Unit 4: Writing from Sources

Lesson 1
What Is Paraphrasing?

English for Academic and Professional Purposes

Senior High School Applied - Academic
What is paraphrasing?

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Paraphrasing is a restatement of a text,
passage, or work and to give the meaning in
another form.

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How would you know what a good
paraphrase is?

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Characteristics of a Good Paraphrase

● relays the information from the source text

in your own words
● leads the readers to the source of
the information

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 When do you
need to
paraphrase
information
from a text?

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 When to Paraphrase

● Paraphrase when dealing with short texts

with one or two sentences or a paragraph
with five sentences.

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 When to Paraphrase

● Paraphrase when you want to minimize

direct quotation.
● Paraphrase when you want to rewrite the
author’s words without changing the
meaning of the source text.
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How do you paraphrase?

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Kinds of Paraphrasing

1. Change of Parts of Speech

2. Change of Structure
3. Clause Reduction
4. Synonym Replacement
 1. Change of Parts of Speech

The function of some words in a

sentence are changed to a different part
of speech.

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Change of Parts of Speech - Example

Source:
After reading a book,
Lina took a break.

Paraphrase:
After she had read a book,
Lina took a break.
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 2. Change of Structure

The structure of the sentence is changed to

reflect the writer’s interpretation of the
source text.

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Change of Structure- Example

Source:
Ms. Jen will be teaching English
next semester.

Paraphrase:
Next semester,
English will be taught by Ms. Jen.

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 3. Clause Reduction

Clauses are reduced or changed to phrases

to lessen confusion and interruption
and make the sentence simpler.

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Clause Reduction- Example

Source:
Marsupials are endemic to Australia, and many
of their species are considered to be
endangered species.

Paraphrase:
Many species of marsupials endemic to
Australia are endangered species.
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 4. Synonym Replacement

It involves the change of words in the sentence

with similar words or synonyms.

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Synonym Replacement- Example

Source:
Smoking is dangerous to your health.

Paraphrase:
Smoking is hazardous to your health.

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 “Gravitation is not responsible for people falling in
love.”
― Albert Einstein

Gravity is not responsible for those who fall in love.

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What is plagiarism?

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What is Plagiarism?

claiming ownership of material that is not

your own

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What are the kinds of plagiarism?

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KINDS OF PLAGIARISM
a) word-for-word or verbatim
plagiarism
b) word order plagiarism
c) idea plagiarism

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a) Word-for-Word or Verbatim Plagiarism

● also known as “copy-paste plagiarism”

● happens when a researcher copies another
person’s work word-for-word or verbatim
without proper citation of the author(s)

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Word-for-Word or Verbatim Plagiarism

“The measure of intelligence is the ability

to change.”
― Albert Einstein
The measure of intelligence is the ability to
change.

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b) Word Order Plagiarism

happens when a writer changes some of

the words of the author(s) by looking at the
synonyms of the words and replacing or
rearranging them to make the text look as if
it were their own

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Word Order Plagiarism

“The measure of intelligence is the ability

to change.”
― Albert Einstein

The ability to change is the measure

of intelligence.
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c) Idea Plagiarism

happens when a writer paraphrases the

work of another in his or her own writing
but does not properly cite or attribute the
idea to the author(s)

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Idea Plagiarism

“The measure of intelligence is the ability

to change.”
― Albert Einstein

Your ability to change says a lot

about your intelligence.
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What makes an appropriate
paraphrase?

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Source
Because the intracellular
concentration of
potassium ions is relatively
high, potassium ions tend
to diffuse out of the cell.
(Martini and Bartholomew,
1997)
ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN
Paraphrase 1
The high intracellular
concentration of
potassium ions is relatively
high, resulting in K’s
tendency to diffuse out of
the cell. (Martini and
Bartholomew, 1997)
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Source
Because the intracellular
concentration of
potassium ions is relatively
high, potassium ions tend
to diffuse out of the cell.
(Martini and Bartholomew,
1997)
ENGAGE EXPLORE EXPLAIN
Paraphrase 2
The concentration gradient
of potassium ions inside
the cell is high, and this
causes these ions to move
towards intercellular
space. (Martini and
Bartholomew, 1997)
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Tips

You can spot a good or bad

paraphrase by comparing it with
the source text and checking if
the paraphrase is...

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Tips

❏ the writer’s understanding of the

source text, or
❏ copied portions of the text or
committed plagiarism.

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