Namma Kalvi 11th Physics Study Material Unit 5 EM 221092

www.nammakalvi.
com
பசித்திரு விழித்திரு தனித்திரு
HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR-PHYSICS
NAME :
STANDARD : 11 SECTION :
SCHOOL :
EXAM NO :
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed.,

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
CUDALORE DISTRICT
11 PHYSICS www.nammakalvi.com UNIT - 5 MOTION OF SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND RIGID BODIES COMPLETE GUIDE AND MODEL QUESTION PAPER
5. A closed cylindrical container is partially filled with water. As the container
PART –I 1 MARK MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS rotates in a horizontal plane about a perpendicular bisector, its moment of
1. The centre of mass of a system of particles does not depend upon, inertia,
(a) position of particles (b) relative distance between particles (a) increases (b) decreases
(c) masses of particles (d) force acting on particle (c) remains constant (d) depends on direction of rotation.
.Solution :- .Solution :-
1
∑ 𝑚𝑖 ⃗⃗𝑟𝑖  By definition M.I of the solid cylinder about its axis of rotation ; 𝐼 = 𝑀 𝑅2
 By definition, centre of mass ; ⃗⃗𝑟𝐶𝑀 = 2
𝑀  As moment of inertia (M.I) depends on distribution of mass from the axis of
 The resultant of all forces on any system of particles is zero. Therefore their rotation, when the container rotated about an axis which is perpendicular
centre of mass does not depends upon the forces acting on the particles. bisector, the water tries to moves away from axis of rotation due to centrifugal
Answer (d) force acting on particle force.
2. A couple produces,  Hence its moment of inertia increases
(a) pure rotation (b) pure translation Answer (a) increases
(c) rotation and translation (d) no motion 6. A rigid body rotates with an angular momentum L. If its kinetic energy is
.Solution :- halved, the angular momentum becomes,
 A couple consists of two equal and (a) L (b) L/2
unlike parallel forces (F and - F), (c) 2L (d) L/√2
so that net force becomes zero.
.Solution :-
 When a couple acts on a body, it 1 1 𝐼 2 𝜔2 1 𝐿2
rotates the body, but does not  The rotational kinetic energy ; 𝐸𝑟 = 𝐼𝜔2 = =
2 2 𝐼 2 𝐼
produce any translatory motion. Therefore, 𝐿2 = 2 𝐼 𝐸𝑅 (𝑜𝑟) 𝐿 = √2 𝐼 𝐸𝑅
Answer (a) pure rotation  If kinetic energy is halved,then new angular momentum will be,
3. A particle is moving with a constant velocity along a line parallel to positive
𝐸 √2 𝐼 𝐸𝑅 𝐿
,X-axis. The magnitude of its angular momentum with respect to the origin is, 𝐿𝑛𝑒𝑤 = √2 𝐼 ( 2𝑅 ) = = 2
√2 √
(a) zero (b) increasing with x
(c) decreasing with x (d) remaining constant Answer (d) L/√𝟐
.Solution :- 7. A particle undergoes uniform circular motion. The angular momentum of the
 By definition, angular momentum = moment of linear momentum particle remain conserved about,
𝐿⃗ = ⃗⃗𝑟 𝑋 𝑝 = 𝑟 𝑋 𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗𝑣 (a) the centre point of the circle.
 As 𝑚, ⃗⃗⃗𝑣 and ⃗⃗𝑟 are constant, 𝐿⃗ also remains constant (b) the point on the circumference of the circle.
(c) any point inside the circle.
Answer (d) remaining constant
(d) any point outside the circle.
4. A rope is wound around a hollow cylinder of mass 3 kg and radius 40 cm. What
.Solution :-
is the angular acceleration of the cylinder if the rope is pulled with a force
 In uniform circular motion, the only force acting on the particle is centripetal
30 N?
force which acting towards centre.
(a) 0.25 rad s–2 (b) 25 rad s–2 𝑑𝐿
(c) 5 m s–2 (d) 25 m s–2  Torque of this force about the centre is zero (𝜏 = = 0). Hence angular
𝑑𝑡
.Solution :- momentum about centre remains conserved.
 M.I of the hollow cylinder about its axis ; 𝐼 = 𝑀 𝑅2 = 3 𝑋 0.42 = 0.48 𝑘𝑔 𝑚2 Answer (a) the centre point of the circle
 By definition, torque ; 𝜏 = 𝐹 𝑅 = 30 𝑋 0.4 = 12 𝑁 𝑚 8. When a mass is rotating in a plane about a fixed point, its angular momentum
𝜏 12
 Hence angular acceleration ; 𝛼 = =
𝐼 0.48
= 25 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑠 −1 is directed along,
(a) a line perpendicular to the plane of rotation
Answer (b) 𝟐𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒔−𝟏 (b) the line making an angle of 45° to the plane of rotation
(c) the radius
(d) tangent to the path
victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed PG ASST [PHYSICS], GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
.Solution :-  Hence loss of energy = initial energy - final energy
1 1
 By definition, angular momentum 𝐿⃗ = ⃗⃗𝑟 𝑋 𝑝 = ⃗⃗𝑟 𝑋 𝑚 ⃗⃗⃗𝑣 ∆𝐸 = 𝐼𝑎 𝜔2 − (𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 ) 𝜔𝑓2
2 2
 Here ⃗⃗𝑟 directs towards point of rotation inwards and ⃗⃗⃗𝑣 acts tangentially, thus 2
1 1 𝐼𝑎
their cross product (i.e.) ⃗⃗𝐿 is along the direction perpendicular to the plane ∆𝐸 = 2
𝐼𝑎 𝜔2 − 2 (𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 ) (𝐼 +𝐼 ) 𝜔2
𝑎 𝑏
containing both ⃗⃗𝑟 and ⃗⃗⃗𝑣 and hence ⃗⃗𝐿 is directed along the line perpendicular 1 2 1 𝐼𝑎 2
to the plane of rotation . ∆𝐸 = 2
𝐼𝑎 𝜔 − 2 (𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 ) (𝐼 +𝐼 ) 𝜔2
𝑎 𝑏
Answer (a) a line perpendicular to the plane of rotation 1 1 𝐼𝑎2
∆𝐸 = 2
𝐼𝑎 𝜔2 − 2 𝐼 +𝐼 𝜔2
9. Two discs of same moment of inertia rotating about their regular axis passing 𝑎 𝑏
1 2 𝐼𝑎2 1 𝐼 2 +𝐼 𝐼 − 𝐼 2 1 𝐼 𝐼𝑏
through centre and perpendicular to the plane of disc with angular velocities ∆𝐸 = 𝜔 [𝐼𝑎 − 𝐼 +𝐼 ] = 2 𝜔2 [ 𝑎 𝐼 𝑎+𝐼𝑏 𝑎 ] = 2 𝜔2 (𝐼 𝑎
ω1 and ω2. They are brought in to contact face to face coinciding the axis of 2 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 +𝐼𝑏 )
rotation. The expression for loss of energy during this process is, 𝟏 𝑰𝒂 𝑰𝒃
1 Answer (d) 𝝎𝟐
(a) 𝐼 (𝜔1 − 𝜔2 )2 (b) 𝐼 (𝜔1 − 𝜔2 )2 𝟐 (𝑰𝒂 + 𝑰𝒃 )
4
1 1 11. The ratio of the acceleration for a solid sphere (mass m and radius R) rolling
(c)
8
𝐼 (𝜔1 − 𝜔2 )2 (d)
2
𝐼 (𝜔1 − 𝜔2 )2 down an incline of angle θ without slipping and slipping down the incline
.Solution :- without rolling is,
 Let the angular velocity of the combination be 𝜔 (a) 5 : 7 (b)2 : 3 (c) 2 : 5 (d) 7 : 5
 According to conservation of angular momentum ; .Solution :-
𝜔1 +𝜔2
𝐿1 + 𝐿2 = 𝐿 (or) 𝐼 𝜔1 + 𝐼 𝜔2 = (𝐼 + 𝐼) 𝜔 = 2 𝐼 𝜔 (or) 𝜔= For solid sphere, the radius of gyration ; 𝐾 = √ 𝑅
2 𝐾2 2
2 
5
(or)
𝑅2
=5
1 1 1
 Initial Kinetic energy ; 𝐾𝐸𝑖 =
2
𝐼 𝜔12 + 2 𝐼 𝜔22 = 2 𝐼 [𝜔12 + 𝜔22 ] 𝑔 sin 𝜃 𝑔 sin 𝜃 5 𝑔 sin 𝜃
 For rolling with out slipping ; 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙 = = =
𝜔 +𝜔 2 𝐾2 2
1 1 1 1+ 2 1+ 7
Final Kinetic energy ; 𝐾𝐸𝑓 = [2 𝐼] 𝜔2 = [2 𝐼] [ 1 2 ] = 𝐼 [𝜔1 + 𝜔2 ]2 𝑅 5
2 2 2 4
 For slipping with out rolling ; 𝑎𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 = 𝑔 sin 𝜃
 Loss in Kinetic energy : ∆𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸𝑖 − 𝐾𝐸𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙 5 𝑔 sin 𝜃 5
1 1  Hence, = =7
∆𝐸 = 𝐼 [𝜔12 + 𝜔22 ] − 𝐼 [𝜔1 + 𝜔2 ]2 𝑎𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 7 𝑔 sin 𝜃
2 4
∆𝐸 =
1 1
𝐼 [𝜔12 + 𝜔22 ] − 4 𝐼 [𝜔12 + 𝜔22 + 2 𝜔1 𝜔2 ] Answer (a) 𝟓∶𝟕
2 12. From a disc of radius R a mass M, a circular hole of diameter R, whose rim
1
∆𝐸 =
4
𝐼 [2 𝜔12 + 2𝜔22 − 𝜔12 − 𝜔22 − 2 𝜔1 𝜔2 ] passes through the centre is cut. What is the moment of inertia of the
1 1
∆𝐸 =
4
𝐼 [𝜔12 + 𝜔22 − 2 𝜔1 𝜔2 ] = 4 𝐼 [𝜔1 − 𝜔2 ]2 remaining part of the disc about a perpendicular axis passing through it
(a) 15 MR2/32 (b) 13MR2/32
𝟏
Answer (a) 𝑰 [𝝎𝟏 − 𝝎𝟐 ]𝟐 2
(c) 11 MR /32 (d) 9MR2/32
𝟒 .Solution :-
10. A disc of moment of inertia Ia is rotating in a horizontal plane about its 1
symmetry axis with a constant angular speed ω. Another disc initially at rest of  M.I of total disc about perpendicular axis ; 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =
2
𝑀𝑅 2
moment of inertia Ib is dropped coaxially on to the rotating disc. Then, both the  Here mass of the removed portion ;
discs rotate with same constant angular speed. The loss of kinetic energy due 𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑋 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
to friction in this process is, 𝑀 𝑅 2 𝑀
𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 𝑋𝜋 ( ) =
1 𝐼𝑏2 𝐼𝑏2 𝜋 𝑅2 2 4
(a)
2 (𝐼𝑎 +𝐼𝑏 )
𝜔2 (b)
(𝐼𝑎 +𝐼𝑏 )
𝜔2  M.I of removed portion about the same axis (by parallel axis theorem) ;
(𝐼 −𝐼 )2 1 𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑏 1 𝑀 𝑅 2 𝑀 𝑅 2 1 1 3
(c) 𝑏 𝑎 𝜔2 (d) 𝜔2 𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 𝐼𝐺 + 𝑚𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑑 2 = ( )( ) + ( ) = 𝑀𝑅2 + 𝑀𝑅2 = 𝑀𝑅2
(𝐼𝑎 +𝐼𝑏 ) 2 (𝐼𝑎 +𝐼𝑏 ) 2 4 2 4 2 32 16 32
.Solution :-  Hence M.I of remaing part about theperpendicular axis ;

1 3 13
 As no external force is applied to the system, angular momentum is constant. 𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑔 = 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 𝑀𝑅2 − 𝑀𝑅2 = 𝑀𝑅2
2 32 32
𝐼
 (i.e.) 𝐿𝑖 = 𝐿𝑓 (or) 𝐼𝑎 𝜔 = 𝐼𝑓 𝜔𝑓 (or) 𝐼𝑎 𝜔 = (𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 ) 𝜔𝑓 (or) 𝜔𝑓 = ( 𝑎 ) 𝜔 Answer (b) 13 MR2/32
𝐼𝑎 +𝐼𝑏
13. The speed of a solid sphere after rolling down from rest without sliding on an
inclined plane of vertical height h is,
4 10 1
(a) √ 𝑔ℎ (b) √ 𝑔ℎ (c) √2 𝑔ℎ (d) √ 𝑔ℎ
3 7 2
.Solution :-
2 𝐾2 2
 For solid sphere about diameter ; 𝐾 = √ 𝑅 (or) =5
5 𝑅2
 Speed of the solid sphere on an inclined plane ;
2𝑔ℎ 2𝑔ℎ 2𝑔ℎ 10 𝑔ℎ
𝑣=√ 𝐾2
=√ 2 = √ 7 = √
[1 + ] [1 + ] [ ] 7
𝑅2 5 5
𝟏𝟎
Answer (b) √ 𝒈𝒉
𝟕
14. The speed of the centre of a wheel rolling on a horizontal surface is vo. A point
on the rim in level with the centre will be moving at a speed of speed of,
(a) zero (b) vo (c) √2 vo (d) 2vo
.Solution :-
𝑣
 Let the radius of the wheel be ‘R’ and its angular speed ; 𝜔 = 𝑜
𝑅
 Rolling = pure translation + pure rotation
 A particle (P) on the rim on the wheel at the same level as the
centre will have,
𝑣
Vertical speed ; 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑅 𝜔 = 𝑅 [ 𝑜 ] = 𝑣𝑜
𝑅
Horizontal speed ; 𝑣ℎ = 𝑣𝑜 (𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)
 So the resultant speed ; 𝑣 = √𝑣𝑣2 + 𝑣ℎ2 = √𝑣02 + 𝑣02 = √2 𝑣02 = √2 𝑣𝑜
Answer (c) √𝟐 𝒗𝒐
15. A round object of mass M and radius R rolls down without slipping along an
inclined plane. The frictional force,
(a) dissipates kinetic energy as heat.
(b) decreases the rotational motion.
(c) decreases the rotational and transnational motion
(d) converts transnational energy into rotational energy
Solution :-
 Here the component 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 causes
displacement, whereas the frictional force
(f) opposed this displacement and produces
torque.
 Thus the frictional force converts
translational energy in to rotational energy
converts transnational energy into
Answer (d)
rotational energy
 On the other hand, if the small mass taken is infinitesimally* small (𝑑𝑚) then, the
PART – II & III 2 & 3 MARK SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS summations can be replaced by integrations as given below.
1. What is a rigid body? ∑(∆𝑚𝑖 )𝑥𝑖 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑚
𝑥𝐶𝑀 = =
 A rigid body is the one which maintains its definite and fixed shape even when ∑ ∆𝑚𝑖 ∫ 𝑑𝑚
an external force acts on it. ∑(∆𝑚𝑖 ) 𝑦𝑖 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑚
𝑦𝐶𝑀 = =
2. Define centre of mass. ∑ ∆𝑚𝑖 ∫ 𝑑𝑚
 The centre of mass of a body is defined as a point where the entire mass of the ∑(∆𝑚𝑖 )𝑧𝑖 ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑚
body appears to be concentrated. 𝑧𝐶𝑀 = =
∑ ∆𝑚𝑖 ∫ 𝑑𝑚
3. Find out the centre of mass for the given geometrical structures.
6. Explain the motion of Centre Of Mass of a body.
(1) Equilateral triangle (2) Cylinder (3) Square
 When a rigid body moves, its centre of mass will also move along with the body.
 In the case of equilateral triangle, centre
 For simplicity, let us take the motion along X direction only.
of mass lies at the point of intersection of
 Then velocity and acceleration of centre of mass is given by,
the altitudes 𝑑
𝑑 ∑ 𝑚𝑖 ⃗⃗𝑥𝑖 ∑ 𝑚𝑖 (⃗⃗𝑥 )
 In case of cylinder, centre of mass lies at 𝑑
⃗⃗⃗𝑣𝐶𝑀 = (⃗⃗𝑥𝐶𝑀 ) = ( )= 𝑑𝑡 𝑖 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 ⃗⃗⃗𝑣𝑖
the point at a distance half of its height on 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∑ 𝑚𝑖 ∑ 𝑚𝑖 ∑ 𝑚𝑖
the axis. 𝑑
𝑑 ∑ 𝑚𝑖 ⃗⃗⃗𝑣𝑖 ∑ 𝑚𝑖 (⃗⃗⃗𝑣 )
 In the case of square, centre of mass lies at the point of intersection of the 𝑑
⃗⃗⃗𝑎𝐶𝑀 = (⃗⃗⃗𝑣𝐶𝑀 ) = ( )= 𝑑𝑡 𝑖 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 ⃗⃗⃗𝑎𝑖
diagonals. 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∑ 𝑚𝑖 ∑ 𝑚𝑖 ∑ 𝑚𝑖
4. Find the centre of mass system of two point masses.  In the absence of external force, i.e. ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 0, the centre of mass will be in a
 Consided two point masses m1 and m2, which are at positions x1 and x2 state of rest or uniform motion. Hence, ⃗⃗⃗𝒗𝑪𝑴 = 𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
respectively on the X-axis. It implies that there will be no acceleration of centre of mass, (i.e.) ⃗⃗⃗𝒂𝑪𝑴 = 𝟎
(i) When the masses are on positive X-axis : Here, the individual particles may still move with their respective velocities and
𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑥2
𝑥𝐶𝑀 = accelerations due to internal forces.
𝑚1 + 𝑚2  In the presence of external force, (i.e) ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 ≠ 0, the centre of mass of the system
will accelerate as given by the following equation.
⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝑒𝑥𝑡 = (∑ 𝑚𝑖 ) ⃗⃗⃗𝑎𝐶𝑀 = 𝑀 ⃗⃗⃗𝑎𝐶𝑀
⃗⃗⃗𝑭𝒆𝒙𝒕
(ii) When the origin coincides with any one of the masses: (𝑜𝑟) ⃗⃗⃗𝒂𝑪𝑴 =
𝑚1 (0) + 𝑚2 𝑥2 𝑴
𝑥𝐶𝑀 = 7. Explain Centre of mass in explosions.
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝑚2 𝑥2  If an explosion is caused by the internal forces in a body which is at rest or in
𝑥𝐶𝑀 = motion, the state of the centre of mass is not affected. It continues to be in the
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
same state of rest or motion. But, the kinematic quantities of the fragments get
(iii) When the origin coincides with the centre of mass itself : affected.
𝑚1 (−𝑥1 ) + 𝑚2 𝑥2  If the explosion is caused by an external agency, then the kinematic quantities
0= of the centre of mass as well as the fragments get affected.
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
0 = −𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑥2 8. What is mean by moment of force or torque ? Give examples.
𝑚1 𝑥1 = 𝑚2 𝑥2  When a net force acts on a body ,which is fixed to a point or an axis, such a force
rotates the body depending on the point of application of the force on the body.
5. Find the centre of mass for a body for which its mass is uniformly distributed?  This ability of the force to produce rotational motion in a body is called torque or
Centre of mass for uniform distribution of mass : moment of force.
 If the mass is uniformly distributed in a bulk object, then a small mass (∆𝑚) of  Examples : the opening and closing of a door about the hinges
the body can be treated as a point mass and the summations can be done to and turning of a nut using a wrench.
obtain the expressions for the coordinates of centre of mass.
9. Define moment of a force (or) torque. Give its unit. 13. Define angular momentum.
 Torque is defined as the moment of the external applied force about a point or  The angular momentum (L) of a point mass is defined as the moment of its linear
axis of rotation. momentum.
 The expression for torque is, ⃗⃗𝝉 = ⃗⃗𝒓 𝑿 ⃗⃗⃗𝑭 = (𝒓 𝑭 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽) 𝒏 ̂  In other words, the angular momentum , ⃗𝑳of a point mass having a linear
 The S.I unit of torque is N m momentum ⃗⃗⃗𝒑 at a position ⃗⃗𝒓 with respect to a point or axis is mathematically
 The direction of torque is found using right hand rule. written as, ⃗𝑳 = ⃗⃗𝒓 𝑿 ⃗⃗⃗𝒑
10. Torque is some times called pseudo vector. Why?  The magnitude of angular momentum could be written as , 𝑳 = 𝒓 𝒑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
 The expression for torque is, ⃗⃗𝝉 = ⃗⃗𝒓 𝑿 ⃗⃗⃗𝑭 14. What are the conditions that angular momentum will be zero?
 Torque (⃗⃗𝝉) is sometimes called as a pseudo vector as it needs the other two  The magnitude of angular momentum could be written as , 𝑳 = 𝒓 𝒑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
⃗⃗⃗
vectors ⃗⃗𝒓 and 𝑭 for its existence. (1) The angular momentum is zero (𝑳 ⃗ = 𝟎), if the linear momentum is zero
11. What are the conditions in which force can not produce torque? (⃗⃗⃗𝒑 = 0) or if the particle is at the origin (⃗⃗𝒓 = 𝟎)
 The expression for torque is, ⃗⃗𝝉 = ⃗⃗𝒓 𝑿 ⃗⃗⃗𝑭 = (𝒓 𝑭 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽) 𝒏 ̂ (2) Also the angular momentum is zero (𝑳 ⃗ = 𝟎), if ⃗⃗𝒓 and ⃗⃗⃗𝒑 are parallel or
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
(1) When 𝒓 and 𝑭 are parallel, then θ = 0 and sin 0 = 0. Hence the
o o antiparallel to each other (θ = 0 0 or 1800).
torque ⃗⃗𝝉 = 𝟎 15. Obtain the relation between angular momentum and angular velocity?
⃗⃗⃗
(2) When ⃗⃗𝒓 and 𝑭 are antiparallel, then θ = 180 and sin 0 = 0. Hence the
o o Relation between angular momentum and angular velocity :
torque ⃗⃗𝝉 = 𝟎  Consider a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis.
(3) if the force acts at the reference point. i.e. as ⃗⃗𝒓 = 𝟎, then the torque ⃗⃗𝝉 = 𝟎  Let a point mass ‘m’ in the body will execute a circular
motion about a fixed axis as shown in Figure
 The point mass m is at a distance r from the axis of
rotation.
12. Obtain the relation between torque and angular acceleration?  Its linear momentum at any instant is tangential to the
Relation between torque and angular acceleration : circular path. Hence the angle θ between ⃗⃗𝒓 and ⃗⃗⃗𝒑 in this
 Consider a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis. case is 90o.
 Let a point mass ‘m’ in the body will execute a  The magnitude of the angular momentum L could be written as,
circular motion about a fixed axis as shown in Figure 𝐿 = 𝑟 𝑝 sin 90° = 𝑟 𝑝 = 𝑟 𝑚 𝑣 = 𝑟 𝑚 𝑟 ω
𝑳 = (𝒎 𝒓𝟐 ) 𝛚
 A tangential force ⃗⃗⃗𝑭 acting on the point mass
produces the necessary torque for this rotation. This  In vector notation, ⃗⃗⃗𝑳 = (𝒎 𝒓𝟐 ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝛚 − − − − − − − − − − − − (𝟏)
𝟐
force ⃗⃗⃗𝑭 is perpendicular to the position vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝒓 of  The term 𝒎𝒓 is called moment of inertia (I) of the point mass.
the point mass.  A rigid body is made up of many such point masses. Hence, the moment of inertia
 The magnitude of torque produced by the force on the point mass m about the of a rigid body is 𝑰 = ∑ 𝒎𝒊 𝒓𝒊𝟐
axis is,  Hence the angular momentum, ⃗⃗⃗𝑳 = (∑ 𝑚 𝑟 2 ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗ω = 𝑰 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝛚
𝜏 = 𝑟 𝐹 sin 90° = 𝑟 𝐹 = 𝑟 𝑚 𝑎 = 𝑟 𝑚 𝑟  16. Find the relation between torque and angular momentum.
𝝉 = (𝒎 𝒓𝟐 )  Relation between torque and angular momentum :
 In vector notation, ⃗⃗𝝉 = (𝒎 𝒓𝟐 ) ⃗⃗⃗ − − − − − − − − − − (𝟏)  By definition of torque and angular momentum, we have
 The directions of τ and α are along the axis of rotation. 𝛕 = 𝐈  − − − − − − − (𝟏)
 If the direction of τ is in the direction of α, it produces angular acceleration. 𝐋 = 𝐈 𝛚 − − − − − − − (𝟐)
 On the other hand if, τ is opposite to α, angular deceleration or retardation is Where, ω is angular velocity and  is angular acceleration.
𝒅𝝎
produced on the point mass.  But angular acceleration is given by ;  = . Then equation (1) becomes
𝒅𝒕
 The term 𝒎𝒓𝟐 is called moment of inertia (I) of the point mass. dω 𝐝 (𝐈 𝛚) 𝒅𝑳
 A rigid body is made up of many such point masses. Hence, the moment of inertia 𝝉 = I = =
dt 𝐝𝐭 𝒅𝒕
𝟐
of a rigid body is 𝑰 = ∑ 𝒎𝒊 𝒓𝒊  The above expression says that an external torque on a rigid body fixed to an
 Hence, torque for the rigid body is ; , ⃗⃗𝝉 = (∑ 𝒎 𝒓𝟐 ) ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑰 ⃗⃗⃗ axis produces rate of change of angular momentum in the body about that axis.
This is the Newton’s second law in rotational motion.
17. What is equilibrium? 21. Define mechanical advantage.
 A rigid body is said to be in mechanical equilibrium when both its linear  From the principle of moments,
momentum and angular momentum remain constant. 𝐹1 𝑑2
𝐹1 𝑑1 = 𝐹2 𝑑2 (𝑜𝑟) = − − − − − − − (1)
 When the linear momentum remains constant, the net force acting on the body is 𝐹2 𝑑1
zero. In this condition, the body is said to be in translational equilibrium.  If F1 is the load and F2 is our effort, we get advantage when, d1< d2. This implies
 Similarly, when the angular momentum remains constant, the net torque acting that F1> F2.
on the body is zero. In this condition, the body is said to be in rotational 𝑑
 Hence, we could lift a large load with small effort. The ratio [ 2 ] is called
equilibrium. 𝑑1
 Thus, we can also conclude that a rigid body is in mechanical equilibrium when mechanical advantage of the simple lever. The pivoted point is called fulcrum.
𝒅𝟐
the net force and net torque acts on the body is zero. 𝑴𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒅𝒗𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 (𝑴𝑨) =
18. Define couple. Give examples. 𝒅𝟏
 A pair of forces which are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction and 22. Define centre of gravity.
separated by a perpendicular distance so that their lines of action do not  The centre of gravity of a body is the point at which the entire weight of the body
coincide that causes a turning effect is called a couple. acts irrespective of the position and orientation of the body.
Examples :  The centre of gravity and centre of mass coincide when the gravitational field is
(1) steering wheel of a car uniform across the body.
(2) Opening and closing of water tap 23. How will you determine centre of gravity of uniform lamina of irregular shape.
(3) Turning of a screw driver (1) By pivoting the lamina in horizontal plane at a point. When a body is supported
(4) Rotating pedals of the cycle at the centre of gravity, the sum of the torques acting on all the point masses of
19. Define moment of a couple or torque. the rigid body becomes zero. Moreover the weight is compensated by the normal
 The magnitude of moment of couple is defined as the product of either of the reaction force exerted by the pivot. The body is in
forces of a couple by the perpendicular distance between them. static equilibrium and hence it remains
 Its unit is Nm horizontal.
20. State principle of moments. (2) Suspending the lamina from different points like P,
Principle of Moments : Q, R as shown in Figure, the vertical lines PP', QQ',
 Consider a light rod of negligible mass RR' all pass through the centre of gravity. Here,
which is pivoted at a point along its reaction force acting at the point of suspension
length. Let two parallel forces F1 and F2 and the gravitational force acting at the centre of
act at the two ends at distances d1 and gravity cancel each other and the torques caused
d2 from the point of pivot and the by them also cancel each other.
normal reaction force N atthe point of 24. Why cyclist bends when he negotiate a curve.
pivot as shown in Figure  When the cyclist negotiating a circular level road, the necessary centripetal force
 If the rod has to remain stationary in horizontal position, it should be in is provided by the frictional force between tyres and the road.
 If this frictional force is not sufficient, he must fall.
translational and rotational equilibrium. Then, both the net force and net torque
must be zero.  To avoid this, he has to bend by an angle from the vertical.
 For translational equilibrium, net force has to be zero (i.e.) 25. Define moment of inertia.
−𝐹1 + 𝑁 − 𝐹2 = 0  In rotational motion, moment of inertia is a measure of rotational inertia. It is
𝑵 = 𝑭𝟏 + 𝑭𝟐 − − − − − (𝟏) given by 𝐼 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖 2 . Its unit is kg m2 and its dimension is [M L2]
26. What are the significance of moment of inertia?
 For rotational equilibrium, net torque has to be zero(i.e.)  In linear motion, mass is the measure of inertia. Like that in rotational motion,
𝐹1 𝑑1 − 𝐹2 𝑑2 = 0 moment of inertia measures the rotational inertia.
𝑭𝟏 𝒅𝟏 = 𝑭𝟐 𝒅𝟐 − − − − − − (𝟐)  Mass is an invariable quantity and hence inertia is constant. But the moment of
 The above equation represents the principle of moments. inertia is not an invariable quantity, because it depends not only depends not
 This forms the principle for beam balance used for weighing goods with the only on the mass of the body, but also on the way the mass is distributed around
condition d1 = d2 ; F1 = F2. the axis of rotation.
27. What are the rotational equivalents for the physical quantities, (i) mass and 32. Calculate power delivered by a torque.
(ii) force?  Power delivered is the work done per unit time.
 Moment of inertia is the rotational equivalent for mass 𝒅𝑾 𝝉 𝒅𝜽
𝑷= = = 𝝉𝝎
 Torque is the rotational equivalent for force 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
28. Define radius of gyration. 33. Obtain the relation between rotational kinetic energy and angular momentum .
 The radius of gyration (K) of an object is the perpendicular distance from the Relation between rotational kinetic energy and angular momentum :
axis of rotation to an equivalent point mass, which would have the same mass as  Let a rigid body of moment of inertia I rotate with angular velocity ω.
well as the same moment of inertia of the object.  The angular momentum of a rigid body = 𝐿 = 𝐼 𝜔
 It is found as,  The rotational kinetic energy of the rigid body is,
1 1 2 2 1
𝐫𝟏𝟐 + 𝐫𝟐𝟐 + 𝐫𝟑𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝐫𝐧𝟐 KE = I ω2 = I ω = ( I ω)2
𝐊= √ 2 2I 2I
𝐧 𝟏 𝟐
𝐊𝐄 = 𝐋
 The expression for radius of gyration indicates that it is the root mean square 𝟐 𝐈
(rms) distance of the particles of the body from the axis of rotation. 34. Compare translational quantities and rotational quantities.
 As the radius of gyration is distance, its unit is m. Its dimension is [L]. S.No Translational motion Rotational motion
29. State law of conservation of angular momentum. 1 Displacement (𝑥) Angular displcement (𝜃)
𝑥 𝜃
 In the absence of external torque, the angular momentum of the rigid body or 2 Velocity (𝑣 = ) Angular velocity (𝜔 = )
𝑡 𝑡
system of particles is conserved. 𝑣 𝜔
𝒅𝑳 3 Acceleration (𝑎 = ) Angular acceleration (𝛼 = )
 If 𝝉 = 𝟎 then, = 0 and hence L = constant 𝑡 𝑡
𝒅𝒕
4 Mass (𝑚) Moment of inertia (𝐼)
 The above expression is known as law of conservation of angular momentum
30. What is the importance of conservation of angular momentum? 5 Force (𝐹 = 𝑚 𝑎) Torque (𝜏 = 𝐼 𝛼)
𝑑𝐿 6 Linear momentum (𝑝 = 𝑚 𝑣) Angular momentum (𝐿 = 𝐼 𝜔)
 Torque is given by, 𝜏 =
𝑑𝐿
𝑑𝑡
7 Impulse (𝐹 ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑝) Angular impulse ( 𝜏 ∆𝑡 = ∆𝐿)
 When 𝜏 = 0, then = 0. Hence angular momentum 𝐿 = 𝐼 𝜔 = constant Workdone by the force Workdone by the torque
𝑑𝑡
 The above equations say that if I increases ω will decrease and vice-versa to keep 8
𝑊=𝐹𝑠 𝑊 =𝜏𝜃
the angular momentum constant. 1
Kinetic enregy, KE = m v2 Rotational kinetic energy
Example : 2 1
9
 The Ice dancer spins slowly when the hands are stretched out and spins faster KE = I ω2
2
when the hands are brought close to the body. 10 Power, P = F v Power, P = τ ω
 Stretching of hands away from body increases moment of inertia, thus the 35. What is called rolling?
angular velocity decreases resulting in slower spin. When the hands are brought  When round objects like ring, disc or sphere moves on horizontal surface, the
close to the body, the moment of inertia decreases, and thus the angular velocity point on the edge of the object undergoes translational motion along with its
increases resulting in faster spin. centre of mass and rotational motion with respect to its centre of mass.
31. Deduce an expression for work done by a torque.  Thus the point on the edge undergoes a path of a cycloid and this kind of motion
Workdone by a torque : is rolling motion.
 Let us consider a rigid body rotating about a fixed 36. What is the condition for pure rolling?
axis. Here point P on the body rotating about an axis
 In pure rolling, the point of the rolling object which comes in contact with the
perpendicular to the plane of the page.
surface is at momentary rest. This is the case with every point that is on the edge
 A tangential force F is applied on the body. It
produces a small displacement ds on the body. of the rolling object.
 The work done (dw) by the force is,  As the rolling proceeds, all the points on the edge, one by one come in contact
𝑑𝑊 = 𝐹 𝑑𝑠 with the surface; remain at momentary rest at the time of contact and then take
= 𝐹 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 [∵ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑟 𝑑𝜃] the path of the cycloid
𝒅𝑾 = 𝝉 𝒅𝜽 [∵ 𝜏 = 𝐹 𝑟 ]
Unstable (1) Linear momentum and angular momentum are zero.
PART – IV 5 MARK LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
equilibrium (2) The body cannot come back to equilibrium if slightly
1. Explain the method of finding centre of mass for distributed point masses? disturbed and released.
Centre of Mass for Distributed Point Masses : (3) The centre of mass of the body shifts slightly lower if
 A point mass is a hypothetical point particle disturbed from equilibrium.
which has nonzero mass and no size or shape. (4) Potential energy of the body is not minimum and it
 To find the centre of mass for a collection of n decreases if disturbed.
point masses, say, m1, m2, m3 . . . mn we have to Neutral (1) Linear momentum and angular momentum are zero.
first choose an origin and an appropriate equilibrium (2) The body remains at the same equilibrium if slightly
coordinate system disturbed and released.
 Let, 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … … . 𝑥𝑛 be the X- (3) The centre of mass of the body does not shift higher or
coordinates of the positions of these point lower if disturbed from equilibrium.
masses in the X direction from the origin. (4) Potential energy remains same even if disturbed.
 The equation for the x coordinate of the centre 3. Explain why a cyclist bends while negotiating a curve road? Arrive at the
of mass is, expression for angle of bending for a given velocity.
𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑥2 + 𝑚3 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑥𝑖 ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑥𝑖 Reason :
𝑥𝐶𝑀 = = =  When the cyclist negotiating a circular level road, the
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝑛 ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑀
 Similarly, y and z coordinates of the centre of mass is, necessary centripetal force is provided by the frictional
𝑚1 𝑦1 + 𝑚2 𝑦2 + 𝑚3 𝑦3 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝑛 𝑦𝑛 ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑦𝑖 ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑦𝑖 force between tyres and the road.
𝑦𝐶𝑀 = = =  If this frictional force is not sufficient, he must fall.
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝑛 ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑀
𝑚1 𝑧1 + 𝑚2 𝑧2 + 𝑚3 𝑧3 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝑛 𝑧𝑛 ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑧𝑖 ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑧𝑖  To avoid this, he has to bend by an angle from the
𝑧𝐶𝑀 = = = vertical.
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝑛 ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑀 N
Angle of bending :
 In general, the position of centre of mass can be written in a vector form as,
∑ 𝒎𝒊 ⃗⃗𝒓𝒊  Total mass of cycle and cyclist =𝑚
⃗⃗𝒓𝑪𝑴 = Radius of circular level road =𝑟
𝑴 Speed of the cycle =𝑣
where, ⃗⃗𝒓𝑪𝑴 = 𝒙𝑪𝑴 𝒊̂ + 𝒚𝑪𝑴 𝒋̂ + 𝒛𝑪𝑴 𝒌 ̂ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ⃗⃗𝒓𝒊 = 𝒙𝒊 𝒊̂ + 𝒚𝒊 𝒋̂ + 𝒛𝒊 𝒌
̂
 The centre gravity of the system is C and it goes in a circle of radius r with centre
2. Explain the types of equilibrium and their conditions.
at O. Let us choose the line OC as X-axis and the vertical line through O as Z-axis .
Types of
Conditions  The system as a frame is rotating about Z-axis. The system is at rest in this
equilibrium
rotating frame.
Translational (1) Linear momentum is constant.
 To solve problems in rotating frame of reference, we have to apply a centrifugal
equilibrium (2) Net force is zero.
force (pseudo force) on the system
Rotational (1) Angular momentum is constant.
 The forces acting on the system are,
equilibrium (2) Net torque is zero.
(i) gravitational force (mg),
Static (1) Linear momentum and angular momentum are zero.
(ii) normal force (N),
equilibrium (2) Net force and net torque are zero.
(iii) frictional force (f) and
Dynamic (1) Linear momentum and angular momentum are constant. 𝑚 𝑣2
equilibrium (2) Net force and net torque are zero. (iv) centrifugal force ( 𝑓𝑐𝑓 = )
𝑟
Stable (1) Linear momentum and angular momentum are zero.  As the system is in equilibrium in the
equilibrium (2) The body tries to come back to equilibrium if slightly rotational frame of reference, the net external
disturbed and released. force and net external torque must be zero.
(3) The centre of mass of the body shifts slightly higher if  Let us consider all torques about the point A
disturbed from equilibrium. Torque due to N and f about the point A = 0
(4) Potential energy of the body is minimum and it increases if Torque due to mg about the point A = − 𝑚𝑔 (𝐴𝐵) = − 𝑚 𝑔 (𝐴𝐶 sin 𝜃)
disturbed. 𝑚 𝑣2
Torque due to 𝑓𝑐𝑓 about the point A = + 𝑓𝑐𝑓 (𝐵𝐶) = + (𝐴𝐶 cos 𝜃)
𝑟
 For rotational equilibrium, 𝜏𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 0  Thus the moment of inertia (𝐼𝐺 ) of the entire rod about the perpendicular axis
𝑚 𝑣2 passes through its centre can be found by integrating equation (2),
(𝑖. 𝑒. ) − 𝑚 𝑔 (𝐴𝐶 sin 𝜃) + (𝐴𝐶 cos 𝜃) = 0 𝑙⁄ 𝑙
𝑟 2 𝑀 2
𝑀 ⁄2 2
𝑚𝑣 2 𝐼𝐺 = ∫ ( 𝑑𝑥) 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑚 𝑔 𝐴𝐶 sin 𝜃 = 𝐴𝐶 cos 𝜃 −𝑙⁄2 𝑙 𝑙 −𝑙⁄
2
𝑟 𝑙⁄
sin 𝜃 𝑣2 𝑀 𝑥3 2 𝑀 𝑙3 𝑙3 𝑀 𝑀
= 𝐼𝐺 = [ ] = [ − (− )] = (𝑙 3 + 𝑙 3 ) = (2 𝑙 3 )
cos 𝜃 𝑟𝑔 𝑙 3 −𝑙⁄ 3𝑙 8 8 24 𝑙 24 𝑙
2
𝑣2 𝟏
tan 𝜃 = 𝑰𝑮 = 𝑴𝒍 𝟐
𝑟𝑔 𝟏𝟐
𝟐
𝒗 5. Derive the expression for moment of inertia of a uniform ring about an axis
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 [ ] − − − − − − − − − (𝟏)
𝒓𝒈 passing through the centre and perpendicular to the plane.
 While negotiating a circular level road of radius r at velocity v, a cyclist has to Moment of inertia of a uniform ring :
bend by an angle θ from vertical given by equation (1) to stay in equilibrium  Let us consider a uniform ring. Let us find the
(i.e. to avoid a fall). moment of inertia of the ring about an axis
4. Derive the expression for moment of inertia of a rod about its centre and passing through its centre and perpendicular to
perpendicular to the rod. the plane,
Moment of Inertia of a Uniform Rod :  Mass of the ring =𝑀
 Let us consider a uniform rod.Let us Radius of the ring =𝑅
find an expression for moment of Length of the ring = 2𝜋𝑅
inertia of this rod about an axis that Centre of mass of the ring =𝐺
passes through the centre of mass Infinitesimally small mass = 𝑑𝑚
and perpendicular to the rod. Length of infinitesimally small mass = 𝑑𝑥
G
 Mass of the rod =𝑀 The mass per unit length of the ring = 𝜆
Length of the rod =𝑙  The Moment of inertia of the small mass (𝑑𝑚) about the perpendicular axis
Position of centre of mass = 𝐺 𝑑𝐼𝐺 = (𝑑𝑚) 𝑅2 − − − − − − − − (1)
Distance of infinitesimally small  As the mass is uniformly distributed
mass 𝑑𝑚 from centre =𝑥 𝑀
𝑀 = 𝜆 [2𝜋𝑅] (𝑜𝑟) 𝜆 =
Length of infinitesimally small mass 2𝜋𝑅
𝑑𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥  Hence the mass of the infinitesimally small length as,
The mass per unit length of the rod =𝜆 𝑀
𝑑𝑚 = 𝜆 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
 The Moment of inertia of the small mass (𝑑𝑚) about the perpendicular axis 2𝜋𝑅
𝑑𝐼𝐺 = (𝑑𝑚) 𝑥 2 − − − − − − − − (1)  Put this in equation (1)
𝑀
𝑑𝐼𝐺 = ( 𝑑𝑥) 𝑅2 − − − − − − − (2)
 As the mass is uniformly distributed 2𝜋𝑅
𝑀  Thus the moment of inertia (𝐼𝐺 ) of the entire ring about the perpendicular axis
𝑀 = 𝜆 𝑙 (𝑜𝑟) 𝜆 = passes through its centre can be found by integrating equation (2),
𝑙
 Hence the mass of the infinitesimally small length as,
2𝜋𝑅
𝑀 𝑀 𝑅 2𝜋𝑅
𝐼𝐺 = ∫ ( 𝑑𝑥) 𝑅2 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑀 0 2𝜋𝑅 2𝜋 0
𝑑𝑚 = 𝜆 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑀𝑅 𝑀𝑅 𝑀𝑅
𝑙 𝐼𝐺 = [𝑥]2𝜋𝑅 = [2𝜋𝑅 − 0] = [2𝜋𝑅]
 0
Put this in equation (1) 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑀 𝑰𝑮 = 𝑴 𝑹𝟐
𝑑𝐼𝐺 = ( 𝑑𝑥) 𝑥 2 − − − − − − − (2)
𝑙
6. Derive the expression for moment of inertia of a uniform disc about an axis  Let us consider a point mass m on the body at
passing through the centre and perpendicular to the plane. position x from its centre of mass.
Moment of inertia of a uniform disc :  Here, moment of inertia of the body about the
 Let us consider a uniform disc. Let us find the centre of mass (ACB) is
moment of inertia of the disc about an axis 𝐼𝐶 = ∑ 𝑚 𝑥 2 − − − − − (1)
passing through its centre and perpendicular  The moment of inertia I of the whole body
to the plane about the parallel axis DE is ,.
 Mass of the disc =𝑀 𝐼 = ∑ 𝑚 (𝑥 + 𝑑)2 − − − − − (2)
Radius of the disc =𝑅  This equation could further be written as,
Centre of mass of the disc =𝐺 𝐼 = ∑ 𝑚 (𝑥 2 + 𝑑 2 + 2 𝑥 𝑑 )
Infinitesimally small mass = 𝑑𝑚 𝐼 = ∑ 𝑚 𝑥 2 + ∑ 𝑚 𝑑2 + 2 𝑑 ∑ 𝑚 𝑥
Distance of small mass from the centre = 𝑟  where,
Thickness of infinitesimally small mass = 𝑑𝑥 ∑ 𝑚 𝑥 2 = 𝐼𝐶 − −→ moment of inertia of the body about the centre of mass
The mass per unit area of the disc =𝜎 ∑𝑚𝑥 = 0 − −→ because, x can take positive and negative values with
 The Moment of inertia of the small mass (𝑑𝑚) respect to the axis AB.
about the perpendicular axis ∑ 𝑚 = 𝑀 − −→ Total mass of the object
𝑑𝐼𝐺 = (𝑑𝑚) 𝑟 2 − − − − − − − − (1)  Hence equation (2) becomes,
 As the mass is uniformly distributed 𝐼 = 𝐼𝐶 + 𝑀 𝑑 2 + 2 𝑑 (0)
𝑀
2
𝑀 = 𝜎 [𝜋𝑅 ] (𝑜𝑟) 𝜎 = 𝑰 = 𝑰𝑪 + 𝑴 𝒅𝟐 − − − − − − − − (3)
𝜋𝑅2  Hence, the parallel axis theorem is proved.
 Hence the mass of the infinitesimally small area as,
𝑀 2𝑀 8. State and prove perpendicular axis theorem.
𝑑𝑚 = 𝜎 (2𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑟) = 2𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 Perpendicular axis theorem :
𝜋𝑅2 𝑅2  The theorem states that the moment of inertia of a plane laminar body about an
 Put this in equation (1)
2𝑀 axis perpendicular to its plane is equal to the sum of moments of inertia about
𝑑𝐼𝐺 = ( 2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟) 𝑟 2 − − − − − − − (2) two perpendicular axes lying in the plane of the body such that all the three axes
𝑅
 Thus the moment of inertia (𝐼𝐺 ) of the entire ring about the perpendicular axis are mutually perpendicular and have a common point.
passes through its centre can be found by integrating equation (2),  This perpendicular axis theorem holds good only for plane laminar objects.
𝑅
2𝑀 2𝑀 𝑅 Proof :
𝐼𝐺 = ∫ ( 2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟) 𝑟 2 = 2 ∫ 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟  Let us consider a plane laminar object of
0 𝑅 𝑅 0
4 𝑅
negligible thickness on which lies the origin
2𝑀 𝑟 2𝑀 4
𝑀 4  The X and Y-axes lie on the plane and Z-axis
𝐼𝐺 = 2 [ ] = [𝑅 − 0] = [𝑅 ]
𝑅 4 0 4 𝑅2 2 𝑅2 is perpendicular to it
𝟏  The lamina is considered to be made up of a
𝑰𝑮 = 𝑴𝑹𝟐 large number of particles of mass m.
𝟐
7. State and prove parallel axis theorem.  Let us choose one such particle at a point P
Parallel axis theorem : which has coordinates (x, y) at a distance r
 Parallel axis theorem states that the moment of inertia of a body about any axis from O.
is equal to the sum of its moment of inertia about a parallel axis through its  The moment of inertia of the entire lamina about Z-axis is,
centre of mass and the product of the mass of the body and the square of the 𝐼𝑍 = ∑ 𝑚 𝑟 2
2 2
perpendicular distance between the two axes. 𝐼𝑍 = ∑ 𝑚 (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) [∵ 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ]
∑ 2 ∑ 2
Proof : 𝐼𝑍 = 𝑚 𝑥 + 𝑚 𝑦
 Let us consider a rigid body whose moment of inertia about an axis AB passing 𝑰𝒁 = 𝑰𝒚 + 𝑰𝒙
through the centre of mass is IC.  Here, 𝐼𝑦 = ∑ 𝑚 𝑥 2 − −→ moment of inertia about Y-axis,
 DE is another axis parallel to AB at a perpendicular distance d from AB. 𝐼𝑥 = ∑ 𝑚 𝑦 2 − −→ moment of inertia about X-axis
 The moment of inertia of the body about DE is I.
9. Tabulate Moment of Inertia of Different Rigid Bodies with diagram.
Thin
Radius of 2 2 2
Hollow 𝑀𝑅2 (√ ) 𝑅
Moment of inertia gyration 𝑲𝟐 3 3 3
Object Diagram Sphere
(𝑰 = 𝑴𝑲𝟐 ) 𝑰 𝑹𝟐
(𝑲 = √ ) (Thin
𝑴
Spherical 5 5 5
1 𝑙 𝑀𝑅2 (√ ) 𝑅
𝑀 𝑙2 Shell) 3 3 3
Thin 12 √12
---
Uniform 1 𝑙 Uniform
2 2 2
Rod 𝑀 𝑙2 Solid 𝑀𝑅2 (√ ) 𝑅
3 √3 5 5 5
Sphere
Thin Uniform
1 𝑙2 + 𝑏2 10. Derive an expression for kinetic energy in rotation.
Rectangular 𝑀 (𝑙 2 + 𝑏 2 ) √ --
12 12 Kinetic Energy in Rotation :
Sheet  Let us consider a rigid body rotating with angular
𝑀𝑅2 𝑅 1 velocity ω about an axis as shown in Figure
 Every particle of the body will have the same
2𝑀𝑅2 angular velocity ω and different tangential
Thin √2 𝑅 2
velocities v based on its positions from the axis of
Uniform 1 1 1 rotation.
Ring 𝑀𝑅2 ( )𝑅
2 √2 2  Let the mass 𝑚, 𝑚2 , 𝑚3 , … . . 𝑚𝑖 of each particle
3 3 3 situated at a distances 𝑟1 , 𝑟2 , 𝑟3 , … . . 𝑟𝑖 from the
𝑀𝑅2 (√ ) 𝑅 axis. Let 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 , … . . 𝑣𝑖 be their respective
2 2 2
tangential velocities.
1 1 1
𝑀𝑅2 ( )𝑅  The kinetic energy KE of the rigid body is,
2 √2 2 1 1 1 1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚1 𝑣12 + 𝑚2 𝑣22 + 𝑚3 𝑣32 + … … + 𝑚𝑛 𝑣𝑛2
3 3 3 2 2 2 2
Thin 𝑀𝑅2 (√ ) 𝑅 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚1 𝑟1 𝜔 + 𝑚2 𝑟2 𝜔 + 𝑚3 𝑟3 𝜔 + … … + 𝑚𝑛 𝑟𝑛2 𝜔2
2 2 2 2 2 2
Uniform 2 2 2 2
Disc 1 1 1 1
𝑀𝑅2 ( )𝑅 2 2 2
𝐾𝐸 = [𝑚1 𝑟1 + 𝑚2 𝑟2 + 𝑚3 𝑟3 + … … + 𝑚𝑛 𝑟𝑛 ] 𝜔 2 2
4 2 4 2 𝑛
5 5 5 1
𝑀𝑅2 (√ ) 𝑅 𝐾𝐸 = [∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖2 ] 𝜔2
4 4 4 2
𝑖=0
𝟏
Thin 𝑀𝑅2 𝑅 1 𝑲𝑬 = 𝑰 𝝎𝟐
Uniform 𝟐
where ,
Hollow 𝑅2 𝑙 2 𝑅2 𝑙 2 𝑛
𝑰 = ∑𝑖=0 𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖2 − −−→ the moment of inertia of the whole body ‹
𝑀 ( + ) √ + --
Cylinder 2 12 2 12 11. Obtain the condition for rolling without slipping.
 In rolling motion, the centre of mass takes a straight path; but, all the other
1 1 1 points undergo a path which has a combination of the translational and
𝑀𝑅2 ( )𝑅
2 √2 2 rotational motion.
Uniform  Especially the point on the edge undergoes a path of a cycloid
Solid  As the centre of mass takes only a straight line path, its velocity 𝑣𝐶𝑀 is only
𝑅2 𝑙 2 𝑅2 𝑙 2
Cylinder 𝑀 ( + ) √ + -- translational velocity 𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 (= 𝑣𝐶𝑀 ).
4 12 4 12
 All the other points have two velocities. They are 12. What is the difference between sliding and slipping?
Sliding Slipping
(1) Sliding is the case when 𝑣𝐶𝑀 > Rω (1) Slipping is the case when 𝑣𝐶𝑀 < Rω
(2) The translation is more than the (2) The rotation is more than the
rotation. (𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 > 𝑣𝑟𝑜𝑡 ) translation. (𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 < 𝑣𝑟𝑜𝑡 )
(3) This kind of motion happens when (3) This kind of motion happens when
sudden break is applied in a we suddenly start the vehicle from
moving vehicles, or when the rest or the vehicle is stuck in mud
vehicle enters into a slippery road.
(4) Since 𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 > 𝑣𝑟𝑜𝑡 ithas a resultant(4) Since 𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 < 𝑣𝑟𝑜𝑡 , it has a resultant
(1) the translational velocity 𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 (= 𝑣𝐶𝑀 ) velocity v in the forward direction velocity v in the backward direction
(2) the rotational velocity 𝑣𝑟𝑜𝑡 (= 𝑟𝜔) (5) The kinetic frictional force (𝑓𝐾 ) (5) The kinetic frictional force ( 𝑓𝐾 )
Here, r is the distance of the point from the centre of mass and opposes the relative motion. Hence, opposes the relative motion. Hence it
ω is the angularvelocity. it acts in the opposite direction of acts in the opposite direction of the
 The resultant of these two velocities is V. the relative velocity relative velocity
 As the point of contact is at momentary rest in pure rolling, its resultant velocity (6) This frictional force reduces the (6) This frictional force reduces the
V is zero (V = 0). This implies that, 𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 and 𝑣𝑟𝑜𝑡 are equal in magnitude and translational velocity and increases rotational velocity and increases the
opposite in direction. Hence, we conclude that in pure rolling, for all the points the rotational velocity till they translational velocity till they become
on the edge, the magnitudes of 𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 and 𝑣𝑟𝑜𝑡 are equal (𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 𝑣𝑟𝑜𝑡 ). become equal and the object sets equal and the object sets pure rolling.
 For the top most point, the two velocities 𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 and 𝑣𝑟𝑜𝑡 are equal in magnitude on pure rolling.
and in the same direction (to the right). Thus, the resultant velocity v is the sum (7) Sliding is also referred as forward (7) Slipping is sometimes empahasised
slipping. as backward slipping
of these two velocities, 𝑉 = 𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 + 𝑣𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 2 𝑣𝐶𝑀
13. Deduce an expression for kinetic energy in pure rolling.
Kinetic Energy in Pure Rolling :
 In genreal pure rolling is the combination of translational and rotational motion,
we can write the total kinetic energy (KE) as the sum of kinetic energy due to
translational motion (𝐾𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 ) and kinetic energy due to rotational motion
(𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡 ). That is , 𝐾𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 + 𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡
 Mass of rolling body =𝑀
Angular velocity =𝜔
Radius of gyration =𝐾
Velocity of centre of mass = 𝑣𝐶𝑀 = 𝑅 𝜔
Moment of inertia about centre of mass = ICM = M K 2
Moment of inertial about point of contact (O) = IO = ICM + M R2
(By parallel axes theorem)
 Thus the conditions for rolling without slipping are With centre of mass as reference:
(1) There is no relative motion of the point of contact with the surface when 1 2
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑀 𝑣𝐶𝑀 + I𝐶𝑀 𝜔2
the rolling object speeds up or slows down 2 2
2
(2) Also the velocity of centre of mass be ; 𝑣𝐶𝑀 = 𝑅 𝜔 : 𝐾𝐸 =
1 1 𝑣
𝑀 𝑣𝐶𝑀 + M K 2 ( 𝐶𝑀)
2
2 2 𝑅
1 2
1 𝐾2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑀 𝑣𝐶𝑀 + M 𝑣𝐶𝑀 2 ( 2 )
2 2 𝑅
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
𝑲
𝑲𝑬 = 𝑴 𝒗𝑪𝑴 [𝟏 + 𝟐 ] − − − − − (1)
𝟐 𝑹
With point of contact as reference: 𝐾2
1 𝑔 sin 𝜃 = 𝑎 [1 + ]
𝐾𝐸 = I 𝜔2 [ ∵ 𝑣𝐶𝑀 = 0] 𝑅2
2 𝑂 𝒈 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
1 𝑣𝐶𝑀 2 𝒂= − − − − − (𝟒)
𝐾𝐸 = (I + M R2 ) ( ) 𝑲𝟐
2 CM 𝑅 [𝟏 + 𝟐 ]
𝑹
2
1 𝑣𝐶𝑀
𝐾𝐸 = (M K 2 + M R2 ) 2 Final velocity of the rolling object :
2 𝑅  If the body starts rolling from rest, u = 0. From the figure,
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
𝑲 ℎ ℎ
𝑲𝑬 = 𝑴 𝒗𝑪𝑴 [𝟏 + 𝟐 ] − − − − − − (2) sin 𝜃 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑠=
𝟐 𝑹 𝑠 sin 𝜃
14. Discuss rolling on inclined plane and arrive at the expression for the  From third equation of motion ; 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2 𝑎 𝑠, Hence for the inclined plane
acceleration. 𝑔 sin 𝜃 ℎ
𝑣2 = 0 + 2 [ ]
Rolling on Inclined Plane : 𝐾 2 sin 𝜃
 Mass of round object =𝑚 [1 + 2 ]
𝑅
Radius =𝑅 2
2𝑔ℎ
=ℎ 𝑣 =
Vertical height of the incline 𝐾2
=𝑠 [1 + 2 ]
Length of the incline 𝑅
Angle of incline with horizontal = 𝜃
𝟐𝒈𝒉
 Forces acting on the object on the 𝒗= − − − − − − − (𝟓)
√ 𝑲𝟐
inclined plane are, [𝟏 + 𝟐 ]
(1) Gravitational force (𝑚𝑔) 𝑹
(2) Static frictional force (f) The time taken for rolling down the incline :
(3) Normal force (N) exerted by the  From first equation of motion , 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎 𝑡. For the object which starts rolling
plane from rest, u = 0. Then, 𝑣 = 0 + 𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑡
 Here gravitational force can be resolved in to two components,
(1) 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 − Component along the inclined plane downwards 2𝑔ℎ
( )
(2) 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 − Component vertical to the inclined plane downwards √ 𝐾2 𝐾2
𝑣 [1 + 2 ] 2𝑔ℎ [1 + 2 ]
 Here component 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 is cancelled by the normal force (N) 𝑅 𝑅
𝑡= = = √ 𝑋
 Ccomponent 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 causes translational motion and static frictional force f 𝑎 𝐾2 𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
[1 + 2 ]
opposes this motion. 𝑔 sin 𝜃 𝑅
( )
Acceleration : 𝐾2
[1 + 2 ]
 Thus for translational motion, 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝑓 = 𝑚 𝑎 − − − − (1) 𝑅
 For rotational motion, 𝑅 𝑓 = 𝐼 𝛼 − − − − (2) 𝑲𝟐
 By definition, 𝑎 = 𝑅 𝛼 and 𝐼 = 𝑚 𝐾 2 . Put this in equation (2) 𝟐 𝒉 [𝟏 + ]
√ 𝑹𝟐
𝑎 𝒕= − − − − − − − (𝟔)
𝑅 𝑓 = 𝑚 𝐾2 𝒈 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝑅
𝐾2  The equation suggests that for a given incline, the object with the least value of
𝑓 = 𝑚 𝑎 [ 2 ] − − − − − − − − − − − (3) radius of gyration K will reach the bottom of the incline first.
𝑅
 Put equation (3) in (1),
𝐾2
𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝑚 𝑎 [ 2 ] = 𝑚 𝑎
𝑅
𝐾2
𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 = 𝑚 𝑎 + 𝑚 𝑎 [ 2 ]
𝑅
𝐾2
𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 = 𝑚 𝑎 [1 + 2 ]
𝑅
 Let the mass of the small disc cut and removed be m and its centre of mass is at a
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS position R/2 to the right of the origin as shown in the figure.
1. Two point masses 3 kg and 5 kg are at 4 m and 8 m from the origin on X-axis.  Then mass of the removed portion,
Locate the position of centre of mass of the two point masses (i) from the origin 𝑅 2
and (ii) from 3 kg mass. 𝑚 = 𝜎 𝐴 = 𝜎 𝜋 ( ) [∵ 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑛 (1)]
2
Solution : 2
𝑀 𝑅 𝑀
(i) To find centre of mass from the origin: 𝑚 = ( )𝜋 = − − − − − − (2)
𝜋 𝑅2 4 4
 Hence, the remaining portion of the disc should have its centre of mass to the left
of the origin; say, at a distance x. We can write from the principle of moments,

𝑅
(𝑀 − 𝑚) 𝑥 = 𝑚 ( )
2
𝑚 𝑅
𝑥 = ( ) − − − − − − − (3)
𝑀−𝑚 2
 Put equation (2) in (3) we get
𝑀 𝑀
𝑅 ( ) 𝑅 𝑀 4 𝑅
𝑥 = ( 4 ) = 4 = ( )( )
𝑀 2 3𝑀 2 4 3𝑀 2
 By definition, centre of mass is given by, 𝑀− ( )
4 4
𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑥2 𝑹
𝑋𝐶𝑀 = 𝒙 =
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝟔
(3 𝑋 4) + (5 𝑋 8) 12 + 40 52 𝑹
𝑋𝐶𝑀 = = =  The centre of mass of the remaining porti is at a distance to the left from the
𝟔
(3 + 5) 8 8
centre of the disc.
𝑿𝑪𝑴 = 𝟔. 𝟓 𝒎 ̂ )𝒎 ,
3. The position vectors of two point masses 10 kg and 5 kg are (−𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟒𝒌
 The centre of mass is located 6.5 m from the origin on X-axis. ̂ ) 𝒎 respectively. Locate the position of centre of mass.
(ii) To find the centre of mass from 3 kg mass : (𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟔𝒋̂ + 𝟓𝒌
 From figure , 𝑋𝐶𝑀 
= 𝑥2 − 𝑋𝐶𝑀 = 8 − 6.5 Solution :
  By definition, position vector of centre of mass is
𝑿𝑪𝑴 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎
𝑚1⃗⃗𝑟1 + 𝑚2 ⃗⃗𝑟2
 The centre of mass is located 2.5 m from 3 kg point mass, (and 1.5 m from ⃗⃗𝑟𝐶𝑀 =
the 5 kg point mass) on X-axis. 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
2. From a uniform disc of radius R, a small disc of radius R/2 is cut and removed 10 (−3 𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ + 4 𝑘̂) + 5 (3 𝑖̂ + 6̂𝑗 + 5 𝑘̂)
⃗⃗𝑟𝐶𝑀 =
as shown in the diagram. Find the centre of mass of the remaining portion of 10 + 5
the disc. −30 𝑖̂ + 20 𝑗̂ + 40 𝑘̂ + 15 𝑖̂ + 30 𝑗̂ + 25 𝑘̂
Solution : 15
 Let us consider the mass of the −15 𝑖̂ + 50 𝑗̂ + 65 𝑘̂
uncut full disc be M. Its centre of 15
mass would be at the geometric 𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟑
⃗⃗𝒓𝑪𝑴 = − 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + ̂
𝒌
centre of the disc on which the 𝟑 𝟑
origin coincides. 4. Locate the centre of mass of a uniform rod of mass M and length 𝒍.
 If 𝜎 is the surface mass density Solution :
(i.e. mass per unit surface area),  Consider a uniform rod is kept
then along the x axis whose one end
𝑀 𝑀 coincides with the origin
𝜎= = 2
− − − − (1)  Mass of the rod = 𝑀
𝐴 𝜋𝑅
Length of the rod = 𝑙
𝑀
 Linear mass density (i.e. mass per unit length) = 𝜆 =  Hence,
𝑙 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2
 Consider an infinitesimally small mass 𝒅𝒎 of elemental length 𝒅𝒙 at a distance 0=
𝒙 from the origin. 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 0
 The mass of small element (𝒅𝒎) is,
𝑀 𝑚2 𝑣2 = − 𝑚1 𝑣1
𝑑𝑚 = 𝜆 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 − − − − − (1) 𝑚1 50 100 1
𝑙 𝑣2 = − 𝑣1 = − 𝑋2= − = −
 By definition, centre of mass is 𝑚2 300 300 3
∑(∆𝑚𝑖 )𝑥𝑖 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑚 𝒗𝟐 = −𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
𝑥𝐶𝑀 = =  The negative sign implies that the boat moves in a direction opposite to that
∆𝑚𝑖 ∫ 𝑑𝑚
𝑙 𝑀 of the walking man on the boat to a stationary observer on land.
𝑙
∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑚 ∫0 𝑥 𝑙 𝑑𝑥 (b) With respect to the man walking in the boat :
𝑥𝐶𝑀 = 𝑙
=  The relative velocity of boat with respect to walking man,,
∫0 𝑑𝑚 𝑀
𝑙 𝑙
𝑣21 = 𝑣2 − 𝑣1
𝑀 ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑙 1 𝑥2 1 𝑙2 𝑣21 = (−0.33) − 2
𝑥𝐶𝑀 = = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] = [ − 0]
𝑙 𝑀 𝑙 0 𝑙 2 0 𝑙 2 𝒗𝟐𝟏 = −𝟐. 𝟑𝟑 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏
𝒍  The negative sign implies that the boat appears to move in the opposite
𝒙𝑪𝑴 = direction to the man walking in the boat.
𝟐
𝒍 6. A projectile of mass 5 kg, in its course of motion explodes on its own into two
 As the position is the geometric centre of the rod, it is concluded that the
𝟐 fragments. One fragment of mass 3 kg falls at three fourth of the range R of the
centre of mass of the uniform rod is located at its geometric centre itself. projectile. Where will the other fragment fall?
5. A man of mass 50 kg is standing at one end of a boat of mass 300 kg floating on Solution :
still water. He walks towards the other end of the boat with a constant velocity
of 2 m s-1 with respect to a stationary observer on land. What will be the
velocity of the boat, (a) with respect to the stationary observer on land?
(b) with respect to the man walking in the boat?
Solution :
 Mass of the man ∶ 𝑚1 = 50 𝑘𝑔
Mass of the boat ∶ 𝑚2 = 300𝑘𝑔
Velocity of the man ∶ 𝑣1 = 2 𝑚 𝑠 −1
Velocity of the boat ∶ 𝑣2 =?  It is an explosion of its own without any external influence.
(a) With respect to the stationary observer on land :  After the explosion, the centre of mass of the projectile will continue to complete
 Equation of centre of mass, the parabolic path even though the fragments are not following the same
𝑚1 ⃗⃗𝑥1 + 𝑚2 ⃗⃗𝑥2 parabolic path.
⃗⃗𝑥𝐶𝑀 =  After the fragments have fallen on the ground, the centre of mass rests at a
𝑚1 + 𝑚2
 Hence velocity of the centre of mass, distance R (the range) from the point of projection as shown in the diagram.
𝑑 ⃗⃗𝑥 𝑑 ⃗⃗𝑥  If the origin is fixed to the final position of the centre of mass, the principle of
𝑑 𝑥𝐶𝑀 𝑚1 ( 1 ) + 𝑚2 ( 2 ) moments holds good.
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
⃗⃗⃗𝑣𝐶𝑀 = = 𝑚1 𝑥1 = 𝑚2 𝑥2
𝑑𝑡 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
1
𝑚1 ⃗⃗⃗𝑣1 + 𝑚2⃗⃗⃗𝑣2 3𝑋 𝑅 = 2𝑋𝑑
⃗⃗⃗𝑣𝐶𝑀 = 4
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝟑
 As there is no external force acting on the system, the man and boat move 𝒅 = 𝑹
𝟖
due to the friction, which is an internal force in the boat-man system. Hence,  The distance between the point of launching and the position of 2 kg mass is .
the velocity of the centre of mass is zero (𝑣𝐶𝑀 = 0). 𝟑 𝟏𝟏
𝑹+𝒅 =𝑹+ 𝑹= 𝑹 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝑹
𝟖 𝟖
7. If the force applied is perpendicular 10. Three mutually perpendicular beams AB, OC, GH are
to the handle of the spanner as fixed to form a structure which is fixed to the ground
shown in the diagram, find the (i) firmly as shown in the Figure. One string is tied to the
torque exerted by the force about point C and its free end D is pulled with a force F. Find
the centre of the nut, (ii) the magnitude and direction of the torque produced
direction of torque and (iii) by the force,
type of rotation caused by the torque (1) about the points D, C, O and B
about the nut. (2) about the axes CD, OC, AB and GH.
Solution : Solution :
(1) Torque about point D is zero. (as F passes through D).
 Length of the spanner ∶ 𝑟 = 15 𝑐𝑚 = 15 𝑋 10−2 𝑚 Torque about point C is zero. (as F passes through C).
Force ∶ 𝐹 = 2.5 𝑁 Torque about point O is ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑂𝐶 𝑋⃗⃗⃗𝐹 and direction is along GH.
Angle ∶ 𝜃 = 90° Torque about point B is 𝐵𝐷 𝑋⃗⃗⃗𝐹 anddirection is along GH
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(i) Torque, (2) Torque about axis CD is zero (as F is parallel to CD).
𝜏 = 𝑟 𝐹 sin 𝜃 = 15 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 2.5 𝑋 sin 90° Torque about axis OC is zero (as F intersects OC).
𝝉 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝑵 𝒎−𝟏 Torque about axis AB is zero (as F is parallel to AB).
(ii) As per the right hand rule, the direction of torque is out of the page. Torque about axis GH is ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐶 𝑋⃗⃗⃗𝐹 anddirection is along GH
(iii) The type of rotation caused by the torque is anticlockwise. 11. A particle of mass (m) is moving with constant velocity (v). Show that its
8. A force of (𝟒𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟓𝒌 ̂ ) 𝑵 is applied at a point whose position vector is
angular momentum about any point remains constant throughout the motion.
(𝟕𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌̂ ) 𝒎. Find the torque of force about the origin. Solution :
Solution :  Let the particle of mass m move with
 Given that, constant velocity v
𝐹 = (4𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ ) 𝑁  As it is moving with
𝑟 = (7𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) 𝑚  constant velocity, its path is a straight
∴ ⃗⃗𝜏 = ⃗⃗𝑟 𝑋 𝐹⃗⃗⃗ line.
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ ̂
𝑘  Its momentum (⃗⃗⃗𝑝 = 𝑚 𝑣 ) is also
⃗⃗𝜏 = |7 4 −2| directed along the same path.
4 −3 5  Let us fix an origin (O) at a perpendicular
̂
= 𝑖̂ (20 − 6) + 𝑗̂ (−8 − 35) + 𝑘 (−21 − 16) distance (d) from the path.
̂
⃗⃗𝝉 = (𝟏𝟒 𝒊̂ − 𝟒𝟑 𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝟕 𝒌 )𝑵𝒎  At a particular instant, we can connect the particle which is at positon Q with a
position vector (𝑂𝐺⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗𝑟)
9. A crane has an arm length of 20 m inclined at 30o with the vertical. It carries a
container of mass of 2 ton suspended from the top end of the arm. Find the  Take, the angle between the⃗⃗𝑟 and ⃗⃗⃗𝑝 as θ. The magnitude of angular momentum
torque produced by the gravitational force on the container about the point of that particle at that instant is,
where the arm is fixed to the crane. [Given: 1 ton = 1000 kg; neglect the weight 𝑳 = 𝒓 𝒑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒑 (𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽) = 𝒎 𝒗 (𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽) = 𝒎 𝒗 𝒅
of the arm. g = 10 m s ] -2  The above expression for angular momentum L, does not have the angle θ.
Solution : Torque is given by,  As the momentum (p = mv) and theperpendicular distance (d) are constants, the
𝜏 = 𝑟 𝐹 sin 𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑚 𝑔 sin 𝜃 angular momentum of the particle is also constant. Hence, the angular
𝜏 = 20 𝑋 2 𝑋 1000 𝑋 10 𝑋 sin 150° momentum is associated with bodies with linear motion also.
𝜏 = 400000 𝑋 sin(180° − 30°)  If the straight path of the particle passes through the origin, then the angular
𝜏 = 400000 𝑋 sin 30° momentum is zero, which is also a constant.
1
𝜏 = 400000 𝑋
2
𝜏 = 200000
𝝉 = 𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝑵 𝒎
12. Arun and Babu carry a wooden log of mass 28 kg and length 10 m which has 14. Find the moment of inertia of a uniform rod about an axis which is
almost uniform thickness. They hold it at 1 m and 2 m from the ends perpendicular to the rod and touches any one end of the rod.
respectively. Who will bear more weight of the log? [g = 10 ms-2] Solution :
Solution :  Mass of the rod = 𝑀
 Length of the rod = 𝑙
 The infinitesimal small mass at a
distance from end O = 𝑑𝑚
 Thickness of this mass = 𝑑𝑥
 Linear mass density (i.e.) mass per unit
length = 𝜆
 Weight of the wood log ; 𝑊 = 𝑚 𝑔 = 28 𝑋 10 = 280 𝑁 .  The moment of inertia of the infinitesimal small mass (𝑑𝑚) about an axis which
 This gravitational force (weight) acts at the centre of mass of the log downwards. is perpendicular to the rod passes through its one end,
 Let RA and RB applied upwards by Arun and Babu at points A and B respectively. 𝑑𝐼 = (𝑑𝑚) 𝑥 2 − − − − − − − − (1)
These reaction forces are the weights borne by them.  Since the mass is distributed uniformly,
 Let us consider the log is in mechanical equilibrium. Hence, the net force and net 𝑀
𝑀 = 𝜆 𝑙 (𝑜𝑟) 𝜆 =
torque on the log must be zero. 𝑙
 Hence for translational equilibrium,  The mass (𝑑𝑚) of the infinitesimally small length is,
𝑅𝐴 + (−𝑚 𝑔) + 𝑅𝐵 = 0 𝑀
𝑹𝑨 + 𝑹𝑩 = 𝒎 𝒈 − − − − − − (1) 𝑙
 And for rotational equilibrium about A,  Put this in equation (1),
(0 𝑋 𝑅𝐴 ) + (− 4 𝑋 𝑚 𝑔) + (7 𝑋 𝑅𝐵 ) = 0 𝑀
𝑑𝐼 = ( 𝑑𝑥) 𝑥 2 − − − − − − − (2)
7 𝑋 𝑅𝐵 = 4 𝑋 𝑚 𝑔 𝑙
4 4  Hence the moment of inertia of the rod about an axis which is perpendicular to
𝑅𝐵 = 𝑚𝑔= 𝑋 280 the rod passes through its one end (O),
7 7
𝑹𝑩 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝑵
𝑙
𝑀 𝑀 𝑙 2
𝐼 = ∫ ( 𝑑𝑥) 𝑥 2 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 Put this in equation (1) 0 𝑙 𝑙 0
𝑅𝐴 + 160 = 280 𝑀 𝑥3
𝑖
𝑀 𝑙3 𝑀 3
𝑅𝐴 = 280 − 160 𝐼= [ ] = [ − 0] = (𝑙 )
𝑙 3 0 𝑙 3 3𝑙
𝑹𝑨 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝑵
𝟏
 As 𝑹𝑨 < 𝑹𝑩 , it is concluded that Babu bears more weight than Arun. The one 𝑰= 𝑴 𝒍𝟐
closer to centre of mass of the log bears more weight. 𝟑
13. A cyclist while negotiating a circular path with speed 20 ms -1 is found to bend 15. Find the radius of gyration of a disc of mass M and radius R rotating about an
an angle by 30o with vertical. What is the radius of the circular path? axis passing through the centre of mass and perpendicular to the plane of the
(given, g = 10 ms-2) disc.
Solution : Solution :
 Equation for angle of bending,  The moment of inertia of a disc about an axis passing through the centre of mass
𝑣 2 and perpendicular to the disc is,
tan 𝜃 = 1
𝑟𝑔 𝐼= 𝑀 𝑅2
2
 Radius of the circular path,  By definition, moment of inertia; 𝐼 = 𝑀 𝐾 2
𝑣2 20 𝑋 20 40  Hence radius of gyration,
𝑟= = = = 40 𝑋 √3 = 40 𝑋 1.732 𝐼 1 𝑀 2 1 2
𝑔 tan 𝜃 10 tan 30° 1
( ) 𝐾2 = = 𝑅 = 𝑅
√3 𝑀 2 𝑀 2
𝒓 = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟐𝟖 𝒎 𝟏
𝑲 = 𝑹 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕 𝑹
√𝟐
16. Find the moment of inertia of a disc of mass 3 kg and radius 50 cm about the 17. Find the moment of inertia about the geometric centre of the given structure
following axes. made up of one thin rod connecting two similar solid spheres as shown in
(i) axis passing through the centre and perpendicular to the plane of the disc, Figure.
(ii) axis touching the edge and perpendicular to the plane of the disc and Solution :
(iii) axis passing through the centre and lying on the plane of the disc.
Solution:
(i) The moment of inertia (I) about an axis passing
through the centre and perpendicular to the plane
of the disc is,
1
IG = 𝑀 𝑅2
2
1  The structure is made up of three objects;
IG = 𝑋 3 𝑋 (50 𝑋 10−2 )2
2 (1) Thin rod of mass, M = 3 kg and the total length, ℓ = 80 cm= 0.8 m
1 −4 −4 −4
IG = 𝑋 3 𝑋 2500 𝑋 10 = 3 𝑋 1250 𝑋 10 = 375 𝑋 10 (2) Two spheres of mass M = 5 kg and the radius, R = 10 cm = 0.1 m
2  The moment of inertia of the rod about its centre of mass is,
IG = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟐 1
(ii) The moment of inertia (I) about an axis touching the edge and perpendicular to Irod = 𝑀 𝑙2
12
the plane of the disc by parallel axis theorem is, 1
I = IG + 𝑀 𝑅 2 Irod = 𝑋 3 𝑋 (80 𝑋 10−2 )2
1 3 12
I= 𝑀 𝑅2 + 𝑀 𝑅2 = 𝑀 𝑅2 1 1
2 2 = 𝑋 3 𝑋 6400 𝑋 10−4 = 𝑋 6400 𝑋 10−4
3 12 4
I= 𝑋 3 𝑋 2500 𝑋 10−4 I = 1600 𝑋 10 −4
= 0.16 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 2
2 rod
= 9 𝑋 1250 𝑋 10−4 = 11250 𝑋 10−4  The moment of inertia of the sphere about its centre of mass
I = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝒈 𝒎 𝟐 2
I𝐺 = 𝑀 𝑅2
(iii) The moment of inertia (I) about an axis passing through the centre and lying on 5
the plane of the disc is,  The moment of inertia of the sphere about geometric centre of the structure is,
1 2 Isphere = IG + 𝑀 𝑑 2
I𝑍 = IG = 𝑀 𝑅 2
2
If, IX = IY = I then by perpendicular axes theorem Isphere = 𝑀 𝑅2 + 𝑀 𝑑 2
5
I𝑍 = IX + IY . 2
= 𝑋 5 𝑋 (10 𝑋 10−2 )2 + 5 𝑋 (50 𝑋 10−2 )2
Here I𝐺 = I + I 5
1 = 2 𝑋 100 𝑋 10−4 + 5 𝑋 2500 𝑋 10−4
𝑀 𝑅2 = 2 I = 200 𝑋 10−4 + 12500 𝑋 10−4
2
1 = 12700 𝑋 10−4
∴ I= 𝑀 𝑅2 Isphere = 1.27 𝑘𝑔 𝑚2
4
1  As there are one rod and two similar solid spheres we can write the total
I= 𝑋 3 𝑋 2500 𝑋 10−4 = 3 𝑋 625 𝑋 10−4 = 1875 𝑋 10−4
4 moment ofinertia (I) of the given geometric structure as,
I = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟐 I = Irod + (2 X Isphere )
I = 0.16 + (2 X 1.27) = 0.16 + 2.54
𝐈 = 𝟐. 𝟕 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟐
18. A disc of mass 500 g and radius 10 cm can freely  As 𝑇 < 𝑚2 𝑔), there is a resultant force (m2a) acting on it downward. Hence
rotate about a fixed axis as shown in figure. light 𝑚2 𝑔 − 𝑇 = 𝑚2 𝑎
and inextensible string is wound several turns  Put equation (3), we get
around it and 100 g body is suspended at its free 𝑎
𝑚2 𝑔 − (𝑚1 𝐾 2 ) 2 = 𝑚2 𝑎
end. Find the acceleration of this mass. [Given: The 𝑅
𝑎
string makes the disc to rotate and does not slip 𝑚2 𝑔 = (𝑚1 𝐾 2 ) 2 + 𝑚2 𝑎
over it. g = 10 m s-2] 𝑅
Solution : 𝑚1 𝐾 2
𝑚2 𝑔 = [ 2 + 𝑚2 ] 𝑎
𝑅
𝑚2 𝑔
𝑎=
𝑚1 𝐾 2
[ 2 + 𝑚2 ]
𝑅
1 𝐾2 1
 Since I = 𝑚1 𝐾 2 = 𝑚1 𝑅2 we have ,=
2 2𝑅2
𝑚2 𝑔 2 𝑚2 𝑔
∴ 𝑎= 𝑚 =
1
[ + 𝑚2 ] [𝑚1 + 2 𝑚2 ]
2
 Substituting the values,
2 𝑋 100 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 10 2000 𝑋10−3
𝑎= =
(500 𝑋 10 ) + (2 𝑋 100 𝑋 10 )
−3 −3 700 𝑋10−3
𝟐𝟎
𝒂 = = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟓𝟕 𝒎 𝒔−𝟐
𝟕
19. A jester in a circus is standing with his arms extended on a turn table rotating
 Forces on mass 𝒎𝟏 : with angular velocity ω. He brings his arms closer to his body so that his
(1) Gravitational force (𝑚1 𝑔) acts downward moment of inertia is reduced to one third of the original value. Find his new
angular velocity. [Given: There is no external torque on the turn table in the
(2) Normal force (N) exerted by the fixed support at the centre acts upward
given situation.]
(3) The tension (T) acts downward at the edge
Solution :
 Here gravitational force balances normal force. So
𝑚1 𝑔 − 𝑁 = 0  Let the moment of inertia of the jester with his arms extended be = I𝑖 = I
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑚1 𝑔 = 𝑁 − − − − − − − (1)  Initial angular velocity = ω𝑖 = ω
I
 The tension T produces a torque, which produces a rotational motion in the disc  Moment of inertia after he brings his arms closer to his body = If = 3
with angular acceleration , which is given by  Final angular velocity = ωf
𝜏 = I  As there is no external torque acting on the jester and the turn table, his total
T R = I  − − − − − − − − (2) angular momentum is conserved. We can write the equation,
Here, 2
I = 𝑚1 𝐾 = 𝑚1 𝑅
1 2 I𝑖 ω𝑖 = If ωf
2
𝑎 I
= Iω= ω
𝑅 3 f
 Equation (2) becomes, 𝛚𝐟 = 𝟑 𝛚
𝑎  The above result tells that the final angular velocity is three times that of initial
T R = (𝑚1 𝐾 2 )
𝑅 angular velocity.
2
𝑎
∴ T = (𝑚1 𝐾 ) 2 − − − − (3)
𝑅
 Forces on mass 𝒎𝟐 :
(1) Gravitational force (𝑚2 𝑔) acts downward
(2) The tension (T) acts downward
20. Find the rotational kinetic energy of a ring of mass 9 kg and radius 3 m rotating
with 240 rpm about an axis passing through its centre and perpendicular to its EXERCISE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
plane. (rpm is a unit of speed of rotation which means revolutions per minute) 1. A uniform disc of mass 100g has a diameter of 10 cm. Calculate the total energy
Solution : of the disc when rolling along a horizontal table with a velocity of 20 cms-1.
 The moment of inertia of the ring about an axis passing through its centre and (take the surface of table as reference)
perpendicular to its plane is, Solution :
𝐈 = M R2 = 9 𝑋 3 𝑋 3 = 𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟐  Total energy of rolling without slipping,
 Angular velocity of the ring , 1 2
𝐾2
2 𝜋 𝑋 240 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑀 𝑣𝐶𝑀 [1 + ]
2 𝑅2
𝛚 = 2 𝜋  = 2 𝜋 𝑋 (240 𝑟𝑝𝑚) = = 𝟖𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒔−𝟏 𝐾2
60  For circular disc , 2 = ,
1
 Hence the rotational kinetic energy, 𝑅 2
1 1 1 1 2
1 1 2
3 3 2
𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡 = I 𝜔2 = 𝑋 81 𝑋 (8 𝜋)2 = 𝑋 81 𝑋 64 𝑋 𝜋 2 ∴ 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑀 𝑣𝐶𝑀 [1 + ] = 𝑀 𝑣𝐶𝑀 [ ] = 𝑀 𝑣𝐶𝑀
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
= 81 𝑋 32 𝑋 10 [∵ 𝜋 2 ≅ 10] 3
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑋 100 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 (20 𝑋 10−2 )2
𝑲𝑬𝒓𝒐𝒕 = 𝟐𝟓𝟗𝟐𝟎 𝐉 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟗𝟐𝟎 𝐤 𝑱 4
21. A rolling wheel has velocity of its centre of mass as 5 m s -1. If its radius is 1.5 m 3
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑋 100 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 400 𝑋 10−4 = 30000 𝑋 10−7
-1
and angular velocity is 3 rad s , then check whether it is in pure rolling or not. 4
Solution : 𝑲𝑬 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝐉
 Translational velocity (𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 ) or velocity of centre of mass, 𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 5 𝑚 𝑠 −1 2. A particle of mass 5 units is moving with a uniform speed of 𝒗 = 𝟑√𝟐 units in
The radius is, R = 1.5 m and the angular velocity is, ω = 3 rad s-1 the XOY plane along the line 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝟒 . Find the magnitude of angular
−1
Rotational velocity, 𝑣𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 𝑅 𝜔 = 1.5 𝑋 3 = 4.5 𝑚 𝑠 momentum.
 As 𝑣𝑟𝑜𝑡 < 𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 , It is not in pure rolling, but sliding. Solution :
22. A solid sphere is undergoing pure rolling. What is the ratio of its translational  Given equation,
kinetic energy to rotational kinetic energy? 𝑦 =𝑥+4
Solution : (𝑜𝑟) 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 =0
 The expression for total kinetic energy in pure rolling is, ∴ 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −1, 𝑐=4
𝐾𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 + 𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡  Then perpendicular distance,
2
1 2
𝐾 1 2
1 𝐾2 𝑎𝑥 +𝑏𝑦+𝑐
𝑀 𝑣𝐶𝑀 [1 + 2 ] = 𝑀 𝑣𝐶𝑀 + M 𝑣𝐶𝑀 2 ( 2 ) 𝑑= | |
2 𝑅 2 2 𝑅 √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
 The above equation suggests that in pure rolling the ratio of translational kinetic  For the straight line passing through orgin (0,0),
energy and rotational kinetic energy is given as, 1𝑋0 + (−1)𝑋0 + 4 0+0+4 4
1 1 𝐾 2 𝑑 = | |= = = 2√2
𝐾𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 ∶ 𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 𝑀 𝑣𝐶𝑀 2
∶ M 𝑣𝐶𝑀 2 ( 2 ) √12 + (−1)2 √2 √2
2 2 𝑅  Hence angular momentum, |⃗⃗𝐿| = 𝑚 𝑣 𝑑
𝐾2
𝐾𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 ∶ 𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 1 ∶ ( 2 ) 𝐿 = 5 𝑋 3√2 𝑋 2√2
𝑅 𝑳 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝐾2 2
 For solid sphere, = , 3. A fly wheel rotates with a uniform angular acceleration. If its angular velocity
𝑅2 5
2 increases from 20 rad s-1 to 40 rad s-1 in 10 seconds. Find the number of
𝐾𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 ∶ 𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡 = 1 ∶ rotations in that period.
5
𝑲𝑬𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔 ∶ 𝑲𝑬𝒓𝒐𝒕 = 𝟓 ∶ 𝟐 Solution :
 Kinematic equations for circular motion,
𝜔 − 𝜔𝑂
𝜔 = 𝜔𝑂 +  𝑡 (𝑜𝑟)  = − − − − (1)
𝑡
2 2
𝜔 − 𝜔𝑂
𝜔2 = 𝜔𝑂2 + 2  𝜃 (𝑜𝑟) 𝜃 = − − − − (2)
2
 Put equation (2) in (1), 5. Two particles P and Q of mass 1kg and 3 kg respectively start moving towards
𝜔2 − 𝜔𝑂2 (𝜔 + 𝜔𝑂 ) (𝜔 − 𝜔𝑂 ) 𝑡 (𝜔 + 𝜔𝑂 ) 𝑡 each other from rest under mutual attraction. What is the velocity of their
𝜃 = 𝜔 − 𝜔𝑂 = = centre of mass?
2 [ ] 2 (𝜔 − 𝜔𝑂 ) 2
𝑡 Solution :
(40 + 20) 𝑋 10  Since they are at rest initially, the velocity of
𝜃 = = 300 𝜋
2 centre of mass of the system is zero. (i.e.)
 The number of rotations in that period, Initially, 𝑣𝐶𝑀 = 0
𝜃 300 𝜋  There is no external force and their translational motion are only due to the
𝑛= = internal forces. It doecs not change the position of the centre of mass.
2𝜋 2𝜋
𝒏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 rotations  So the velocity of the centre of mass 𝑣𝐶𝑀 = 0
4. A uniform rod of mass m and length l makes a constant angle θ with an axis of 6. Find the moment of inertia of a hydrogen molecule about an axis passing
rotation which passes through one end of the rod. Find the moment of inertia through its centre of mass and perpendicular to the inter-atomic axis. Given:
about this axis. mass of hydrogen atom 1.7 × 10-27 kg and inter atomic distance is equal to
4 × 10 -10 m.
Solution :
Moment of inertia about an axis passes through one end of the rod: Solution :
 Mass of the rod =𝑀  The moment of inertia of a hydrogen molecule about
Length of the rod =𝑙 an axis passing through its centre of mass and
Centre of mass =𝐺 perpendicular to the inter-atomic axis,
Angle made by the rod with axis =𝜃 𝐼𝐶𝑀 = 𝑚𝐻 𝑑 2 + 𝑚𝐻 𝑑 2 = 2 𝑚𝐻 𝑑 2
Mass of infinitesimal small element = 𝑑𝑚 𝐼𝐶𝑀 = 2 𝑋 1.7 𝑋 10−27 𝑋 2 𝑋 1010 𝑋 2 𝑋 1010
Distance of the element form its end =𝑥 𝐼𝐶𝑀 = 13.6 𝑋 10−47
Thickness of the small element = 𝑑𝑥 𝑰𝑪𝑴 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝒈 𝒎𝟐
Linear mass density (mass per unit length) =𝜆
 Moment of inertia of the infinetisimal mass about an axis,
𝑑𝐼 = (𝑑𝑚) 𝑥 2 sin2 𝜃 − − − (1)
 Since mass is uniformly distributed ,
𝑀
𝑀 = 𝜆 𝑙 (𝑜𝑟) 𝜆 =
𝑙
 Mass of infinetisimal element,,
𝑀
𝑙
 Put this in equation (1),
𝑀
𝑑𝐼 = ( 𝑑𝑥) 𝑥 2 sin2 𝜃 − − − (2)
𝑙
 Moment of inertia of the rod about an axis passes through one end of the rod
𝑙
𝑀
𝐼 = ∫ ( 𝑑𝑥) 𝑥 2 sin2 𝜃
0 𝑙
𝑙
𝑀 2
= sin 𝜃 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0
𝑖
𝑀 𝑥3 𝑀 𝑙3 𝑀
𝐼= sin2 𝜃 [ ] = sin2 𝜃 [ − 0] = sin2 𝜃 (𝑙 3 )
𝑙 3 0 𝑙 3 3𝑙
𝟏
𝑰= 𝑴 𝒍𝟐 sin2 𝜃
𝟑
Exam No 9. Two discs of same moment of inertia rotating about their regular axis passing
through centre and perpendicular to the plane of disc with angular velocities
UNIT - 5 MOTION OF SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND RIGID BODIES ω1 and ω2. They are brought in to contact face to face coinciding the axis of
rotation. The expression for loss of energy during this process is,
Time - 2 : 30 hours Total - 60 marks 1
(a) 𝐼 (𝜔1 − 𝜔2 )2 (b) 𝐼 (𝜔1 − 𝜔2 )2
4
PART - I 15 X 1 = 15 (c)
1
𝐼 (𝜔1 − 𝜔2 )2 (d)
1
𝐼 (𝜔1 − 𝜔2 )2
Note : (i) Answer all the questions 8 2
10. A disc of moment of inertia Ia is rotating in a horizontal plane about its
(ii) Choose the best answer and write the option code
symmetry axis with a constant angular speed ω. Another disc initially at rest of
and corresponding answer
moment of inertia Ib is dropped coaxially on to the rotating disc. Then, both the
1. The centre of mass of a system of particles does not depend upon,
discs rotate with same constant angular speed. The loss of kinetic energy due
(a) position of particles (b) relative distance between particles
to friction in this process is,
(c) masses of particles (d) force acting on particle
1 𝐼𝑏2 𝐼𝑏2
2. A couple produces, (a)
2 (𝐼𝑎 +𝐼𝑏 )
𝜔2 (b)
(𝐼𝑎 +𝐼𝑏 )
𝜔2
(a) pure rotation (b) pure translation (𝐼 −𝐼 )2 1 𝐼𝑎 𝐼𝑏
(c) rotation and translation (d) no motion (c) 𝑏 𝑎 𝜔2 (d) 𝜔2
(𝐼𝑎 +𝐼𝑏 ) 2 (𝐼𝑎 +𝐼𝑏 )
3. A particle is moving with a constant velocity along a line parallel to positive 11. The ratio of the acceleration for a solid sphere (mass m and radius R) rolling
,X-axis. The magnitude of its angular momentum with respect to the origin is, down an incline of angle θ without slipping and slipping down the incline
(a) zero (b) increasing with x without rolling is,
(c) decreasing with x (d) remaining constant (a) 5 : 7 (b)2 : 3
4. A rope is wound around a hollow cylinder of mass 3 kg and radius 40 cm. What (c) 2 : 5 (d) 7 : 5
is the angular acceleration of the cylinder if the rope is pulled with a force 12. From a disc of radius R a mass M, a circular hole of diameter R, whose rim
30 N? passes through the centre is cut. What is the moment of inertia of the
(a) 0.25 rad s–2 (b) 25 rad s–2 remaining part of the disc about a perpendicular axis passing through it
(c) 5 m s –2 (d) 25 m s–2 (a) 15 MR2/32 (b) 13MR2/32
5. A closed cylindrical container is partially filled with water. As the container
(c) 11 MR2/32 (d) 9MR2/32
rotates in a horizontal plane about a perpendicular bisector, its moment of
13. The speed of a solid sphere after rolling down from rest without sliding on an
inertia,
inclined plane of vertical height h is,
(a) increases (b) decreases
4 10
(c) remains constant (d) depends on direction of rotation. (a) √ 𝑔ℎ (b) √ 𝑔ℎ
3 7
6. A rigid body rotates with an angular momentum L. If its kinetic energy is
1
halved, the angular momentum becomes, (c) √2 𝑔ℎ (d) √ 𝑔ℎ
2
(a) L (b) L/2
14. The speed of the centre of a wheel rolling on a horizontal surface is vo. A point
(c) 2L (d) L/√2
on the rim in level with the centre will be moving at a speed of speed of,
7. A particle undergoes uniform circular motion. The angular momentum of the
(a) zero (b) vo
particle remain conserved about,
(a) the centre point of the circle. (c) √2 vo (d) 2vo
(b) the point on the circumference of the circle. 15. A round object of mass M and radius R rolls down without slipping along an
(c) any point inside the circle. inclined plane. The frictional force,
(d) any point outside the circle. (a) dissipates kinetic energy as heat.
8. When a mass is rotating in a plane about a fixed point, its angular momentum (b) decreases the rotational motion.
is directed along, (c) decreases the rotational and transnational motion
(a) a line perpendicular to the plane of rotation (d) converts transnational energy into rotational energy
(b) the line making an angle of 45° to the plane of rotation
(c) the radius
(d) tangent to the path
PART - II 6 X 2 = 12 33. What is the difference between sliding and slipping?
(or)
Note : (i) Answer any 6 of the following questions . Discuss rolling on inclined plane and arrive at the expression for the acceleration.
(ii) Question No. 23 is compulsory
16. Define centre of mass of a rigid body.
17. Define moment of force or torque. Give its unit.
18. Define angular momentum.
19. Give the relation between torque and angular momentum.
20. Deduce an expression for work done by a torque .
21. Define moment of inertia.
22. Define radius of gyration?
23. The position vectors of two point masses 10 kg and 5 kg are (−3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂)𝑚 ,
(3𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) 𝑚 respectively. Locate the position of centre of mass.
PART - III 6 X 3 = 18
Note : (i) Answer any 6 of the following questions .
(ii) Question No. 30 is compulsory
24. Deduce the relation between torque and angular acceleration.
25. State the principle of moments.
26. How will you determine centre of gravity of uniform lamina of irregular shape.
27. State and prove perpendicular axes theorem. யாமறிந்த மமாழிகளிலே தமிழ்மமாழி லபால்
28. State law of conservation of angular momentum. What is the importance of
conservation of angular momentum? இனிதாவது எங்கும் கால ாம் !
29. Derive an expression for kinetic energy in rotation. பாமர ராய், விேங்குகளாய், உேகனைத்தும்
30. If the force applied is perpendicular to the handle இகழ்ச்சிம ாேப் பான்னமமகட்டு
of the spanner as shown in the diagram, find the
(i) torque exerted by the force about the நாமமது தமிழமரைக் மகாண்டு இங்கு
centre of the nut, வாழ்ந்திடுதல் நன்ல ா? ம ால்லீர் !
(ii) direction of torque and லதமதுரத் தமிலழான உேகமமோம்
பரவும்வனக ம ய்தல் லவண்டும்.
(iii) type of rotation caused by the torque
about the nut.
PART - IV 3 X 5 = 15 நான் அறிந்த மமாழிகளிலே தமிழ்மமாழி லபாே இனினமயாை

மமாழி எங்கும் இல்னே !
Note : (i) Answer all the questions உேகனைத்தும் இகழும்படி சி ப்புகள் மகட்டுலபாக தமிழர் என்
மபயனர மட்டும் மகாண்டு வாழ்ந்திடுதல் நன்ல ா? ம ால்லுங்கள்.
31. Explain why a cyclist bends while negotiating a curve road? Arrive at the expression
எைலவ லதன் லபான் இனிய தமிலழான னய உேகமமோம்
for angle of bending for a given velocity.
பரவும்வனக ம ய்க.
(or)
Derive the expression for moment of inertia of a rod about its centre and
perpendicular to the rod.
32. Derive the expression for moment of inertia of a uniform disc about an axis passing தமிழ் - மகாகவி சுப்பிரமண்ய பாரதியார்
through the centre and perpendicular to the plane.
(or)
State and prove parallel axis theorem.

Namma Kalvi 11th Physics Study Material Unit 5 EM 221092

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Namma Kalvi 11th Physics Study Material Unit 5 EM 221092

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

www.nammakalvi.

HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR-PHYSICS

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed.,

.Solution :-  Hence M.I of remaing part about theperpendicular axis ;

PART - IV 3 X 5 = 15 நான் அறிந்த மமாழிகளிலே தமிழ்மமாழி லபாே இனினமயாை

You might also like