Week 4: Skeletal system:

bones like the Calcium Phosphate and Calcium

Carbonate

Bone Cells:
Osteoblasts: embryonic bone cells
- These are our baby bones cell and are active
during bone formation
- Immature Osteoblasts
Osteocytes: These are our mature bone cells our mature
osteoblasts
Osteoclasts: Bone destroying cells so they bone
reabsorption/resorption and remodeling

Maintaining the Bone:

- Endocrine system control:
Parathormone: the hormone secreted by the parathyroid
gland and to increase serum calcium level
- Secreted when you have a low level of calcium
called hypocalcemia, and so parathormone will be
released and will stimulating the osteoclasts
activities, meaning bones destroying cells will be
releasing out it’s calcium from the bone will go to
the blood thereby increasing blood calcium level
- Another way of increasing calcium level is the
increase of dietary calcium excretion from the
kidney
- Another way is by inhibiting the calcium
Calcitonin: Secreted by the thyroid gland and has the
opposite effect as the parathormone and that is by
decreasing serum calcium level
- Secreted when you have a high level of serum
calcium, and when we have a high level of serum
calcium calcitonin will be released by our thyroid
glands os there will be inhibition of the Osteoclasts
so calcium from blood will be deposited to the
bone, meaning there will be a decreased in blood
calcium level

Functions of Bones:
- Support:
- Protection
- Muscle of attachment
- Hemopoiesis: production of blood cells and occur
in the Red bone marrow
- Storage of Minerals like the phosphorus and
Calcium

Histology of Bones:
Components includes:
1. Bone cells
2. Matrix These are the collagenous fibers that give
resilience to our bones, as well as the Calcified
ground substance which gives hardness to our
 So our Osteon will be composed of the Haversian Canal,
concentric lamellae, the lacunae, the canaliculi and the
osteocytes

Classifications of bones according to

structures:
Compact bones/dense bones
- Compact/ dense bones are at the Periosteum or
outer part of the long bones and has the osteon is
the functional unit or haversian system
OSTEON
- Our compact bones will be in between flat bone of
our skull and inner part of our long bone which is
the spongy/cancellous bones
Spongy/ Cancellous bones
- are the inner part of the lone bones
- Characteristic structure of our spongy bones will
be the trabecule and it doesn’t have an haversian
canal
Classification of Bones according to
Shape:
Long bone:
- it has Epiphysis ( end of the long bone ) and a
Diaphysis ( shaft )
- Humerus which is the tibia, fibula and femur
Short bone:
- This will be the tarsal bones
Flat bone:
- bones of the skull
Irregular:
- Facial bones and our vertebra
Sesamoid:
- Develops in a tendon
Classifications of bones according to
development:
We have two types:
- Endochondral and Intramembranous

Endochondral/cartilaginous:
- Starts as a cartilage and then there will be calcium
deposition and it will become a bone
Intramembranous:
- Starts as a membrane there will calcium
deposition in the membrane and it will develop a
bone
Classification of bones according to
Location:

Axial: consists of 80 bones

- The components are skull, ossicles, hyoid,
sternum, ribs and vertebrae
Skull: Cranial ( 8 ) and Facial ( 14 ) Inner part of skull or our Cranial Fossa:
- For cranial unpaired and only 2 will be paired
which is the parietal and Temporal
- The weakest point of the skull is called the pterion
which is the junction of the frontal, parietal,
temporal and spheroid and which is related to the
middle meningeal which is the common cause of
epidural hemorrhage so when you get trauma in
the side it rupture or damage the middle
meningeal artery
Cranial BonesL frontal bones

- Top part of the sphenoid is the lesser wing of

sphenoid whilst below it is the greater wing of sphenoid
- Cribriform plate of the ethmoid in their lies the
crista galli
- In the foramen magnum that is where the spinal
cord will be coming out ( passage of spinal cord )

Example of the intracartilaginous your type of ossification

your intramembranous and endochondral
Facial Bones: 2 unpaired and many paired

HYOID:
- Only bone in the body with no other bone
attachment but there are attached by muscles

STERNUM:
- It has the Manubrium, body and the Xiphoid
process

OSSICLES:
- Found in the middle ears will function as the
amplifier of our soundwaves and so it will control
the soundwaves that will be entering

Attachment of the ribs

Ribs has 12 pairs
- 1-7 ( vertebrosternal ) pairs are called
the true ribs as they are attached
directly to the sternum
 - 8-10( vertebrochondral ) false ribs as
they are attached to the cartilage of the
7th
- 11-12th ( vertebral) are the floating ribs
no attachment and they are attached to
the vertebrae
Types of ribs according to morphology:
1. Typical is 3rd-9th
- 2 costal facet on head

2. Atypical is 1st, 2nd 10th-12th

- C1 is the atlas, C2 is the axis and C7 is the

VERTEBRA: vertebra prominens( these are all atypical)
Atlas, Axis and the Cervical: - C3 and C6 is typical

Typical cervical vertebrae:

- Will have a bifid spine

- Transverse foramen
- Triangular vertebral foramen
- Quadrangular body
 - Costal facets on body and transverse
processes
- Long pointed spine obliquely going down
Atypical Cervical Vertebrae:

- C1 ( atlas ) no body or spine

- C7 ( vertebra prominens ) Typical is T3-T10

- No bifid spine but has a body Atypical is T1, T2, T11 and T12

Lumbar:
- Bulky body
- Kidney shaped body
- Short wide straight spine
- Mamillary process
- Lumbar region is L1-L5

- C2 ( axis )
- Has den/odontoid process

Thoracic:
- Heart shaped body
- Articular surfaces for ribs
Sacrum:
- The Sacrum is the triangular bone and the coccyx Humerus:
is like the tail - This portion is the arm bone
- Made up of 5 fused sacral vertebrae - We have the Deltoid tuberosity provides
attachment for deltoid muscle ( anterior surface )
Coccyx: - Posterior surface of humerus is the Olecranon
fossa

Appendicular Muscles:
- Consists of 125 bones

The pectoral Girdle:

- This is the clavicle ( collar bone ) and scapula (
shoulder blade )
- This portion is the shoulder girdle
- Shoulder blade and collarbone
- In the Glenoid fossa this is where the arm will be
articulating, there are two processes The
Acromion process and the Coracoid Process
Radius/ulna:
- This is our forearm bone
- Lateral forearm bone is the radius whilst the Ulna
is the medial
- In the radius there's a head forms a synovial pivot
- Below the head is the neck of radius brachii
muscle
- Styloid process: attachment for the brachioradialis
muscle
- Radial tuberosity: serves as the insertion for
biceps

- Ulna forms the elbow, The olecranon process tip of

the ulan serves as the insertion point for triceps
muscle which straighten the elbow and biceps
inserts into the radius and bends elbow
- Flexion and extension happens when trochlea of
humerus joins with the trochlear notch of ulna
- Capitulum articulates with the Radial head
- The styloid of ulna and this is where ulnar
collateral ligament of the wrist and the radial ulnar The joints are:
ligaments attached to the styloid process - Carpometacarpal (CMC) joints
- Head of ulna allow distal radius pivots during - Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints
pronation and supination - Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) joints
- Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) joints

Carpals/Metacarpals/Phalanges: ( wrist bones )

- The first metacarpals has only 2 phalanges
Proximal and distal whilst the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
Proximal, Middle and Distal Phalanx
- Carpal bones has proximal and distal
- Scaphoid also known as the navicular
- Greater Multangular is ( Trapezoid ) Pelvic Girdle:
- Lesser Multangular ( Trapezium ) - Acetabulum articulation head of femur
- Ischium, Ilium and Pubis is composed of the hip
bones
Femur/Patella:
- Thigh bone

- First metatarsal only two phalanges whilst the rest

has three
- Talus also known as the astragalus
- Calcaneus also known as the Oscalcis
Joints/ Articular System:
Mobility:
- Synarthrosis:immovable joints (fibrous)
- Amphiarthrosis:slightly movable joints
(Cartilaginous joints)
- Diarthrosis: freely movable joints (synovial)
Synovial:
- With a fibrous capsule around a synovial cavity
Tibia/fibula: between the articulating bones
- Tibia medial leg bone
- Fibula Lateral leg bone

A. Spheroid (cotyloid/ball and socket)

- Shoulder and hip joint
Tarsals/ Metatarsals/ Phalanges
- Talus direct contact with tibia
B. Ginglymus/hinge joint
- Elbow, Ankle and Knee Joints

D. Condyloid Joint:
Metacarpophalangeal joints

E. Ellipsoid Joint:
- Radiocarpal joint
F. Sellar/Saddle joint
- Between trapezium and the metacarpal of the
thumb
G. Plane Joint:
- Between two carpal bones

C. Trochoid/Pivot Joints:
- Atlantoaxial joint and radio-ulnar joint