drains,
conveyor, etc.
• Isolation of all energy source. e.g.
heating, refrigerating media

STEP 2 - ISOLATION
Isolation
method for
moving parts
De-energise, lock out Tied down with

and tag out all chains and locks to
machinery that has ensure zero energy
moving parts condition

STEP 2 - ISOLATION
Isolation
method for
hazardous
materials
Closing and tagging

Remove valve, spool or both
piece or expansion
joint to prevent
dangerous material
entering into confined
space Insertion of spade or
blind

STEP 3 - INITIAL CLEANING
Where practicable, all solids and liquids which are
liable to present a hazard to persons inside the
confined space, shall be removed from the confined
space prior to entry
All identified liquids are drained and

flushed out in an appropriate manner
Potentially dangerous materials which

may be trapped in sludge, scale or other
deposits, may be released when
disturbed or heat is applied

STEP 3 - INITIAL CLEANING
§ Other cleaning methods :-

STEP 4 - INITIAL VENTILATION

SUPPLY VENTILATION

EXHAUST VENTILATION

DUAL MECHANISM VENTILATION

STEP 5 – INITIAL GAS TESTING

STEP 6 - CONTINUOUS VENTILATION
Always use All electrical Make sure air

fresh air for ventilation intake is far Remove all
ventilation – equipment away from ignition
NEVER USE must be contaminated sources
OXYGEN grounded atmosphere

STEP 6 - CONTINUOUS VENTILATION
Ensure ventilation equipment is
intrinsically safe and certified when
ventilating area containing
flammable mixtures
Ensure ventilation system does not

obstruct access and egress,
especially emergency exit
Ventilate working area

STEP 7 - EQUIPMENT PREPARATION

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT (PPE)

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
The employer shall provide appropriate personal
protective equipment as far as practicable if
engineering and work practice controls do not
adequately protect authorised entrants
The types of PPE required will be mentioned in the

Permit to Work or PTW sheet.
The Entry Supervisor is responsible for ensuring that

this is done, prior to every entry.

THINGS TO PONDER FOR PPE
Suitability
Protection
Comfort
Storage
Maintenance/ service

PPE : HEAD PROTECTION
Function : Protect head form falling objects, such as pipes or beams

PPE : FOOT PROTECTION
Function : Protect from heavy objects such as barrels or tools

that might roll onto or fall on employee’s feet

PPE: EYE PROTECTION
Function : Protect from fume, dust and other flying particles

PPE: BREATHING PROTECTION
Function : Protect from fume, dust and other flying particles

PPE: HEARING PROTECTION
Function : Use ear protective devices when it’s not feasible to reduce
the noise

PPE: HAND PROTECTION
Function : Protect from any hazards which can cause hand injury

CONFINED SPACE EQUIPMENT
1. Ensure Ventilation equipment is installed
according to the type of hazardous gas
expected
2. Ensure Lighting equipment gives adequate
lighting for the work to be done
3. Ensure ladders and manholes are in
position for safe access and egress
4. Test communication equipment to
ensure they are in good working order
5. Check any other equipment required

GAS DETECTOR
A Gas Detector is an equipment used by an Authorized Gas
Tester, or sometimes by the authorized entrant, to detect levels
of gases in the confined space, and to give warning alarm if the
level is dangerous. Example of dangerous levels of gases are :
Oxygen (OX)
(< 19.5% or > 23.5%)
Explosive (EX)
(above 10% LEL)
Toxic (TOX)
(above PEL)

GAS DETECTOR
Components:
1. Sensor
2. Screen for display
3. Pump and probe, which –
vDoes not absorb the gas,
vIs not flammable,
vIs electrostatic free etc
4. Casing / handling
5. Data-logger for downloads

GAS DETECTOR
Change filters when

The gas detector should be dirty or blocked, or if
marked with calibration date, measurement is
and date of next calibration lower than
expected

BREATHING APPARATUS
Types of Respiratory Protection

Air Purifying Respirator (APR) Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)

BREATHING APPARATUS
3 types of Supplied Air Respirator (SAR) :

1. Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
2. Emergency Life Support Apparatus (ELSA) :
Escape Set
3. Supplied Air Breathing Apparatus (SABA) :
Airline System

SELF CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS
1. Breathing Apparatus supplies you
with breathing air from a
compressed air source – it is
needed whenever the
atmosphere is no longer safe to
breathe.
2. It is designed to permit the wearer
to work safely in an atmosphere
that is dangerous to human
because of
§ presence of Toxic gases
(Hydrogen Sulphide, Carbon
Monoxide etc),
§ Oxygen Deficiency,
§ Other hazards : Smoke etc
SELF CONTAINED BREATHING
APPARATUS (SCBA)
§ SCBA is used whenever the
atmosphere is not suitable for
breathing and for emergency /
rescue operation.
§ nominal duration is 30 - 40
minutes (depending on person’s
breathing rate, pressure and
volume)

APPARATUS (SCBA)
Component of SCBA:
Face mask
Cylinder Strap
Warning Whistle and LDV

Pressure Gauge
Pull forward
First Stage Reducer Harness

APPARATUS (SCBA)
Safety Guidelines for use of SCBA in a

confined space :
• Should only be used by trained personnel

• Not suitable for those who are heavily
bearded, have breathing problems
• Wear and Take-off BA outside the Confined
Space.
• Wear Distress Signal Unit ( DSU ) or tie entry
person with rope

EMERGENCY LIFE SUPPORT
APPARATUS (ELSA)
ELSA is used for self

rescue from confined
spaces when the
atmosphere becomes
dangerous

APPARATUS (ELSA)
Hood
Air hose
Cylinder (2L)
Pull pin assembly
Chest Bag
Pressure gauge

APPARATUS (ELSA)
1. Place strap over 2. During an 3. Wear and breathe

head and adjust emergency, remove normally. Walk from the
equipment to sit on hood from bag hazardous area calmly.
chest.
137 / 51
SUPPLIED AIR BREATHING
APPARATUS (SABA)
o For extended time use.
o 2 cylinders of remote air supply
from a mobile cylinder unit.
o Must have an operator to operate
the mobile cylinder.
o Face mask and LDV are the same
as SCBA.
o Used together with ELSA as
standby.

(EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT)
• Suitable clothing
• Breathing and resuscitation
apparatus + O2
• Safety harness + rope +
tripod
List of
emergency • Torches, lamps
equipment • Breathing apparatus – SCBA
• First aid equipment
• Audible alarm
• Communication sets
• Others…

WORKING TOOLS

EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
(SAFETY HARNESS )

EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
(TRIPOD WITH RECOVERY DEVICE )

EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
(DISTRESS SIGNAL UNIT (DSU)
This Distress Signal

Unit will emit a 103
dBA noise within 15
seconds of non-
activity, to wake up
the worker, if
possible, and also to .
warn others of his
condition

STEP 8 - ISSUANCE OF PERMIT TO WORK
The AGT carries out a gas test
and fills the results in the PTW
The Entry Supervisor verify the

PTW requested by the Work
leader/ Permit Applicant
Validity period and work

scope is mentioned in the
permit
Authorised entrant and
standby person must ensure
PTW has been authorised /
approved by Permit Issuer (PI)
PTW must be displayed at the

work area

Permit to Work must contain the
following information: (Part 1)
• Type and location of confined space
• Purpose of entry
• Date and duration of entry permit
• Name of authorized entrants
• Name of Permit Issuer (PI)
• Name of Entry Supervisor authorizing the
entry
• List of hazards (and types)

Permit to Work must contain the
following information: (Part 2)
• Isolation procedures
• Acceptable entry conditions.
• Results of gas testing and names of AGTs
• Communication procedures
• Equipment: PPE, testing equipment, emergency
alarm, rescue equipment and work tools to be
prepared
• Name of standby person and rescue
arrangements
• Any additional permit, any other information

STEP 9 - ENTRY AND WORK
Start work only after the permit is
approved by Permit Issuer
All workers take their positions :
• Standby person : Monitors outside the confined

space, always alert to changing situations,
communicates with entrants
• AGT : conducts gas monitoring, prior to every
entry
• Authorised entrants : Use PPE, bring the right
work tools, enter the confined space and do
the specified job only; check work scope.
• Emergency response team is on standby

(COMMUNICATION)
Ensure constant
communication with
Standby person shall
entrants example :
be at the entrance
voice, visual, hand
of the confined area
signal, rope, whistle,
walkie talkie

Requirement for fire watcher :
When ever there is HOT WORK activities

Have attended AESP and Fire Watcher
training
Be prepared to respond to any
emergency, especially fire,
immediately.
Watch out for any dangerous
condition or any activity that can
create fire.
Keep constant contact with the
standby person.

STEP 9 – ENTRY AND WORK
(RESCUE AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES)
Standby person to call for help immediately.
Asking for help from ERT, BOMBA and medical
services.
Wait for help. Do not enter the confined

space, do not leave the area.
Ensure continuous ventilation.
Use proper equipment for retrieval (E.g tripod).
Give first aid treatment immediately if you’re

trained and competent to do so.

STEP 10 – WORK COMPLETED
Hand-over
worksite to
PTW closed owner
De-isolate,
re-energize
Debriefing
Housekeeping

STEP 10 – WORK COMPLETED
(RECORD KEEPING)
The employer shall retain
each cancelled entry To maintain all other
permit for at least one relevant documents such
year, or until the next PTW as report of inspection
(whichever is longer) to and checklist for the
facilitate the review of purpose of inspection by
confined space the authorities
programme

ANY QUESTION ?

THANK YOU
PROGRAM

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AUTHORISED

ENTRANT & STANDBY

2 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

2 Days of theory 3 Days of theory

3 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

4 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

Knowledge on procedure PTW and

5 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

Because you are with the emergency rescue

6 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

• Identify hazards in the confined space

• State the duties / responsibilities of Authorised Entrant and

• Use suitable personal protective equipment and other related

• Demonstrate confined space entry procedures

• Qualified as competent Authorised Entrant and Standby Person

7 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

9 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

10 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

11 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

v Section 22: Provisions relating to health

12 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

A fine not exceeding:

13 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

in which dangerous fumes are liable to be present to such an

such confined space shall, unless there is other adequate

such manhole may be rectangular, oval or circular in shape,

14 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

All practicable It has be

Provided no such test cannot be carried out

15 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

A fine not exceeding:

16 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

17 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

• General Duties of Employees (Section 24)

• Penalties (Section 19 & 24)

• Industry Code of Practice (Section 37)

18 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

All his/ her employees at

• The provision and maintenance of plant and

20 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

• To take reasonable care for the safety and health of

21 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

22 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

23 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

24 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

ICOP CS 2010 is to provide guidance for the

Not apply to underground mining or works in

A person whose head or upper body is within

26 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

PART II: Confined Space Entry Programme

PART III: Detail Requirements

PART IV: Duties of Responsible Persons

27 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

Is at atmospheric pressure during occupancy;

Is not intended or designed primarily as a

Is liable at any time to:

Could have restricted means for entry and exit

28 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

29 © 2016 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved.

Cleaning of sludge and other waste materials

Inspection of the physical integrity of process equipment

Maintenance, including abrasive blasting and application of