Writing the Review of Related Literature

Lesson 5

Ethical Standards in Writing

a Literature Review
 How does ethics
guide a
researcher in
writing?

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Learning
Learning
Objectives
Objectives ● Apply ethical standards in
AtAtthe endofof
the end thethe writing a literature review.
lesson, you should
lesson, you should
be able to do the
be able to:
following:

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 Writing the Literature Review

Ethical standards guide the researcher in

knowing the right and wrong ways in
constructing the synthesis of literature sources.

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 Writing the Literature Review

Ethical standards are

based on general
research ethics that
tackles the “dos” and
“don’ts” in conducting a
research project.

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 Writing the Literature Review

Dos
• Collect relevant literature sources.
• Review the data presented and extract
essential information.
• Summarize the essential information from
each source using your own words.
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 Writing the Literature Review

Dos
• Paraphrase the contents of the source while
retaining the main thoughts of the content.

• Attribute ideas accordingly by providing in-

text and bibliographic citations.

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 Writing the Literature Review

Dos
• Provide complete and correct information of
the literature sources in the bibliography.

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 Writing the Literature Review

Don’ts
• Avoid main use of secondary source
literature.
• Avoid directly copying the content of the
literature source.

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 Writing the Literature Review

Don’ts
• Avoid directly using the tables and figures
presented in the literature source.
• Avoid redirecting the main idea of the
literature and including your own perspective
on the topic.

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 Writing the Literature Review

Don’ts
• Avoid missing relevant citations in the
literature review.
• Avoid providing incomplete or wrong
information of the literature source in the
bibliography.

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 Defining Plagiarism

Plagiarism refers to the “act of copying or

using works from another person and
presenting it as your own”.

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 Consequences of Plagiarism

In the Philippines, the Intellectual Property

Code of the Philippines or R.A. No. 8293
protects the intellectual works and property of
people such as books and inventions through
registered copyrights.

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 Consequences of Plagiarism

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 Common Types of Plagiarism

1. Direct plagiarism
2. Inadequate paraphrasing
3. Self-plagiarism
4. Incomplete citations

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 1. Direct Plagiarism

• This type of plagiarism is committed when the content is directly

copied from the source without revision and proper attribution.

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 2. Inadequate Paraphrasing

• This occurs when the act of paraphrasing is done by simply replacing

selected words in the sentences with synonyms or other interchangeable
words. This is still considered plagiarism because paraphrasing is the process
of restating the main ideas of the content using your own words and
according to your own understanding.

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 3. Self-Plagiarism

• This type of plagiarism occurs when the researcher lifts the

contents of his/her previous work, and places them in the
current work without proper attribution. This is also known as
the recycling of contents.

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 4. Incomplete Citations

This type of plagiarism is committed by the researcher when they provide

incomplete citations in the following forms:
▪ Incomplete citation details (e.g., incomplete names of multiple authors)
▪ Giving false information (e.g., wrong title of the work)
▪ Fabricating citation details (e.g., putting a non-existent detail)

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 Remember

Academic credibility is crucial in the field

of research. Committing plagiarism can
severely damage the academic credibility
of the author which could influence the
validity and overall reception of the
scholarly work.

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 Avoiding Plagiarism

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 A good summary provides and
is limited to the main points of
SUMMARIZE
the source of material.

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 Paraphrasing is the process
of expressing the essential
ideas of the source using
PARAPHRASE
your own words.

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 In-text citation are
attributions to the owners
of the literature source
CITATION located within the body of
the paper.

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 Self-plagiarism refers to the
AVOID SELF- act of recycling your own
PLAGIARISM work without adding
proper attribution.

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 A false citations refers to
AVOID
FABRICATED
incorrect reference citations
CITATIONS

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QUICK CHECK
 Quick Check

Explain how the can the given practice help avoid

plagiarism: Adding in-text citations.

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 Quick Check

Explain how the can the given practice help avoid

plagiarism: Providing complete and accurate
reference entries.

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 Quick Check

Explain the possible consequences of putting

false citations.

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 Summary

➢ Ethical standards guide the researcher

in knowing the right and wrong ways in
constructing the synthesis of literature
sources.

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 Summary

➢ Plagiarism refers to the “act of copying

or using works from another person and
presenting it as your own.”

➢ Common types of plagiarism include

direct plagiarism, inadequate
paraphrasing, self-plagiarism, and
incomplete citations.
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 Summary

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References

Cargill, Margaret, and Patrick O'Connor. Writing Scientific Research Articles. Oxford: Wiley-
Blackwell, 2009.

Hart, Christopher. Doing a Literature Review: Releasing the Research Imagination. London: SAGE
Publications Ltd., 1998.

Neuman, W. Lawrence. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. 7th
ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited, 2014.

O’Leary, Zina. The Essential Guide to Doing Research. London: SAGE Publications Ltd., 2004.

Vanderstoep, Scott W., and Deirdre D. Johnston. Research Methods for Everyday Life: Blending
Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass., 2009.