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பசித்திரு (Be hungry) தனித்திரு (Be individual) விழித்திரு (Be conscious)

HIGHER SECONDARY SECOND YEAR-PHYSICS

NAME :
STANDARD : 12 SECTION :
SCHOOL :
EXAM NO :

victory R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed.,

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
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PART – I MULTIPLE CHOICE 1 MARK QUESTIONS & ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS

4. When the current changes from +2A to −2A in 0.05 s, an emf of 8 V is induced
1. An electron moves on a straight line path XY as shown in a coil. The co-efficient of self-induction of the coil is
in the figure. The coil abcd is adjacent to the path of (a) 0.2 H (b) 0.4 H
the electron. What will be the direction of current, if (c) 0.8 H (d) 0.1 H
any, induced in the coil? -Solution :-
(a) The current will reverse its direction as the 𝑑𝐼
 The self induced emf is given by, 𝜖 = −𝐿
𝑑𝑡
electron goes past the coil
 Hence coefficient of self induction ;
(b) No current will be induced (c) abcd (d) adcb 𝜖 𝜖 𝑑𝑡 𝜖𝑡 8 𝑋 0.05 0.4
-Solution :- 𝐿=− 𝑑𝐼 =− 𝑑𝐼
= − = − (−2−2)
= − (−4) = 0.1 𝐻
( ) (𝐼𝑓 −𝐼𝑖 )
 Conventional current flows opposite to flow of electron (i.e) from Y to X 𝑑𝑡

 When current approaches the coil, the magnetic flux linked with it increases and Answer (d) 0.1 H
hence current induced in it which flows in the direction ‘abcd’ according to 5. The current i flowing in a coil varies with time as
Lenz law. When current receeding away from the coil, the magnetic flux linked shown in the figure. The variation of induced emf
with it decreases and hence current induced in it which flows along ‘adcb’ with time would be
 Thus the current will reverse its direction
The current will reverse its direction
Answer (a)
as the electron goes past the coil
2. A thin semi-circular conducting ring (PQR) of radius r
is falling with its plane vertical in a horizontal magnetic
field B, as shown in the figure. The potential difference
developed across the ring when its speed v is
𝐵 𝑣 𝜋 𝑟2 (a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) Zero (b) and P is at higher potential
2 -Solution :-
(c) 𝜋 r B v and R is at higher potential (d) 2 r B v and R is at higher potential 𝑑𝐼
-Solution :-  The self induced emf is given by, 𝜖 = −𝐿
𝑑𝑡
 The motional emf induced is, 𝑒 = 𝐵 𝑙𝑃𝑅 𝑣 = 𝐵 [2 𝑟] 𝑣 = 2 𝑟 𝐵 𝑣  When ‘I’ increases linearly with time, the rate
 By Lenz’s law, the induced current opposes the flux change by producing 𝑑𝐼
of change of current becomes positive
𝑑𝑡
another magnetic field pointing outward (i.e.) opposite to the existing magnetic
field. constant. So induced emf also constant
 From the direction of magnetic field thus produced, the direction of the induced but with negative sign.
current is found to be along RQP by using right-hand thumb rule. Thus R is at  When ‘I’ decreases linearly with time, the
𝑑𝐼
higher potential. rate of change of current becomes 𝑑𝑡
Answer (d) 2 r B v and R is at higher potential negative constant. So induced emf also
3. The flux linked with a coil at any instant t is given by 𝚽𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒕𝟐 − 𝟓𝟎 𝒕 + 𝟐𝟓𝟎 . constant but with positive sign.
The induced emf at t = 3 s is  When ‘I’ is constant, the rate of change of
(a) −190 V (b) −10 V (c) 10 V (d) 190 V current
𝑑𝐼
becomes zero and hence the
-Solution :- 𝑑𝑡
 By Laws of electromagnetic induction ; induced emf also zero
𝑑Φ 𝑑
𝜖 = − 𝐵 = − (10 𝑡 2 − 50 𝑡 + 250) = −(20 𝑡 − 50) = −20 𝑡 + 50
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 When 𝑡 = 3 𝑠, the induced emf ; 𝜖 = −20(3) + 50 = −10 𝑉 Answer (a)
Answer (b) −𝟏𝟎 𝑽
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6. A circular coil with a cross-sectional area of 4 cm2 has 10 turns. It is placed at 10. In a series RL circuit, the resistance and inductive reactance are the same.
the centre of a long solenoid that has 15 turns/cm and a cross-sectional area Then the phase difference between the voltage and current in the circuit is
𝜋 𝜋
of 10 cm2. The axis of the coil coincides with the axis of the solenoid. What is (a) (b)
their mutual inductance? 4 2
𝜋
(a) 7.54 μH (b) 8.54 μH (c) 9.54 μH (d) 10.54 μH (c) (d) zero
6
-Solution :- -Solution :-
 The mutual inductance is given by ; 𝑋
 In RL- circuit, the phase difference will be; 𝜙 = tan−1 [ 𝐿 ]
𝜇𝑜 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴2 4𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 10 𝑋 1500 𝑋 4 𝑋 10−4 𝑅
𝑀= 𝐼1
= 1
= 7.536𝑋10−6 𝐻 = 7.54 𝜇𝐻  Since 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑅, phase difference becomes, 𝜙 = tan −1 [1] 𝜋
= 45° = 4
Answer (a) 7.54 μH 𝝅
Answer (a)
7. In a transformer, the number of turns in the primary and the secondary are 𝟒
410 and 1230 respectively. If the current in primary is 6A, then that in the 11. In a series resonant RLC circuit, the voltage across 100 Ω resistor is 40 V. The
secondary coil is resonant frequency ω is 250 rad/s. If the value of C is 4 μF, then the voltage
(a) 2 A (b) 18 A across L is
(c) 12 A (d) 1 A (a) 600 V (b) 4000 V
-Solution :- (c) 400V (d) 1 V
𝐸𝑆 𝑁 𝐼𝑃 -Solution :-
 From transformer equation ;
𝐸𝑃
= 𝑁𝑆 = 𝐼𝑆
=𝑘 1 1 1
𝑁𝑆 𝐼𝑃 𝑁
𝑃
410 2460  Capacitive reactance ; 𝑋𝐶 =
𝜔𝐶
= 250 𝑋 4 𝑋 10−6 = 10−3
= 103 Ω
 Thus,
𝑁𝑃
= 𝐼𝑆
(or) 𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑃 𝑁𝑃 = 6 𝑋 1230
= 1230 =2𝐴 𝑉 40
𝑆  And the current ; 𝐼 = = = 0.4 𝐴
𝑅 100
Answer (a) 2A 3
 At resonance, 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 = 10 Ω
8. A step-down transformer reduces the supply voltage from 220 V to 11 V and 3
increase the current from 6 A to 100 A. Then its efficiency is  The voltage across L is ; 𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼 𝑋𝐿 = 0.4 𝑋 10 = 400 𝑉
(a) 1.2 (b) 0.83 Answer (c) 400 V
(c) 0.12 (d) 0.9 12. An inductor 20 mH, a capacitor 50 μF and a resistor 40 Ω are connected in
-Solution :- series across a source of emf V = 10 sin 340 t. The power loss in AC circuit is
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑆 𝐼𝑆 11 𝑋 100 5
 Efficiency ; 𝜂 = = = = = 0.83 (a) 0.76 W (b) 0.89 W
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑃 𝐼𝑃 220 𝑋 6 6
(c) 0.46 W (d) 0.67 W
Answer (b) 𝟎. 𝟖𝟑 Solution :-
9. In an electrical circuit, R, L, C and AC voltage source are all connected in series.  Inductive reactance ; 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 = 340 𝑋 20 𝑋 10−3 = 6.8 Ω
1 1
When L is removed from the circuit, the phase difference between the voltage  Capacitive reactance ; 𝑋𝐶 = = −6 = 58.8 Ω
𝝅 𝜔𝐶 340 𝑋 50 𝑋 10
and current in the circuit is . Instead, if C is removed from the circuit, the  Resultant reactance ; 𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿 = 58.8 − 6.8 = 52 Ω
𝟑
𝝅
phase difference is again . The power factor of the circuit is  Impeadance ; 𝑍 = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 = √402 + 522 = √402 + 522 = 65.6 Ω
𝟑
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑉𝑚 /√2 10𝑋 0.707
1 1 √3  RMS current ; 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = = = = 0.108 𝐴
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 𝑍 𝑍 65.6
2 √2 2 2
 Then power loss ; 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑅 = 0.108 𝑋 0.108 𝑋 40 = 0.46 𝑊
-Solution :-
 L is removed, we get RC- circuit and the phase difference ; 𝜙 = tan−1 [
𝑋𝐶
] =
𝜋 Answer (c) 0.46 W
𝑅 3
𝑋 𝜋
 C is removed, we get RL- circuit and the phase difference ; 𝜙 = tan−1 [ 𝑅𝐿 ] = 3
 Hence, 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 and the impedance becomes, 𝑍 = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 = 𝑅
𝑅 𝑅
 Thus power factor ; cos 𝜙 = 𝑍 = 𝑅
=1
Answer (c) 1
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13. The instantaneous values of alternating current and voltage in a circuit are
𝟏 𝟏 𝝅
𝒊= 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝝅 𝒕) 𝑨 and 𝑽 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝝅 𝒕 + 𝟑 ) 𝑽.The average power
√𝟐 √𝟐
in watts consumed in the circuit is
1 √3
(a) (b)
4 4
1 1
(c) (d)
2 8
-Solution :-
 The average power,
𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 1
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝐸𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 = 2 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
√2 √2
1 1 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅 1
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 2 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 = 2 ( ) ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ 𝟑 ] = 8
√𝟐 √𝟐
𝟏
Answer (d) 𝟖
14. In an oscillating LC circuit, the maximum charge on the capacitor is Q. The
charge on the capacitor when the energy is stored equally between the electric
and magnetic fields is
𝑄 𝑄
(a) (b)
2 √3
𝑄
(c) (d) Q
√2
-Solution :-
𝑄2
 Maximum energy stored in capacitor ; 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝐶
 Let ‘q’ be the charge, when energy is stored equally between the electric and
magnetic fields, then
𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑞2 𝑄2 𝑞2 𝑄2 𝑄
2
= 2𝐶
(or)
4𝐶
= 2 𝐶 (or) 2
= 𝑞 2 (or) 𝑞=
√2
𝑸
Answer (c) √𝟐
𝟐𝟎
15. 𝑯 inductor is connected to a capacitor of capacitance C. The value of C in
𝝅𝟐
order to impart maximum power at 50 Hz is
(a) 50 μF (b) 0.5 μF
(c) 500 μF (d) 5 μF
-Solution :-
 For maximum power, current must be maximum. Hence
1 1 1
𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 (or) 𝜔𝐿= 𝜔𝐶
(or) 𝐶 =
𝜔2 𝐿
(or) 𝐶 = 4 𝜋2 𝑓 2 𝐿
1 1 1
𝐶= 𝟐𝟎 = 4 𝑋 2500 𝑋 20 = 200000 = 0.5 𝑋 10−5 = 5 𝑋 10−6 𝐹 = 5 𝜇𝐹
4 𝜋2 502 ( 𝟐 )
𝝅

Answer (d) 𝟓 𝝁𝑭
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PART – II 2 MARK SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
1. Define magnetic flux.
 The magnetic flux through an area ‘A’ in a magnetic field is defined as the
number of magnetic field lines passing through that area normally.
 The S.I unit of magnetic flux is 𝑻 𝒎𝟐 (or) weber
2. Define electromagnetic induction.
 Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a closed coil changes, an emf is induced
and hence an electric current flows in the circuit.
 This emf is called induced emf and the current is called induced current. This
phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction.
3. What is the importance of electromagnetic induction?
 There is an ever growing demand for electric power for the operation of almost
all the devices used in present day life.
 All these are met with the help of electric generators and transformer which
function on electromagnetic induction.
4. State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
(i) Whenever magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit changes, an emf is induced
in the circuit.
(ii) The magnitude of induced emf in a closed circuit is equal to the time rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
5. State Lenz’s law.
 Lenz’s law states that the direction of the induced current is such that is always
opposes the cause responsible for its production.
6. State Flemming’s right hand rule (generator rule).
 The thumb, index finger and middle finger of right hand are stretched out in
mutually perpendicular directions. If index finger points the direction of
magnetic field and the thumb points the direction of motion of the conductor,
then the middle finger will indicate the direction of the induced current.
7. What are called eddy currents? How are they produced?
 When magnetic flux linked with a conductor in the form of a sheet or a plate
changes, an emf is induced. As a result, the induced current flow in concentric
circular paths which resembles eddies of water. Hence these are known as Eddy
currents or Foucault currents.
8. A spherical strone and a spherical metallic ball of same size and mass are
dropped from the same height. Which one will reach earth’s surface first?
Justify your answer.
 The stone will reach the earth’s surface earlier than the metal ball.
 Because when the metal ball falls through the magnetic field of earth, the eddy
currents are produced in it which opposed its motion.
 But in the case of stone, no eddy currents are produced and it falls freely.
9. What is called inductor?
 Inductor is a device used to store energy in a mangnetic field when an electric
current flows through it.
(e.g.) solenoids and toroids
10. What is called self induction?
 The phenomenon of inducing an emf in a coil, when the magnetic flux linked
with the coil itself changes is called self induction.
 The emf induced is called self-induced emf.
11. Define self inductance or coeffient of self induction.
 Self inductance of a coil is defined as the flux linkage of the coil, when 1 A
current flows through it.
 Its S.I unit is 𝑯 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑾𝒃 𝑨−𝟏 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑽 𝒔 𝑨−𝟏 and its dimension is [𝑴 𝑳𝟐 𝑻−𝟐 𝑨−𝟐 ]
12. Define the unit of self inductance (one henry)
 The inductance of the coil is one henry, if a current changing at the rate of 1 A s -1
induces an opposing emf of 1 V in it.
13. What is called mutual induction?
 When an electric current passing through a coil changes with time, an emf is
induced in the neighbouring coil. This phenomenon is known as mutual
induction and the emf is called mutually induced emf.
14. Define mutual inductance or coefficient of mutual induction.
 Mutual inductance is also defined as the opposing emf induced in the one coil,
when the rate of change of current through the other coil is 1 A s-1
 Its S.I unit is 𝑯 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑾𝒃 𝑨−𝟏 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑽 𝒔 𝑨−𝟏 and its dimension is [𝑴 𝑳𝟐 𝑻−𝟐 𝑨−𝟐 ]
15. What the methods of producing induced emf?
 By changing the magnetic field ‘B’
 By changing the area ‘A’ of the coil
 By changing the relative orientation ‘’ of the coil with magnetic field.
16. How an emf is induced by changing the magnetic field?
 Change in magnetic flux of the field is brought about by,
(i) The relative motion between the circuit and the magnet
(ii) Variation in current flowing through the nearby coil
17. What is called AC generator or alternator?
 AC generator is a device which converts mechanical energy used to rotate the
coil or field magnet in to electrical energy.
18. State the principle of AC generator (alternator)
 It work on the principle of electromagnetic induction. (i.e.) The relative
motion between a conductor and a magnetic field changes the magnetic flux
linked with the conductor which in turn induces an emf.
 The magnitude of the induced emf is given by Faraday’s law and its direction by
Flemming’s right hand rule.
19. State single phase AC generator.
 In a single phase AC generator, the armature conductors are connected in series
so as to form a single circuit which generates a single - phase alternating emf
and hence it is called single-phase alternator.
20. State three phase AC generators.
 If there are three separate coils, which would give three separate emf’s then
they are called three phase AC generators.
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21. What are the advantages of three phase AC generators? 30. Define effective value of alternating current.
 For a given dimension of the generator, three -phase machine produces higher  RMS value of AC is also called effective value of AC
power output than a single -phase machine.  The effective value of AC (𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 ) is defined as the value of steady current which
 For the same capacity, three phase alternator is smaller in size when compared when flowing through a given circuit for a given time produces the same
to single phase genarators. amount of heat as produced by the alternating current when flowing through
 Three phase transmission system is cheaper. A relatively thinner wire is the same circuit for the same time.
sufficient for transmission of three phase power. 31. The common house hold appliences, the voltage rating is specified as 230 V,
22. What is called poly phase generator? 50 Hz. What is the meaning of it?
 Some AC generators may have more than one coil in the armature core and each  The voltage rating specified in the common house hold appliences indicates the
coil produces an alternating emf. In these generators, more than one emf is RMS value or effective value of AC. (i.e.) 𝑽𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝑽
produced. Thus they are called poly-phase generators.  Its peak value will be,
23. What is called transformer? 𝑽𝒎 = 𝑽𝒆𝒇𝒇 √𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝑿 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟒 = 𝟑𝟐𝟓 𝑽
 It is a stationary device used to transform electrical power from one circuit to
 Also 50 Hz indicates, the frequency of domestic AC supply.
another without changing its frequency.
32. Define phasor and phasor diagram.
 The applied alternating voltage is either increased or decreased with
 A sinusoidal alternating voltage or current can be represented by a vector
corresponding decrease or increase in current in the circuit.
which rotates about the orgin in anti-clockwise direction at a constant angular
24. Distinguish between step up and step down transformer.
velocity ‘𝜔’. Such a rotating vector is called a phasor.
Step up transformer Step down transformer
 The diagram which shows various phasors and phase relations is called phasor
If the transformer converts an If the transformer converts an
diagram.
alternating current with low voltage in alternating current with high voltage
33. Draw the phasor diagram for an alternating voltage 𝒗 = 𝑽𝒎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕
to an alternating current with high in to an alternating current with low
voltage is called step up transformer. voltage is called step down
transformer.
25. State the principle of transformer.
 The principle of transformer is the mutual induction between two coils. (i.e.)
when an electric current passing through a coil changes with time, and emf is
induced in the other coil.
26. Define the efficiency of the transformer.
 The efficiency (𝜂) of a transformer is defined as the ratio of the useful output 34. Define inductive reactance.
power to the input power.  The resistance offered by the inductor in an ac circuit is called inductive
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜂= 𝑋 100 % reactance and it is given by ; 𝑿𝑳 = 𝝎 𝑳 = 𝟐 𝝅 𝒇 𝑳
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟  Its unit is ohm (𝜴)
27. Define Sinusoidal alternating voltage. 35. An inductor blocks AC but it allows DC. Why?
 If the waveform of alternating voltage is a sine wave, then it is known as  The DC current flows through an inductor produces uniform mangetic field and
sinusoidal alternating voltage and it is given by ; 𝒗 = 𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 the magnetic flux linked remains constant. Hence there is no self induction and
28. Define mean value or average value of AC. self induced emf (opposing emf). So DC flows through an inductor.
 The mean or average value of alternating current is defined as the average of all  But AC flows through an inductor produces time varying magnetic field which
values of current over a positive half cycle or negative half cycle. inturn induces self induced emf and this opposes any change in the current.
𝟐 𝑰𝒎
𝑰𝒂𝒗𝒈 = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟕𝟏 𝑰𝒎 Since AC varies both in magnitude and direction, it flow is opposed by the back
𝝅 emf induced in the inductor and hence inductor blocks AC
29. Define RMS value of AC. 36. Define capacitive reactance.
 The root mean square value of an alternating current is defined as the square  The resistance offered by the capacitor is an ac circuit is called capacitive
root of the mean of the square of all currents over one cycle. 𝟏 𝟏
𝑰𝒎 reactance and it is given by ; 𝑿𝑪 = =
𝝎𝑪 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑪
𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕 𝑰𝒎
√𝟐  Its unit is ohm (𝜴)
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37. A capacitor blocks DC but it allows AC. Why? 45. What are called LC oscillations?
 When DC flows through capacitor, electrons flows from negative terminal and  Whenever energy is given to a circuit containing a pure inductor of inductance L
accumulated at one plate making it negative and hence another plate becomes and a capacitor of capacitance C, the energy oscillates back and forth between
positive. This process is known as charging and once capacitor is fully charged, the magnetic field of the inductor and the electric field of the capacitor.
the current will stop and we say capacitor blocks DC.  Thus the electrical oscillations of definite frequency are generated. These
 But AC flows through capacitor, the electron flow in one direction while oscillations are called LC oscillations.
charging the capacitor and its direction is reversed while discharging. Though 46. Define Flux linkage.
electrons flow in the circuit, no electrons crosses the gap between the plates. In  The product of magnetic flux (Φ𝐵 ) linked with each turn of the coil and the total
this way, AC flows through a capacitor. number of turns (N) in the coil is called flux linkage (NΦ𝐵 )
38. Define resonance. 47. Define impedeance of RLC circuit.
 When the frequency of the applied sourch is equal to the natural frequency of  The effective opposion by resistor, inductor and capacitor to the circuit current
the RLC circuit, the current in the circuit reaches it maximum value. Then the in the series RLC circuit is called impedance (Z)
circuit is said to be in electrical resonance. 𝒁 = √ 𝑹𝟐 + (𝑿𝑳 − 𝑿𝑪 ) 𝟐
 The frequency at which resonance takes place is called resonant frequency.
 Hence the condition for resonance is : 𝑿𝑳 = 𝑿𝑪
39. What are the applications of series RLC resonant circuit?
 RLC circuits have many applications like filter circuits, oscillators, voltage
multipliers etc.,
 An important use of series RLC resonant circuits is in the tuning circuits of radio
and TV systems. To receive the signal of a particular station among various
broadcasting stations at different frequencies, tuning is done.
40. Resonance will occur only in LC circuits. Why?
 When the circuits contains both L and C, then voltage across L and C cancel one
another when 𝑉𝐿 and 𝑉𝐶 are 180 out of phase and the circuit becomes purely
resistive.
 This implies that resonance will not occur in a RL and RC circuits.
41. Define Q - factor or quality factor.
 Q - factor is defined as the ratio of voltage across L or C to the applied voltage
at resonance.
42. Define power in an AC circuits.
 Power of a circuits is defined as the rate of consumption of electric energy in
that circuit.
 It is the product of the voltage and current.
43. Define power factor.
 Power factor (cos 𝜙) of a circuit is defined as the cosine of the angle of lead or
lag
 Power factor is also defined as the ratio of true power to the apparent power.
44. Define wattles current.
 If the power consumed by an AC circuit is zero, then the current in that circuit is
said to be wattless current.
 This wattles current happens in a purely inductive or capacitive circuit.
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PART – III 3 MARK SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
1. Establish the fact that the relative motin between the coil and the magnet
induces an emf in the coil of a closed circuit.
Faraday’s experiment - 1 :
 Consider a closed circuit consisting of a coil ‘C’ and a galvanometer ‘G’. Initially
the galvanometer shows no deflection.
3. How we understood the conclusions obtained from Faraday’s experiment.
 When a bar magnet move towards the stationary coil with its north pole (N)
facing the coil, there is a momentary deflection in the galvanometer. This
indicates that an electric current is set up in the coil
 If the magnet is kept stationary inside the coil, the galvanometer does not
indicate deflection.
 The bar magnet is now withdrawn from the coil, the galvanometer again gives a
momentary deflection but is opposite direction. This indicates current flows in
opposite direction.
 Now if the magnet is moved faster, it gives a larger deflection due to a greater
current in the circuit.
 The bar magnet is reversed (i.e.) the south pole now faces the coil and the
experiment is repeated, same results are obtained but the directions of
deflection get reversed.
 Simillarly if the magnet is kept stationary and the coil moved towards or away
from the coil, similar results are obtained.
 Thus the above experiments concluded that, whenever there is a relative motion
between the coil and the magnet, ther is a deflection in the galvanometer,
indicating the electric current set up in the coil.
2. Prove that experimentaly if the current in a one closed circuit changes, an emf
is induced in another circuit.
Faraday’s experiment - 2 :
 Consider a closed circuit called primary consisting of coil ‘P’, a battery ‘B’ and a
key ‘K’
 Consider an another closed circuit called secondary consisting of coil ‘S and a
galvanometer ‘G’
 Here the two coils ‘P’ and ‘S’ are kept at rest in close proximity with respect to
one another.
 When the primary circuit is closed, current starts flowing in this circuit. At this
time, the galvanometer gives a momentary deflection. After that, when current
reaches a steady value, no deflection is observed in the galvanometer.
 Similarly, if the primary circuit is broken, current starts decreasing and there is
again a momentary deflection but in the opposite direction. When current
becomes zero, the galvanometer shows no deflection.
 From the above observations, it is concluded that whenever the electric current
in the primary changes, the galvanometer in secondary shows a deflection.
Faraday’s experiment - Explanation :
Experiment - 1 :
 In the first experiment, when a bar magnet is placed close to a coil, then there is
some magnetic flux linked with the coil.
 When the barmagneti and coil approach each other, the magnetic flux linked
with the coil increases and this increase in magnetic flux induces an emf and
hence a transient current flows in one direction.
 At the same time, when they recede away from one another, the magnetic flux
linked with the coil decreases. The decrease in magnetic flux again induces an
emf in opposite direction and hence an electric current flows in opposite
direction.
 So there is deflection in the galvanometer, when there is a relative motion
between the coil and the magnet.
Experiment - 2 :
 In the second experiment, when the primary coil ‘P’ carries an electric current, a
magnetic field is established around it. The magnetic lines of this field pass
through itself and the neighbouring secondary coil ‘S’
 When the primary circuit is open, no current flows in it and hence the magnetic
flux linked with secondary coil is zero
 When the primary circuit is closed, the increasing current increases the
magnetic flux linked with primary as well as secondary coil. This increasing flux
induces a current in the secondary coil.
 When the current in the primary coil reaches a steady value, the magnetic flux
linked with the secondary coil does not change and the current in it will
disappear.
 Similarly, when the primary circuit is broken, the decreasing current induces an
electric current in the secondary coil, but in opposite direction.
 So there is a deflection in the galvanometer, whenever there is a change in the
primary current.
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4. State and explain Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction. 6. Show that Lenz’s law is in accordance with the law of conservation of energy.
Faraday’s first law : Conservation of energy - Lenz’s law :
 Whenever magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit changes, an emf is induced  According to Lenz’s law, when a magnet is moved either towards or away from
in the circuit. a coil, the induced current produced opposes its motion.
 The induced emf lasts so long as the change in magnetic flux continues.  As a result, there will always be a resisting force on the moving magnet. So work
Faraday’s second law : has to be done by some external agency to move the magnet against this
 The magnitude of induced emf in a closed circuit is equal to the time rate of resistive force.
change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.  Here the mechanical energy of the moving magnet is converted into the
 If magnetic flux linked with the coil changes by 𝑑Φ𝐵 in time 𝑑𝑡 , then the electrical energy which inturn gets converted in to Joule heat in the coil. (i.e)
induced emf is given by, energy is conserved from one form to another
𝑑Φ𝐵  On the contrary to Lenz’s law, let us assume that the induced current helps the
𝜖= −
𝑑𝑡 cause responsible for its production.
 The negative sign in the above equation gives the direction of the induced  If we push the magnet little bit towards the coil, the induced current helps the
current movement of the magnet towards the coil.
 If a coil consisting of ‘N’ turns, then  Then the magnet starts moving towards the coil without any expense of energy,
𝒅𝚽𝑩 𝒅 ( 𝐍 𝚽𝑩 ) which is impossible in practice.
𝝐= −𝑵 = −
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕  Therefore the assumption that the induced current helps the cause is wrong.
 Here N Φ𝐵 is called flux linkage. 7. Obtain an expression for motional emf from Lorentz force.
5. Give an illustration of determining direction of induced current by using Motional emf from Lorentz force:
Lenz’s law.  Consider a straight conductor
Explanation of Lenz’s law : rod AB of length ‘𝑙’ in a uniform
magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗ which is
directed perpendicularly in to
plane of the paper.
 Let the rod move with a constant
velocity 𝑣⃗⃗⃗ towards right side.
 When the rod moves, the free
electrons present in it also move with same velocity ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
𝑣 in 𝐵
 As a result, the Lorentz forec acts on free electron in the direction from B to A
 Let a bar magnet move towards the solenoid with its north pole pointing the and it is given by,
solenoid. ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝐵 = −𝑒 (⃗⃗⃗𝑣 𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 ) − − − − (1)
 This motion increases the magnetic flux linked with the solenoid and hence an  Due to this force, all the free electrons are accumulate at the end A which
electric current is induced. Due to the flow of induced current, the coil become a produces the potential difference across the rod which inturn establishes an
magnetic dipole whose two magnetic poles are on either end of the coil. electric field ⃗⃗⃗𝐸 directed along BA
 Here the cause producing the induced current is the movement of the magnet.  Due to the electric field, the Coulomb force starts acting on the free electron
 According to Lenz’s law, the induced current should flow in such a way that it along AB and it is given by,
opposed the movement of the north pole towards coil. ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝐸 = − 𝑒 ⃗⃗⃗𝐸 − − − − − (2)
 It is possible if the end nearer to the magnet becomes north pole. Then it repels ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
 At equilibrium, | 𝐹𝐵 | = | 𝐹𝐸 |
the north pole of the bar magnet and opposed the movement of the magnet.
 Once pole end are known, the direction of the induced current could be found |−𝑒 (⃗⃗⃗𝑣 𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 )| = |−𝑒 ⃗⃗⃗𝐸 |
by using right hand thumb rule. 𝐵 𝑒 𝑣 sin 90° = 𝑒 𝐸
 Whwn the bar magnet is with drawn, the nearer end becomes south pole which 𝐵𝑣 = 𝐸 − − − − (3)
attracts north pole of the bar magnet, opposing the receding of the magnet.  The potential difference between two ends of the rod is ,
 Thus the direction of the induced current can be found from Lenz’s law. 𝑉=𝐸𝑙=𝐵𝑣𝑙
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 Thus the Lorentz force on the free electrons is responsible to maintain this  Let Φ𝐵 be the magnetic flux linked with each turn of the coil of turn ‘N’, then
potential difference and hence produces an emf total flux linkage (𝑁Φ𝐵 )
𝝐=𝑩𝒍𝒗 − − − − (4) is directly proportional to the current ‘𝑖’
 Since this emf is produced due to the movement of the rod, it is often called as N Φ𝐵 ∝ 𝑖 (𝑜𝑟) N Φ𝐵 = 𝐿 𝑖
motional emf. 𝐍 𝚽𝑩
∴ 𝐋=
8. Define eddy currents. Demonstrate the production of eddy currents. 𝒊
Eddy currents:  Where, L  constant called coefficient of self induction (or) self inductance
 When magnetic flux linked with a conductor in the form of a sheet or a plate  When the current (𝑖) changes with time, an emf is induced in the coil and it is
changes, an emf is induced. given by,
 As a result, the induced current flow in concentric circular paths which 𝑑(N Φ𝐵 ) 𝑑 (𝐿 𝑖) 𝒅𝒊
∈= − = − = −𝑳
resembles eddies of water. Hence these are known as Eddy currents or Foucault 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝒅𝒕
currents. ∈
∴ 𝑳 = −
Demonstration : 𝒅𝒊
( )
 Let a pendulum that can be freely suspended between the poles of a powerful 𝒅𝒕
Coefficient of self induction - Definition :
electromagnet.
 Self inductance of a coil is defined as the flux linkage of the coil, when 1 A
 Keeping the magnetic field switched off, If the pendulum is made to oscillate, it
current flows through it.
executes a large number of oscillations before stops. Here air friction is a only
 Self inductance of a coil is also defined as the opposing emf induced in the coil,
damping force.
when the rate of change of current through the coil is 1 A s-1
 When the electro magnet is switched on, and the pendulum is made to oscillate, it
11. How will you define the unit of inductance?
comes to rest within a few oscillations. Because eddy currents are produced in it
Unit of inductance :
and it will oppose the oscillations (Lenz’s law)
 Inductance is a scalar and its unit is 𝑾𝒃 𝑨−𝟏 (or) 𝑽 𝒔 𝑨=𝟏 (or) henry (H)
 However some slots are cut in the disc, the eddy currents are reduced and now
 It dimension is [𝑴 𝑳𝟐 𝑻−𝟐 𝑨−𝟐 ]
the pendulum executes several oscillations before coming to rest.
Definition - 1 :
 This clearly demonstrates the production of eddy current in the disc of the 𝐍 𝚽𝑩
pendulum.  The self inductance is given by, 𝐋 =
𝒊
9. What are the drawbacks of Eddy currents. How it is minimized?  The inductance of the coil is one henry if a current of 1 A produces unit fux
Drawbacks of Eddy currents : linkage in the coil.
 When eddy currents flow in the conductor, a large amout of energy is dissipated Definition - 2 :
∈
in the form of heat.  The self inductance is given by, 𝑳 = − 𝒅𝒊
( )
 The energy loss due to flow of eddy current is inevitable but it can be reduced. 𝒅𝒕

 To reduce eddy current losses, the core of the transformer is made up of thin  The inductance of the coil is one henry if a current changing at the rate of
laminas insulated from one another. In case of electric motor the winding is 𝟏 𝑨 𝒔−𝟏 induces an opposing emf of 1 V in it.
made up of a group of wire insulated from one another. 12. Discuss the physical significance of inductance.
 The insulation used does not allow huge eddy currents to flow and hence losses Physical inductance of inductance :
are minimized.
10. Explain self induction and define coefficient of self induction on the basis of
(1) magnetic flux and (2) induced emf
Self induction :
 When an electric current flowing
through a coil changes, an emf is
induced in the same coil. This  Generally inertia means opposition to change the state of the body.
phemomenon is known as self  In translational motion, mass is a measure of inertia, whereas in rotational
induction. The emf induced is called motion, moment of inertia is a measure of rotational inertia.
self-induced emf.  Simillarly inductance plays the same role in a circuit as the mass and moment of
inertia play in mechanical motion.
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 When a ciruit is switched on, the increasing current induces an emf which  Let ‘dW’ be the workdone in moving a charge ‘dq’ in a time ‘dt’ against the
opposes the growth of current in a circuit. opposition, then
 Similllarly, when a circuit is broken, the decreaing current induces an emf in the 𝑑𝑊 = − ∈ 𝑑𝑞 = − ∈ 𝑖 𝑑𝑡
reverese direction which opposed the decay of the current. 𝑑𝑖
𝑑𝑊 = − [−𝐿 ] 𝑖 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑖 𝑑𝑖
 Thus inductance on the coil opposes any change in current and tries to maintain 𝑑𝑡
the original state.  Total wor done in establishing the current ‘𝑖’ is
𝑖
13. Assuming that the length of the solenoid is large when compared to its 𝑖2 1
diameter, find the equation for its inductance. 𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫ 𝐿 𝑖 𝑑𝑖 = 𝐿 [ ] = 𝐿 𝑖 2
2 0 2
Self inductance of a long solenoid (L) :
 Consider a long solenoid of length ‘𝑙’, area  This work done is stored as magnetic potential energy. (i.e)
𝟏
of cross section ‘A’ having ‘N’ number of 𝑼𝑩 = 𝑳 𝒊𝟐
turns 𝟐
 The energy stored per unit volume of the space is called energy density (𝑢𝐵 )
 Let ‘𝑛’ be number of turns per unit length
and it is given by,
(i.e.) turn density 1 2
 When an electric current ‘𝑖’ is passed 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 (𝑈𝐵 ) 2 𝐿 𝑖 1 (𝜇𝑜 𝑛2 𝐴 𝑙) 𝑖 2
through the coil, a magnetic field at any 𝑢𝐵 = = =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝐴 𝑙) 𝐴𝑙 2 𝐴𝑙
point inside the solenoid is, 𝝁𝒐 𝒏 𝟐 𝒊𝟐
𝐵 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑛 𝑖 𝒖𝑩 =
𝟐
 Due to this field, the magnetic flux linked with the solenoid is, 𝑩𝟐
𝒖𝑩 = [∵ 𝐵 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑛 𝑖]
⃗⃗⃗ = ∮ 𝐵 𝑑𝐴 cos 90° = 𝐵 𝐴
Φ𝐵 = ∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 . 𝑑𝐴 𝟐 𝝁𝒐
15. Explain mutual induction. Define coefficient of mutual induction on the basis
Φ𝐵 = [𝜇𝑜 𝑛 𝑖] 𝐴
of (1) magnetic flux and (2) induced emf
 Hence the total magnetic flux linked (i.e.) flux linkage
Mutual induction :
𝑁 Φ𝐵 = 𝑁 𝜇𝑜 𝑛 𝑖 𝐴 = (𝑛 𝑙) 𝜇𝑜 𝑛 𝑖 𝐴
𝑵 𝚽𝑩 = 𝝁𝒐 𝒏𝟐 𝒊 𝑨 𝒍
 Let ‘L’ be the self inductance of the solenoid, then
𝑁 Φ𝐵 𝜇𝑜 𝑛2 𝑖 𝐴 𝑙
𝐿= =
𝑖 𝑖
𝟐
𝑳 = 𝝁𝒐 𝒏 𝑨 𝒍
 If the solenoid is filled with a dielectric medium of relative permeability ‘𝜇𝑟 ’,
then ; 𝑳 = 𝝁𝒐 𝝁𝒓 𝒏 𝟐 𝑨 𝒍 = 𝝁 𝒏 𝟐 𝑨 𝒍
 Thus, the inductance depens on  When an electric current passing through a coil changes with time, an emf is
(i) geomentry of the solenoid induced in the neighbouring coil. This phenomenon is known as mutual
(ii) medium present inside the solenoid induction and the emf is called mutually induced emf.
14. An inductor of inductance ‘L’ carries an electric current ‘𝒊’. How much energy  Consider two coils 1 and 2 which are placed close to each other. If an electric
is stored while establishing the current in it? current ‘𝑖1 ’ is sent through coil -1, the magnetic field produced by it also linked
Energy stored in an solenoid : with the coil -2
 Whenever a current is established in the circuit, the inductance opposes the  Let ‘Φ21 ’ be the magnetic flux linked with each turn of the coil-2 of 𝑁2 turns due
growth of the current. to coil -1, then the total flux linked with coil -2 is proportional to the current ‘𝑖1 ’
 To establish the current, work has to done against this opposition. This work in the coil -`1 (i.e.)
done is stored as magnetic potential energy. 𝑁2 Φ21 ∝ 𝑖1 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑁2 Φ21 = 𝑀21 𝑖1
 Consider an inductor of negligible resistance, the induced emf ‘∈’ at any instant 𝑵𝟐 𝚽𝟐𝟏
∴ 𝑴𝟐𝟏 = − − − − (𝟏)
‘t’ is 𝒊𝟏
𝑑𝑖  Here 𝑀21 → constant called coefficient of mutual induction or mutual
∈ = −𝐿
𝑑𝑡 inductance coil -2 with respect to coil -1
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 When the current ‘𝑖1 ’ changes with time, an emf ‘∈2 ’ is induced in coil -2 and it is  Simillarly, Let ‘𝑖2 ’ be the current flowing through solenoid -2, then the magnetic
given by, field produced inside it is,
𝑑 (𝑁2 Φ21 ) 𝑑 (𝑀21 𝑖1 ) 𝑑𝑖1 𝐵2 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑛2 𝑖2
∈2 = − = − = − 𝑀21
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡  Hence the magnetic flux linked with each turn of solenoid -1 due to solenoid -2 is
∈𝟐
∴ 𝑴𝟐𝟏 = −
𝒅𝒊
− − − − (2) Φ12 = ∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝐵2 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐴2 = ∮ 𝐵2 𝑑𝐴2 cos 0° = 𝐵2 𝐴2
( 𝟏)
𝒅𝒕 Φ12 = (𝜇𝑜 𝑛2 𝑖2 ) 𝐴2
 Simillarly,  Then total flux linkage of solenoid -1 of 𝑁1 turns is
𝑵𝟏 𝚽𝟏𝟐
𝑴𝟏𝟐 = − − − − (𝟑) 𝑁1 Φ12 = (𝑛1 𝑙 ) (𝜇𝑜 𝑛2 𝑖2 ) 𝐴2
𝒊𝟏𝟐 𝑁1 Φ12 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝐴2 𝑙 𝑖2 − − − (3)
∈𝟏
& 𝑴𝟏𝟐 = − − − − − (4)  So the mutual inductance of solenoid -1 with respect to solenoid -2 is given by,
𝒅𝒊𝟐 𝑁1 Φ12 𝜇𝑜 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝐴2 𝑙 𝑖2
( ) 𝑀12 = =
𝒅𝒕
 Here 𝑀21 → constant called coefficient of mutual induction or mutual 𝑖2 𝑖2
inductance coil -2 with respect to coil -1 𝑴𝟏𝟐 = 𝝁𝒐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒍 − − − − (4)
Coefficient of mutual induction - Definition :  From equation (2) and (4), 𝑴𝟏𝟐 = 𝑴𝟐𝟏
 The mutual inductance is defined as the flux linkage of the one coil, when 1 A  In general, the mutual inductance between two long co-axial solenoids is ,
current flow through other coil. 𝑴 = 𝝁 𝒐 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒍
 Mutual inductance is also the opposing emf induced in one coil, when the rate of  If the solenoid is filled with a dielectric medium of relative permeability ‘𝜇𝑟 ’,
change of current through other coil is 1 𝐴 𝑠 −1 then 𝑴 = 𝝁 𝒐 𝝁 𝒓 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒍 = 𝝁 𝒏 𝟏 𝒏 𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒍
16. Show that the mutual inductance between a pair of coils is same (𝑴𝟏𝟐 = 𝑴𝟐𝟏 )  Thus, the inductance depens on
Mutual inductance between a pair of coils : (i) geomentry of the solenoids
 Consider two long co-axial solenoids of (ii) medium present inside the solenoids
same length ‘𝑙’ (iii) proximity of the two soienoids
 Let 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 be the area of cross section 17. How will you induce an emf by changing the area enclosed by the coil.
of the solenoids. Here 𝐴1 > 𝐴2 EMF induced by changing area enclosed by the coil
 Let the turn density of these solenoids are  Consider a conducting rod of length ‘𝑙’
𝑛1 and 𝑛2 resectively. moving with a velocity ‘𝑣’ towards left
 Let ‘𝑖1 ’ be the current flowing through on a rectangular metallic frame work.
solenoid -1, then the magnetic field  The whole arangemetn is placed in a
produced inside it is, uniform magnetic field ‘ ⃗⃗⃗𝐵 ’ acting
𝐵1 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑛1 𝑖1 perpendicular to the plane of the coil
 Hence the magnetic flux linked with each turn of solenoid -2 due to solenoid -1 inwards.
is  As the rod moves from AB to DC in a
time ‘dt’, the area enclosed by the loop and hence the magnetic flux through the
Φ21 = ∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝐵1 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐴2 = ∮ 𝐵1 𝑑𝐴2 cos 0° = 𝐵1 𝐴2 loop decreases.
Φ21 = (𝜇𝑜 𝑛1 𝑖1 ) 𝐴2  The change in magnetic flux in time ’dt’ is
 Then total flux linkage of solenoid -2 of 𝑁2 turns is 𝑑Φ𝐵 = 𝐵 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐵 (𝑙 𝑋 𝑣 𝑑𝑡)
𝑁2 Φ21 = (𝑛2 𝑙 ) (𝜇𝑜 𝑛1 𝑖1 ) 𝐴2 𝑑Φ𝐵
=𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑁2 Φ21 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝐴2 𝑙 𝑖1 − − − − (1) 𝑑𝑡
 So the mutual inductance of solenoid -2 with respect to solenoid -1 is given by,  This change in magnetic flux results and induced emf and it is given by,
𝑁2 Φ21 𝜇𝑜 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝐴2 𝑙 𝑖1 𝑑Φ𝐵
𝑀21 = = ∈= = 𝑩𝒍𝒗
𝑖1 𝑖1 𝑑𝑡
𝑴𝟐𝟏 = 𝝁𝒐 𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝒍 − − − − (2)  This emf is called motional emf. The direction of induced current is found to be
clock wise from Fleming’s right hand rule.
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18. What are the advantages of stationary armature - rotating field alternator? Illustration :
Advantages of stationary armature - rotating field alternator :  Let an electric power of 2 MW is transmitted through the transmission lines of
 The current is drawn directly from fixed terminals on the stator without the use resistance 40 Ω at 10 𝑘𝑉 and 100 𝑘𝑉
of brush contacts. 𝑃 2 𝑋 106
(i) 𝑃 = 2 𝑀𝑊, 𝑅 = 40 Ω, 𝑉 = 10 𝑘𝑉, then ; 𝐼 = = = 200 𝐴
 The insulation of stationary armature winding is easier. 𝑉 10 𝑋 103
Power loss = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = (200)2 𝑋 40 = 1.6 𝑋 106 𝑊
 The number of slip rings is reduced. Moreover the sliding contacts are used for
1.6 𝑋 106
low-voltage DC source. % of Power loss = = 0.8 = 𝟖𝟎 %
 Armature windings can be constructed more rigidly to prevent deformation due 2 𝑋 106
𝑃 2 𝑋 106
to any mechanical stress. (ii) 𝑃 = 2 𝑀𝑊, 𝑅 = 40 Ω, 𝑉 = 100 𝑘𝑉 , then; 𝐼 = = 3 = 20 𝐴
𝑉 100 𝑋 10
19. Explain various energy losses in a transformer. Power loss = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = (20)2 𝑋 40 = 0.016 𝑋 106 𝑊
Energy losses in a transformer : 0.016 𝑋 106
(i) Core loss or Iron loss : % 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = = 0.008 = 𝟎. 𝟖 %
2 𝑋 106
 Hysterisis loss and eddy current loss are known as core loss or Iron loss.
 Thus it is clear that, when an electric power is transmitted at high voltage, the
 When transformer core is magnetized or demangnetized repeatedly by the
power loss is reduced to a large extent.
alternating voltage applied across primary coil, hyterisis takes place and
 So at transmitting point the voltage is increased and the corresponding current
some energy lost in the form of heat. It is minimized by using silicone steel
is decreased by using step-up transformer. At receiving point, the voltage is
in making transformer core.
decreased and the current is increased by using step-down transformer
 Alternating magnetic flux in the core induces eddy currents in it. Therefore
21. Obtain the expression for average value of alternating current.
there is energy loss due to the flow of eddy current called eddy current loss.
Average or Mean value of AC :
It is minimized by using very thin laminations of transformer core.
 The average value of AC is defined as the average of all values of current over a
(ii) Copper loss :
positive half-cycle or negative half-cycle.
 The primary and secondary coils in transformer have electrical resistance.
Expression :
 When an electric current flows through them, some amount of energy is
 The average or mean value of AC over one
dissipated due to Joule’s heating and it is known as copper loss. It is
complete cycle is zero. Thus the average or
minimized by using wires of larger diameter (thicki wire)
mean value is measured over one half of a
(iii) Flux leakage :
cycle.
 The magnetic flux linked with primary coil is not completely linked with
 The alternating current at any instant is
secondary.
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜃
Energy loss due to this flux leakage is minimize by winding coils one over
 The sum of all currents over a half-cycle is
the other.
given by area of positive half-cycle (or)
20. Discuss the advantages of AC in long distance power transmission.
negative half-cycle.
Long distance power transmission :
 Consider an elementary strip of thickness ‘𝑑𝜃’ in positive half-cycle,
 The electric power is generated in power stations using AC generators are
Area of the elementary strip = 𝑖 𝑑𝜃
transmitted over long distances through transmission lines to reach towns or
cities. This process is called power transmission.  Then area of positive half-cycle,
𝜋
𝜋
 But during power transmission, due to Joules’s heating (( 𝐼 2 𝑅 ) in the
= ∫ 𝑖 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝐼𝑚 [− cos 𝜃]𝜋0
transmission lines, sizable fraction of electric power is lost. 0
0
 This power loss can be reduced either by reducing current (I) or by reducing = − 𝐼𝑚 [cos 𝜋 − cos 0] = − 𝐼𝑚 [−1 − 1] = 2 𝐼𝑚
resistance (R)
 Then Average value of AC,
 Here the resistance ‘R’ can be reduced with thick wires of copper or aluminium. 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 − 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
But this increases the cost of production of transmission lines and hence this 𝐼𝑎𝑣 =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 − 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
method is not economically viable. 𝟐 𝑰𝒎
 Thus by using transformer, the current is reduced by stepped up the alternating 𝐈𝒂𝒗𝒈 = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟕 𝑰𝒎
𝝅
voltage and thereby reducing power losses to a greater extent.
 For negative half-cycle ; 𝐈𝒂𝒗𝒈 = − 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟕 𝑰𝒎
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22. Obtain an expression for RMS value of alternating current. 23. Draw the phasor diagram and wave diagram for that current ‘𝒊’ leads the
RMS value of AC (𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 ) : voltage ‘V’ by phase angle of ‘𝝓’
 The root mean squae value of an alternating current is defined as the square Phasor and wave diagram of ‘𝒊’ leads ‘V’ by ‘𝝓’
root of the mean of the squares of all currents over one cycle.  Let the alternating current and voltage at any instant is,
Expression : 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
 The alternating current at any 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
instant is
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜃
 The sum of the squares of all
currents over one cycle is given by
the area of one cycle of squared
wave.
 Consider an elementary area of
thickness ‘𝑑𝜃’ in the first half-cycle of the squared current wave.
Area of the element = 𝑖 2 𝑑𝜃
 Area of one cycle of squared wave,
2𝜋
2𝜋
= ∫ 𝑖 2 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝐼𝑚 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 24. Find out the phase relation ship between voltage and current in a pure
0
0 resistive circuit.
2𝜋
1 − cos 2𝜃 AC circuit containing pure resistor :
= 𝐼𝑚 2 ∫ [ ] 𝑑𝜃 [∵ cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃 ]
0 2
𝐼𝑚 2 2𝜋 2𝜋
= [∫ 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃]
2 0 0
𝐼𝑚 2 sin 2𝜃 2𝜋
= [𝜃− ]
2 2 0
𝐼𝑚 2 sin 4𝜋 sin 0
= [2𝜋 − −0+ ]
2 2 2
[∵ sin 0 = sin 4𝜋 = 0]
 Let a pure resistor of resistance ‘R’ connected across an alternating voltage
𝐼𝑚 2 source ‘𝑣’
= [2 𝜋] = 𝐼𝑚 2 𝜋
2  The instantaneous value of the alternating voltage is given by,
 Hence, 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 − − − − (1)
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒  Let ‘𝑖’ be the alternating current flowing in the circuit due to this voltage, then
𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = √ the potential drop across ‘R’ is
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑉𝑅 = 𝑖 𝑅 − − − − (2)
𝐼𝑚 2 𝜋 𝐼𝑚 2  From Kirchoff’s loop rule, 𝑣 − 𝑉𝑅 = 0
IRMS = √ = √ (𝑜𝑟) 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑅
2𝜋 2
𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑖 𝑅
𝑰𝒎 𝑉𝑚
𝐈𝐑𝐌𝐒 = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕 𝑰𝒎 𝑖= sin 𝜔𝑡
√𝟐 𝑅
 Simillarly for alternating voltage, it can be shown that, 𝒊 = 𝑰𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 − − − − (3)
𝑽𝒎 𝑉𝑚
𝐕𝐑𝐌𝐒 = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕 𝑽𝒎 Here, = 𝐼𝑚 → Peak value of AC
𝑅
√𝟐  From equation (1) and (3), it is clear that, the applied voltage and the current
 RMS value of AC is also called effective value (𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 )
are in phase with each other. This is indicated in the phasor and wave diagram.
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 From equation (1) and (3), it is clear that current lags behind the applied
𝝅
voltage by . This is indicated in the phasor and wave diagram.
𝟐

25. Find out the phase relation ship between voltage and current in a pure
inductive circuit.
AC circuit containing pure inductor: Inductive reactance (𝑿𝑳 ) :
 Let a pure inductor of inductance  In pure inductive circuit, ‘𝜔 𝐿’ is the resistance offered by the inductor and it is
‘L’ connected across an alternating called inductive reactance (𝑋𝐿 ). Its unit is ohm (𝜴)
voltage source ‘𝑣’ 𝑿𝑳 = 𝝎 𝑳 = 𝟐 𝝅 𝒇 𝑳
 The instantaneous value of the 26. Find out the phase relation ship between voltage and current in a pure
alternating voltage is given by, capacitive circuit.
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 − − − − (1) AC circuit containing pure capacitor :
 Let ‘𝑖’ be the alternating current  Let a pure capacitor of capacitance
flowing in the circuit due to this ‘C’ connected across an alternating
voltage, which induces a self induced emf (back emf) across ‘L’ and it is given by voltage source ‘𝑣’
𝑑𝑖  The instantaneous value of the
∈= − 𝐿 − − − − (2)
𝑑𝑡 alternating voltage is given by,
 From Kirchoff’s loop rule, 𝑣 − (−∈) = 0 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 − − − − (1)
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑣 = −∈  Let ‘𝑞’ be the instantaneous charge
𝑑𝑖 on the capacitor. The emf across the capacitor at that instant is,
𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 = − (− 𝐿 ) 𝑞
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖 ∈= − − − − (2)
𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐿 𝐶
𝑑𝑡  From Kirchoff’s loop rule, 𝑣 − ∈= 0
𝑉𝑚 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑣 = ∈
∴ 𝑑𝑖 = sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑞
𝐿 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 =
 Integrate on both sides, 𝐶
𝑉𝑚 ∴ 𝑞 = 𝐶 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑖= ∫ sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡  By the definition of current,
𝐿
𝑉𝑚 − cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑉𝑚 𝜋 𝑑𝑞 𝑑(sin 𝜔𝑡)
𝑖= ( )= [− sin ( − 𝜔𝑡)] 𝑖= = 𝐶 𝑉𝑚 = 𝐶 𝑉𝑚 (cos 𝜔𝑡) 𝜔
𝐿 𝜔 𝜔𝐿 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑚 𝜋 𝜋 𝑉𝑚 𝜋
𝑖= sin (𝜔𝑡 − ) 𝑖 = 𝜔 𝐶 𝑉𝑚 sin ( + 𝜔𝑡) = sin ( + 𝜔𝑡)
𝜔𝐿 2 2 1
( ⁄𝜔 𝐶 ) 2
𝝅
𝒊 = 𝑰𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝝎𝒕 − ) − − − − (3) 𝒊 = 𝑰𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝝎𝒕 + − )
𝝅
− − − − (3)
𝟐 𝟐
𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑚
Where, = 𝐼𝑚 → peak value of AC where, = 𝐼𝑚 → Peak value of AC
𝜔𝐿 (1⁄𝜔 𝐶 )
𝝅
 From equation (1) and (3), it is clear that current leads the applied voltage by .
𝟐
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 This is indicated in the phasor and wave diagram. 28. Define quality factor. Obtain an expression for it.
Definition :
 Q - factor is defined as the ratio of voltage across L (or) C to the applied
voltage at resonance.
Expression :
 The current in the series RLc circuit becomes maximum at resonance.
 Due to the increase in current, the voltage across L and C are also increased,
 This magnification of voltages at series resonance is termed as Q - factor.
 By definition,
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐿 (𝑜𝑟) 𝐶
Capacitive reactance (𝑿𝑪 ) : 𝑄 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
 In pure capacitive circuit, ‘1⁄𝜔 𝐶 ’ is the resistance offered by the capacitor and
𝐼𝑚 𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐿 𝜔𝑅 𝐿 1 𝐿
it is called capacitive reactance (𝑋𝐶 ). Its unit is ohm (𝜴) 𝑄 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = = = =
𝟏 𝟏 𝐼𝑚 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 √𝐿 𝐶 𝑅
𝑿𝑪 = =
𝝎𝑪 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑪 𝟏 𝑳
𝑸 − 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = √
27. Explain resonance in series RLC circiuit. 𝑹 𝑪
Resonance on series in RLC circuit :
 The physical meaning is that Q - factor indicates the number of times the
 When the frequency of applied alternating source is increases, the inductive voltage across L (or) C is greaterthan the applied voltage at resonance.
reactance (𝑿𝑳 ) increases, where as capacitive reactance (𝑿𝑪 ) decreases.
29. Obtain an expression for average power of AC over a cycle. Discuss its special
 At particular frequency (𝜔𝑅 ), 𝑿𝑳 = 𝑿𝑪 cases.
 At this stage, the frequency of applied source (𝜔𝑅 ) is equal to the natural Average power of AC :
frequency of the RLC circuit, the current in the circuit reaches its maximum  Power of a circuit is defined as the rate of consumption. It is given by the
value. product of the voltage and current.
 Then the circuit is said to be in electrical resonance. The frequency at which  The alternating voltage and alternating current in the series RLC circuit at an
resonance takes place is called resonant frequency. instance are given by,
 Thus at resonance, 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡
1 1
𝜔𝑅 𝐿 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝜔𝑅2 = 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
𝜔𝑅 𝐶 𝐿𝐶  Then the instantaneous power is given by,
 Hence the resonant angular frequency, 𝑃 = 𝑣 𝑖 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
1 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 (sin 𝜔𝑡 cos 𝜙 − cos 𝜔𝑡 sin 𝜙)
𝜔𝑅 =
√𝐿 𝐶 𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 cos 𝜙 − sin 𝜔𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑡 sin 𝜙 )
 And resonant frequency,
1 1
𝑓𝑅 =  Here the average of 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 over a cycle is and that of sin 𝜔𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑡 is zero.
2 𝜋 √𝐿 𝐶 2
Effects of series resonance :  Thus average power over a cycle is,
1 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚
 When series resonance occurs, the impedance 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 ( cos 𝜙) = cos 𝜙
of the circuit is minimum and is equal to the 2 √2 √2
resistance of the circuit. So the current in the 𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓
circuit becomes maximum. Where, 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 → apparent power and cos 𝜙 → power factor
 (i.e.) At resonance, Z = R & 𝐼𝑚 = 𝑚
𝑉 Special cases :
𝑅 (i) For purely resistive circuit, 𝜙 = 0 and cos 𝜙 = 1
 The maximum current at resonance depends on ∴ 𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺
the value of resistance (R) 𝜋
(ii) For purely inductive or capacitive circuit, 𝜙 = ± and cos 𝜙 = 0.
 For smaller resistance, larger the current with sharper curve is obtained. But 2
for larger resistance, smaller the current with flat curve is obtained. ∴ 𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝟎
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𝑋 −𝑋 33. Show that the total energy is conserved during LC oscillations.
(iii) For series RLC circuit, 𝜙 = tan−1 [ 𝐿 𝐶 ]
𝑅
Conservation of energy LC oscillations :
∴ 𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓
 During LC oscillations, the energy of the system oscillates between the electric
(iv) For series RLC circuit at resonance, 𝜙 = 0 and cos 𝜙 = 1. field of the capacitor and the magnetic field of the inductor.
∴ 𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺
 Although these two energies vary with time, the total energy remains constant.
30. Write a note on wattful current and wattles current. (i.e)
Wattful current and Wattless current : 𝑞2 1
 Consider an AC circuit in which 𝑈 = 𝑈𝐸 + 𝑈𝐵 = + 𝐿 𝑖 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2𝐶 2
the voltage ( 𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺 ) leads the Case (i) :
current (𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 ) by phase angle ‘𝜙’  When the charge of in the ccapacitor ; 𝑞 = 𝑄𝑚
 Resolve the current in to two and the current through the inducor ; 𝑖 = 0
perpendicular components, 𝑄𝑚2 𝑄𝑚2
(i) 𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 - Component 𝑈= +0= − − − − (1)
2𝐶 2𝐶
along 𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺
 The total energy is wholly electrical.
(ii) 𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝒔𝒊𝒏 - Component
Case (ii) :
perpendicular to 𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺
 When charge 𝑞 = 0 ; Current « 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 , the total energy,
 Here the component of current (𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓) which is inphase with the voltage 1 1
is called ative component. The power consumed by this component = 𝑈 = 0 + 𝐿 𝐼𝑚2 = 𝐿 𝐼𝑚2
𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝓 . It is known as wattfull current 2 2
𝑑𝑞 𝑑
 The other component of current which has a phase angle of with the voltage is [∵ 𝑖 = − =− (𝑄 cos 𝜔𝑡) = 𝑄𝑚 𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡]
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑚
called reactive component. The power consumed by this current is zero. It is 𝑄
 Hence, 𝐼𝑚 = 𝑄𝑚 𝜔 = 𝑚
known as wattles current. √𝐿𝐶
31. Define power factor in various ways. Give some examples for power factor. 1 𝑄𝑚2 𝑄𝑚2
∴ 𝑈= 𝐿 [ ] = − − − − (2)
Power factor - Definitions : 2 𝐿𝐶 2𝐶
(i) The cosine of the angle lead or lag is called power factor (power factor =  Here the total energy is wholly magnetic
= cos 𝜙) Case (iii) :
𝑅 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
(ii) Power factor = =  When charge = 𝑞 , Current = 𝑖, then the total energy,
𝑍 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑉 𝐼 cos 𝜙 𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑞2 1
(iii) Power factor = = 𝑈= + 𝐿 𝑖2
𝑉𝐼 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 2𝐶 2
Examples :  Here, 𝑞 = 𝑄𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 & 𝑖 = 𝑄𝑚 𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡. So
 For purely resistive circuit, 𝜙 = 0 and cos 𝜙 = 1 𝑄𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 1
𝑈= + 𝐿 𝑄𝑚2 𝜔2 sin2 𝜔𝑡
 For purely inductive or capacitive circuit, 2𝐶 2
𝜋 1
𝜙=± and cos 𝜙 = 0  Since, 𝜔2 =
2 𝐿𝐶
 For RLC circuit, power factor lies between 0 and 1 𝑄𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 𝐿 𝑄𝑚2 sin2 𝜔𝑡
32. What are the advantages and disadvantages of AC over DC? 𝑈= +
2𝐶 2 𝐿𝐶
2
Advantages of AC over DC : 𝑄𝑚 𝑄𝑚2
𝑈= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡 + sin2 𝜔𝑡) = − − − (3)
 The generation of AC is cheaper than that of DC 2𝐶 2𝐶
 When AC is supplied at higher voltages, the transmission losses are small  From equation (1), (2) and (3) it is clear that the total energy of the system
compared to DC transmission. remains constant
 AC can easily be converted into DC with the help of rectifier.
Disadvantages of AC over DC :
 Alternating voltages cannot be used for certain application. (e.g) charging of
batteries, electroplating, electric traction etc.,
 At high voltages, it is more dangerous to work with AC than DC.
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2. Show mathematically that the rotation of a coil in a magnetic field over one
PART – IV 5 MARK LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS & ANSWERS rotation induces an alternating emf of one cycle.
1. Explain the applications of eddy currents (or) Focault currents. Induction of emf by changing relative orientation of the coil with the magnetic
Induction stove : field :
 It is used to cook food quickly and safely with less consumption. Below the
cooking zone, there is a tightly woind coil of insulated wire.
 A suitable cooking pan is placing over the cooking zone.
 When the stove is switched on, an AC flowing in the coil produces high
frequency alternating magnetic field which induces very strong eddy currents
in the cooking pan.
 The eddy currents in the pan produce so much of heat due to Joule heating
which is used to cook the food.
Eddy current brake :
 This types of brakes are generally used in high speed trains and roller coasters.
 Strong electromagnets are fixed just above the rails.To stop the train,
electromagnets are swiched on. The magnetic field of these magnets induces
eddy currents in the rails which oppose the movement of the train. This is eddy
current linear brake.
 In some cases, the circular disc connected in train is made to rotate in between
the pole of a electromagnet. When there is a relative motion between the disc
and the magnet, eddy currents are induced in the disc which stop the train. Ths
is eddy current circular brake.  Consider a rectangular coil of ‘N’ turns kept in a uniform magnetic field ‘B’
Eddy current testing :  The coil rotates in anti-clockwise direction with an angular velocity ‘𝜔’ about an
 It is one of the non - destructive testing methods to find defects like surface axis.
craks, air bubbles present in a specimen.  Initially let the plane of the coil be perpendicular to the field (𝜃 = 0) and the
 A coil of insulated wire is given an alternating electric current, so that it flux linked with the coil has its maximum value. (i.e.) Φ𝑚 = 𝐵 𝐴
produces an alternating magnetic field.  In time ‘t’, let the coil be rotated through an angle 𝜃 (= 𝜔𝑡), then the total flux
 When this coil is brought near the test surface, eddy current is induced in it, and linked is
the presence of defects caused the change in phase and amplitude of the eddy 𝑁 Φ𝐵 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑁 Φ𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡
current.  According to Faraday’s law, the emf induced at that instant is,
 Thus the defects present in the specimen are identified. 𝑑 𝑑
∈= − (𝑁Φ𝐵 ) = − (𝑁 Φ𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡)
Electro magnetic damping : 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 The armature of the galvanometer coil is wound on a soft irom cylinder. = − 𝑁 Φ𝑚 (− sin 𝜔𝑡) 𝜔
 Once the armature is deflected, the relative motion between the soft irom ∈ = 𝑵 𝚽𝒎 𝝎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 − − − − − (1)
cylinder and the radial magnetic field induces eddy current in the cylinder.  When 𝜃 = 90°, then the induced emf becomes maximum and it is given by,
 The damping force due to the flow of eddy current brings the armature to rest ∈𝒎 = 𝑵 𝚽𝒎 𝝎 = 𝑵 𝑩 𝑨 𝝎 − − − − − (2)
immediately and the galvanometer shows a steady deflection.  Therefore the value of induced emf at that instant is then given by,
 This is called electromagnetic damping. ∈ = ∈𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 − − − − − (3)
 Thus the induced emf varies as sine function of the time angle and this is called
sinusoidal emf or alternating emf.
 If this alternating voltage is given to a closed circuit, a sinusoidally varying
current flows in it. This current is called alternating current an is given by,
𝒊 = 𝑰𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 − − − − − (4)
 where, 𝑰𝒎 → peak value of induced current
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3. Elaborate the standard construction details of AC generator.  Assume the initial position of the field magnet is horizontal. At that instant, the
AC generator - construction : direction of magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the loop PQRS. The
 AC generator (alternator) is an energy conversion device. It converts induced emf is zero. It is represented by origin ‘O’ in the graph
mechanical energy used to rotate the coil or field magnet in to electrical energy.
 It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
 It consists of two major parts stator and rotor.
 In commercial alternators, the armature winding is mounted on stator and the
field magnet on rotor
Stator : It has three components
(i) Stator core (Armature) :
 It is made up of iron or steel alloy.
 It is a hollo cylinder and is laminated to minimize eddy current loss.
 The slots are cut on inner surface of the core to accommodate armature
windings.
(ii) Armature windings :
 It the coil wound on slots provided in the armature core. One or more than
one coil may be employed, depending on the type of alternator.  Let the magnetic field rotate in clock-wise direction.
Rotar :  When the field magnet rotates through 90, the magnetic field becomes parallel
 It consists magnetic field windings to PQRS. The induced emf’s across PQ and RS would become maximum.
 The magnetic poles are magnetized bhy DC source According to Flemming’s right hand rule, the direction of induced emf for PQ is
 The ends of field windings are connected to a pair of slip rings, attached to a downwards and for RS is upwards. Therefore the current flows along PQRS. The
common shaft about which rotor rotates. Slip rings rotate along with rotor. point A in the graph represents this maximum emf.
 To maintain connection between the DC source and field windings, two brushed  When field magnet rotates 180, the field is again perpendicular to PQRS and
are used which continuously slide over the slip rings the induced emf becomes zero. This is represented by point B
4. Explain the working of a single - phase AC generator with necessary diagram.  When field magnet rotates 270, the field is again parallel to PQRS, the induced
Single phase AC generator : emf is maximum but the direction is reversed. Thus the current flows along
 In a single phase AC generator, the armature conductors are connected in series SRQP. This is represented by point C.
so as to form a single circuit which generates a single-phase alternating emf and  On completion of 360, the induced emf becomes zero and it is represented by
hence it is called single-phase alternator. the point D.
Principle :  From the graph, it is clear that, when field magnet completes one rotation, the
 Electro magnetic induction emf induced in PQRS is alternating in nature.
Construction : 5. How are the three different emfs generated in a three-phase AC generator?
 Consider a stator core consisting Show the graphical representation of these three emfs.
of 2 slots in which 2 armature Three phase AC generator :
conductor PQ and RS are  If the AC generator consists three separate
mounted to form single - turn coils, which would give three separate
rectangular loop PQRS emfs, then it is called three-phase
 Rotor has 2 salient poles with generators.
field windings which can be Construction :
magnetized by means of DC  It has 6 slots, cut in its inner rim. Each slot
source. is 60 away from one another. six
Working : armature conductors are mounted in these
 The loop PQRS is stationary and slots.
is perpendicular to the plane of  The conductors 1 - 4, 2 - 5 and 3 - 6 are joined in series to form coils 1, 2 and 3
the paper.  So these coils are rectangular in shape and are 120 apart from one another.
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Working : Working :
 The initial position of the  The alternating voltage given to the primary coil, set up an alternating magnetic
field magnet is horizontal flux in the laminated core.
and field direction is  As the result of flux change, emf is induced in both primary and secondary coils.
perpendicular to the  The emf induced in the primary coil ‘∈𝑃 ’ is almost equal and opposite to the
plane of the coil - 1. applied voltage ‘𝑉𝑃 ’ and is given by,
 When it rotated from that 𝑑Φ𝐵
position in clock-wise 𝑉𝑃 = ∈𝑃 = − 𝑁𝑃 − − − − (1)
𝑑𝑡
direction, alternating emf  The frequency of alternating magnetic flux is same as the frequency of applied
‘∈1 ’ in coil - 1 begins a voltage. Therefore induced in secondary will also have same frequency as that
cycle from origin ‘O’ of applied voltage,
 When it rotated through  The emf induced in the secondary coil ‘∈𝑆 ’ is,
120, alternating emf ‘∈2 ’ 𝑑Φ𝐵
𝑉𝑆 = ∈𝑆 = − 𝑁𝑆 − − − − (2)
in coil - 2 statrs at point 𝑑𝑡
‘A’  Dividing equation (1) by (2),
 When it rotated through 240, alternating emf ‘∈3 ’ in coil - 3 statrs at point ‘B’ 𝑽𝑺 𝑵𝑺
= − − − − (3)
 Thus these emfs produced in the three phase AC generator have 120 phase 𝑽𝑷 𝑵𝑷
difference between one another. Where, K  transformation ratio
6. Explain the principle , construction and working of transformer.  For an ideal transformer,
Transformer : input power = output power
 It is a stationary device used to transform electrical power from one circuit to 𝑉𝑃 𝑖𝑃 = 𝑉𝑆 𝑖𝑆
another without changing its frequency. 𝑽𝑺 𝒊𝑷
 It is done with either increasing or decreasing the applied alternationg voltage = − − − − (4)
𝑽𝑷 𝒊𝑺
with corresponding decrease or increase of current in the circuit.  From equation (3) and (4), we have
 If the transformer converts an alternating current with low voltage in to an 𝑽𝑺 𝑵𝑺 𝒊𝑷
alternating current with high voltage, it is called step-up transformer. = = =𝑲 − − − − (5)
𝑽𝑷 𝑵𝑷 𝒊𝑺
 If the transformer converts an alternating current with high voltage in to an (i) If K > 1 (or) 𝑵𝑺 > 𝑵𝑷 , then 𝑽𝑺 > 𝑽𝑷 and 𝒊𝑺 < 𝒊𝑷
alternating current with low voltage, it is called step-down transformer. This is step up transformer in which voltage increased and the corresponding
Principle : current is decreased.
 Mutual induction between two coils. (ii) If K < 1 (or) 𝑵𝑺 < 𝑵𝑷 , then 𝑽𝑺 < 𝑽𝑷 and 𝒊𝑺 > 𝒊𝑷
Construction : This is step down transformer in which voltage decreased and the
 It consists of two coils of high corresponding current is increased.
mutual inductance wound Efficiency of a transformer :
over the same transformer  The efficiency (𝜂) of a transformer is defined as the ratio of the useful output
core made up of silicone power to the input power.
steel. 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
 To avoid eddy current loss, 𝜂= 𝑋 100 %
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
the core is generally
laminated
 The alternating voltage is
applied across primary coil
(P), and the output is taken
across secondary coil (S)
 The assemnbled core and coils are kept in a container which is filled with
suitable medium for better insulation and cooling purpose.
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7. Derive an expression for phase angle between the applied voltage and current (iii) When 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 , the phase angle 𝝓 𝒊𝒔 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐. It means that 𝒗 inphase with 𝒊
in a series RLC circuit. (𝒊. 𝒆. ) 𝒗 = 𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 & 𝒊 = 𝑰𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕
Series RLC circuit : This circuit is resistive
 Consider a circuit containing 8. What are called LC oscillations? Explain the generation of LC oscilations.
a resistor of resistance ‘R’, a LC oscillations :
inductor of inductance ‘L’ and  Whenever energy is given to a circuit containing a pure inductor of inductance L
a capacitor of capacitance ‘C’ and a capacitor of capacitance C, the energy oscillates back and forth between
connected across an the magnetic field of the inductor and the electric field of the capacitor.
alternating voltage source.  Thus the electrical oscillations of definite frequency are generated. These
 The applied alternating oscillations are called LC oscillations.
voltage is given by, Generation of LC oscillations :
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 − − − − − (1)  Whenever energy is given to a circuit containing
 Let ‘𝑖’ be the current in the circuit at that instant. a pure inductor of inductance L and a capacitor
 Hence the voltage developed across R, L and C of capacitance C, the energy oscillates back and
𝑉𝑅 = 𝑖 𝑅 ( 𝑉𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑖) forth between the magnetic field of the inductor
𝜋
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑖 𝑋𝐿 (𝑉𝐿 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑖 𝑏𝑦 ) and the electric field of the capacitor.
2
𝜋  Thus the electrical oscillations of definite
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑖 𝑋𝐶 (𝑉𝐶 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑠 𝑖 𝑏𝑦 )
2 frequency are generated. These oscillations are
 The phasor diagram is drawn by representing current along ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ,
𝑂𝐼 , 𝑉𝑅 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑂𝐴 called LC oscillations.
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉𝐿 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑂𝐵 and 𝑉𝐶 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑂𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Stage -1 :
 If 𝑉𝐿 > 𝑉𝐶 , then the net voltage drop  Consider the capacitor is fully charged with maximum charge 𝑄𝑚 . So that the
across LC combination is (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶 ) 𝑄𝑚2
energy stored in the capacitor is maximum (i.e.) 𝑈𝐸 =
which is represented by ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 2𝐶
 By parallogram law, the diagonal  As there is no current in the inductor, 𝑈𝐵 = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗  Therefore the total energy is wholly electrical.
𝑂𝐸 gives the resultant voltage ‘𝑣’
Stage - 2 :
∴ 𝑣 = √𝑉𝑅2 + (𝑉𝐿 − 𝑉𝐶 ) 2  The capacitor now begins to discharge through the inductor that establishes
current ‘𝑖’ clockwise direction.
𝑣 = √𝑖 2 𝑅2 + (𝑖 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑖 𝑋𝐶 ) 2  This current produces a magnetic field around the inductor and energy stored
𝑣 = 𝑖√ 𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 ) 2 𝐿 𝑖2
𝑣 𝒗 in the inductor which is given by 𝑈𝐵 =
2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑖 = =
√ 𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 ) 2 𝒁  As the charge in the capacitor decreases, the energy stored in it also decreases
𝑞2
 Where, 𝒁 = √ 𝑹 + (𝑿𝑳 − 𝑿𝑪 ) is called impedance of the circuit, which
𝟐 𝟐 and is given by 𝑈𝐸 =
2𝐶
refers to the effective opposition to the circuit current by the series RLC circuit.  Thus the total energy is the sum of electrical and magnetic energies.
 From the phasor diagram, the phase angle between ‘𝑣’ and ‘𝑖’ is found out by Stage - 3 :
𝑽𝑳 − 𝑽𝑪 𝑿𝑳 − 𝑿𝑪  When the charge in the capacitor becomes zero, its energy becomes zero (i.e.)
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝝓 = =
𝑽𝑹 𝑹 𝑈𝐸 = 0
Special cases :  In this stage maximum current (𝐼𝑚 ) flows through inductor and its energy
(i) When 𝑋𝐿 > 𝑋𝐶 , the phase angle 𝝓 𝒊𝒔 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆. It means that 𝒗 leads 𝒊 by 𝜙. 𝐿 𝐼𝑚2

(𝒊. 𝒆. ) 𝒗 = 𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 & 𝒊 = 𝑰𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕 − 𝝓) becomes maximum. (i.e.) 𝑈𝐵 =

2
This circuit is inductive.  Thus the total energy is wholly magnetic.
(ii) When 𝑋𝐿 < 𝑋𝐶 , the phase angle 𝝓 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆. It means that 𝒗 lags behind 𝒊
by 𝜙.
(𝒊. 𝒆. ) 𝒗 = 𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 & 𝒊 = 𝑰𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕 + 𝝓)
This circuit is capacitive
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Stage - 4 : Angular frequency of LC oscillations :
 Eventhough the charge in the capacitor is zero, the current will continue to flow  We know that the angular frequency of mechanical oscilations,
in the same direction.
𝒌
 Since the current flow is in decreasing magnitude, the capacitor begins to 𝝎= √
charge in the opposite direction. 𝒎
𝟏
 Thus a part of the energy is transferred from the inductor back to the capacitor.  From the above table, 𝒌 → & 𝒎 →𝑳
𝑪
The total energy is the sum of the electrical and magnetic energies.
 Thus the angular frequency of LC oscillations is,
Stage - 5 : 𝟏
 When the current in the circuit reduces to zero, the capacitor becomes fully 𝝎=
charged in the opposite direction. √𝑳 𝑪
 Thus the energy stored in the capacitor becomes maximum and the energy
stored in the inductor is zero.
 So the total energy is wholly electrical.
Stage - 6 :
 This state of the circuit is similar to the initial state but the difference is that the
capacitor is charged in opposite direction. So it will starts discharge through
inductor in anti-clockwise direction.
 The total energy is the sum of the the electrical and magnetic energies.
Stage - 7 :
 The processes are repeated in opposite direction and finally the circuit returns
to the initial state.
 Thus when the circuit goes through these stages, an alternating current flows in
the circuit.
 As this process is repeated again and again, the electrical oscillations of definte
frequency are generated. These are known as LC oscillations.
9. Compare the electromagnetic oscillations of LC circuit with the mechanical
oscillations of block-spring system to find the expression for angular
frequency of LC oscillatiors mathematically.
Analogies between LC oscillations and simple harmonic oscillations :
Electromagnetic oscilations Mechanical oscilations
This circuit consists inductor and
This circuit consists spring and block
capacitor
Charge ‘q’ Displacement ‘𝑥’
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑥
Current 𝑖 = Velocity 𝑣 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Inductance ‘L’ Mass ‘m’
1
Reciprocal if capacitance Force constant ‘𝑘’
𝐶
1 1 1
Electrical energy = [ ] 𝑞 2
Potential energy = 𝑘𝑥 2
2 𝐶 2
1 1
Magnetic energy = 𝐿𝑖 2 Kinetic energy = 𝑚𝑣 2
2 2
Electro magnetic energy Mechanical energy
1 1 1 1 1
= [ ] 𝑞 2 + 𝐿𝑖 2 = 𝑘𝑥 2 + 𝑚𝑣 2
2 𝐶 2 2 2
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4. A closed coil of 40 turns and of area 200 cm 2, is rotated in a magnetic field of
EXAMPLE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS flux density 2 Wb m–2. It rotates from a position where its plane makes an
1. A circular antenna of area 3 m2 is installed at a place in Madurai. The plane of angle of 30o with the field to a position perpendicular to the field in a time 0.2
the area of antenna is inclined at 47o with the direction of Earth’s magnetic s. Find the magnitude of the emf induced in the coil due to its rotation.
field. If the magnitude of Earth’s field at that place is 4.1 × 10 –5 T find the Solution : 𝐴 = 200 𝑐𝑚2 = 200 𝑋 10−4 𝑚2 ; 𝐵 = 2 𝑇 ; 𝑁 = 40 ; 𝑡 = 0.2 𝑠
magnetic flux linked with the antenna.  Initially, 𝜃 = 90° − 30° = 60 ; Hence initial magnetic flux
Solution : 𝑨 = 3 𝑚2 ; 𝜃 = 90° − 47° = 43 ° ; 𝐵 = 4.1 X 10−5 T Φ𝐵𝑖 = 𝐵 𝐴 cos 𝜃
 Magnetic flux, Φ𝐵 = 𝐵 𝐴 cos 𝜃 Φ𝐵𝑖 = 2 𝑋 200 𝑋 10−4 X cos 60°
Φ𝐵 = 4.1 X 10−5 X 3 X cos 43° 1
Φ𝐵 = 4.1 X 10−5 X 3 X 0.7314 Φ𝐵𝑖 = 400 𝑋 10−4 X = 200 𝑋 10−4
2
Φ𝐵 = 8. 997 X 10−5 = Φ𝐵𝑖 = 2 𝑋 10−2 𝑊𝑏
𝚽𝑩 = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟗𝟕 𝐗 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑾𝒃 = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟗𝟕 𝝁 𝑾𝒃  Finally, 𝜃 = 90° − 90° = 0° ; Hence final magnetic flux
2. A circular loop of area 5 ×10–2 m2 rotates in a uniform Φ𝐵𝑓 = 𝐵 𝐴 cos 𝜃
magnetic field of 0.2 T. If the loop rotates about its Φ𝐵𝑓 = 2 𝑋 200 𝑋 10−4 X cos 0°
diameter which is perpendicular to the magnetic field as Φ𝐵𝑓 = 400 𝑋 10−4 X 1 = 400 𝑋 10−4
shown in figure. Find the magnetic flux linked with the
Φ𝐵𝑓 = 4 𝑋 10−2 𝑊𝑏
loop when its plane is (a) normal to the field (b)
inclined 60o to the field and (c) parallel to the field.  Since the magnetic flux changes, an emf is induced which is given by
Solution : 𝐴 = 5 𝑋 10−2 𝑚2 ; 𝐵 = 0.2 𝑇 𝑑Φ𝐵 Φ𝐵𝑓 − Φ𝐵𝑖
∈= 𝑁 = 𝑁
(a) When circular loop normal to the magnetic field, then 𝜽 = 𝟎°. The magnetic flux 𝑑𝑡 𝑡
Φ𝐵 = 𝐵 𝐴 cos 𝜃 4 𝑋 10−2 − 2 𝑋 10−2 40 𝑋 2 𝑋 10−2
∈ = 40 𝑋 =
Φ𝐵 = 0.2 𝑋 5 𝑋 10−2 X cos 0° 0.2 0.2
Φ𝐵 = 1 𝑋 10−2 X 1 = 𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝐖𝐛 ∈ = 400 𝑋 10−2 = 𝟒 𝑽
(b) When circular loop inclined 𝟔𝟎° to the magnetic field, then 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎° − 𝟔𝟎° = 𝟑𝟎° 5. A straight conducting wire is dropped horizontally from a certain height with
The magnetic flux Φ𝐵 = 𝐵 𝐴 cos 𝜃 its length along east – west direction. Will an emf be induced in it? Justify your
Φ𝐵 = 0.2 𝑋 5 𝑋 10−2 X cos 30° answer.
√3 1.732 Solution :
Φ𝐵 = 1 𝑋 10−2 X = 𝑋 10−2  Yes! An emf will be induced in the wire because it moves perpendicular to the
2 2
𝚽𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟔 𝑿𝟏𝟎−𝟐 = 𝟖. 𝟔𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐖𝐛 horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field and hence it cuts the magnetic
(c) When circular loop parallel to the magnetic field, then 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎°. The magnetic lines of Earth's magnetic filed.
flux Φ𝐵 = 𝐵 𝐴 cos 𝜃 6. If the current i flowing in the straight conducting wire as shown in the figure
Φ𝐵 = 0.2 𝑋 5 𝑋 10−2 X cos 90° decreases, find out the direction of induced current in the metallic square
Φ𝐵 = 1 𝑋 10−2 X 0 = 𝟎 loop placed near it.
3. A cylindrical bar magnet is kept along the axis of a circular solenoid. If the Solution :
magnet is rotated about its axis, find out whether an electric current is induced  From right hand rule, the magnetic field by the
in the coil. straight wire is directed into the plane of the square
Solution : loop perpendicularly and its magnetic flux is
 The magnetic field of a cylindrical magnet is decreasing.
symmetrical about its axis. As the magnet is  The decrease in flux is opposed by the current
rotated along the axis of the solenoid, there is induced in the loop by producing a magnetic field in
no induced current in the solenoid because the same direction as the magnetic field of the wire.
the flux linked with the solenoid does not  Again from right hand rule, for this inward magnetic
change due to the rotation of the magnet field, the direction of the induced current in the loop
is clockwise.
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7. The magnetic flux passes perpendicular to the plane of the circuit and is 9. A copper rod of length l rotates about one of
directed into the paper. If the magnetic flux varies with respect to time as per its ends with an angular velocity ω in a
the following relation: 𝚽𝑩 = (2t3 + 3t2 + 8t + 5) mWb , what is the magnitude of magnetic field B as shown in the figure. The
the induced emf in the loop when t = 3 s? Find out the direction of current plane of rotation is perpendicular to the field.
through the circuit. Find the emf induced between the two ends of
Solution : Φ𝐵 = (2 𝑡 3 + 3 𝑡 2 + 8 𝑡 + 5) 𝑋 10−3 𝑊𝑏 ; 𝑁 = 1 ; 𝑡 = 3 𝑠 ; ∈ = ? ; 𝑖 = ? the rod.
 From laws of electromagnetic induction, Solution :
𝑑Φ𝐵 𝑑  Consider a small element of length 𝑑𝑥 at a
∈= 𝑁 = (2 𝑡 3 + 3 𝑡 2 + 8 𝑡 + 5) 𝑋 10−3
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 distance 𝑥 from the centre O of the circle
∈ = (2 𝑋 3 𝑡 2 + 3 𝑋 2 𝑡 + 8 + 0)𝑋 10−3
described by the rod.
∈ = (6 𝑡 2 + 6 𝑡 + 8) 𝑋 10−3
 As this element moves perpendicular to the
 At t = 3 s, the magnitude of induced emf
field with a linear velocity 𝑣 = 𝑥 𝜔, the emf
∈ = [6 (3)2 + 6 (3) + 8]𝑋 10−3
developed in the element 𝑑𝑥 is
∈ = [54 + 18 + 8]𝑋 10−3
∈ = 𝟖𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑽 = 𝟖𝟎 𝒎 𝑽 𝑑 ∈ = 𝐵 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 = 𝐵 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝜔) = 𝐵 𝜔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 As time passes, the magnetic flux linked with the  This rod is made up of many such elements, moving perpendicular to the field.
loop increases. The emf developed across two ends is
𝑙 𝑙
 According to Lenz’s law, the direction of the 𝑥2
induced current should be in a way so as to ∈ = 𝐵 𝜔 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐵 𝜔 [ ]
2 0
oppose the flux increase. 0
𝟏
 So, the induced current flows in such a way to ∈ = 𝑩 𝝎 𝒍𝟐
produce a magnetic field opposite to the given 𝟐
10. A solenoid of 500 turns is wound on an iron core of relative permeability 800.
field. This magnetic field is perpendicularly
outwards. The length and radius of the solenoid are 40 cm and 3 cm respectively.
 Therefore, the induced current flows in anti- Calculate the average emf induced in the solenoid if the current in it changes
clockwise direction. from 0 to 3 A in 0.4 second.
8. A conducting rod of length 0.5 m falls freely from the top of a building of height Solution : : 𝜇𝑟 = 800 ; 𝑁 = 500 ; 𝑙 = 40 𝑐𝑚 = 40 𝑋 10−2 𝑚 ;
7.2 m at a place in Chennai where the horizontal component of Earth’s 𝑟 = 3 𝑐𝑚 = 3 𝑋 10−2 𝑚 ; 𝑑𝑖 = 3 − 0 = 3 𝐴 ; 𝑑𝑡 = 0.4 𝑠 ; ∈ = ?
magnetic field is 4.04 × 10–5 T. If the length of the rod is perpendicular to  Self inductance,
Earth’s horizontal magnetic field, find the emf induced across the conductor 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝑁 2 𝐴 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝑁 2 𝜋 𝑟 2
𝐿= =
when the rod is about to touch the ground. (Assume that the rod falls down 𝑙 𝑙
with constant acceleration of 10 m s–2) 4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 800 𝑋 (500)2 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 (3 𝑋 10−2 )2
𝐿=
Solution : 𝐵𝐻 = 4.04 𝑋 10−5 𝑇 ; ℎ = 7.2 𝑚 ; 𝑙 = 0.5 𝑚 40 𝑋 10−2
 From the equation of motion, the final velocity of the rod is 4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 800 𝑋 250000 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 9 𝑋 10−4
𝐿=
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2 𝑔 ℎ [∵ 𝑢 = 0] 40 𝑋 10−2
𝑣 2 = 0 + (2 𝑋 10 𝑋 7.2) 𝐿 = 4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 20 𝑋 250000 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 9 𝑋 10−9
𝑣 2 = 144 𝐿 = 4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 2 𝑋 25 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 9 𝑋 10−4
𝒗 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒎 𝒔−𝟏 𝐿 = 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 1800 𝑋 10−4
𝐿 = 1.775 𝑋 104 𝑋 10−4
 The magnitude of the induced emf when the rod is about to touch the ground is
𝑳 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟓 𝑯
∈ = 𝐵𝐻 𝑙 𝑣
∈ = 4.04 𝑋 10−5 𝑋 0.5 𝑋 12  Hence induced emf,
∈ = 24.24 𝑋 10−5 𝑉 𝑑𝑖 3 30
∈=−𝐿 = − 1.775 𝑋 = −1.775 𝑋 = − 1.775 𝑋 7. 5
∈ = 𝟐𝟒𝟐. 𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑽 = 𝟐𝟒𝟐. 𝟒 𝝁 𝑽 𝑑𝑡 0.4 4
∈ = − 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝑽
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11. The self-inductance of an air-core solenoid is 4.8 mH. If its core is replaced by 13. Consider two coplanar, co-axial circular coils A
iron core, then its self-inductance becomes 1.8 H. Find out the relative and B as shown in figure. The radius of coil A is
permeability of iron. 20 cm while that of coil B is 2 cm. The
Solution : 𝐿𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 4.8 𝑚𝐻 = 4.8 𝑋 10−3 𝐻 ; 𝐿𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 = 1.8 𝐻 ; 𝜇𝑟 = ? number of turns in coils A and B are 200 and
 Self inductance of air core solenoid ; 1000 respectively. Calculate the mutual
𝜇0 𝑁 2 𝐴 inductance between the coils. If the current in
𝐿𝑎𝑖𝑒 =
𝑙 coil A changes from 2 A to 6 A in 0.04 s,
 Self inductance of iron core solenoid ; determine the induced emf in coil B and the
𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝑁 2 𝐴 rate of change of flux through the coil B at that
𝐿𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 =
𝑙 instant.
 Hence, Solution : 𝑁𝐴 = 200 ; 𝑁𝐵 = 1000 ; 𝑟𝐴 = 20𝑐𝑚 = 20 𝑋 10−2 𝑚 ; 𝑟𝐵 = 2 𝑐𝑚 = 2 𝑋10−2 𝑚
𝜇0 𝑁 2 𝐴 𝑑𝑖𝐴 = 6 − 2 = 4 𝐴 ; 𝑑𝑡 = 0.04 𝑠 ; 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = ? ; ∈𝐵 = ?
𝐿𝑎𝑖𝑟 ( ) 1
𝑙
= 2 =  Mutual inductance between the coils,
𝐿𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝑁 𝐴 𝜇𝑟 𝜇 𝑁 𝑖
( ) 𝑁𝐵 ( 0 𝐴 𝐴 ) 𝜋 𝑟𝐵2
𝑙 𝑁𝐵 Φ𝐵 𝑁𝐵 B𝐴 A𝐵 2 𝑟𝐴 𝑁𝐵 𝜇0 𝑁𝐴 𝑖𝐴 𝜋 𝑟𝐵2
𝐿𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 1.8 3 𝑋 103 3000 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = = = =
∴ 𝜇𝑟 = = = = 𝑖𝐴 𝑖𝐴 𝑖𝐴 2 𝑟𝐴 𝑖𝐴
𝐿𝑎𝑖𝑟 4.8 𝑋 10−3 8 8 𝜇0 𝑁𝐴 𝑁𝐵 𝜋 𝑟𝐵2
𝝁𝒓 = 𝟑𝟕𝟓 (𝒏𝒐 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕) 𝑀𝐵𝐴 =
2 𝑟𝐴
12. The current flowing in the first coil changes from 2 A to 10 A in 0.4 s. Find the 4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 200 𝑋 1000 𝑋 𝜋 𝑋 (2 𝑋10−2 )2
mutual inductance between two coils if an emf of 60 mV is induced in the 𝑀𝐵𝐴 =
2 𝑋 20 𝑋 10−2
second coil. Also determine the magnitude of induced emf in the second coil if 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 8 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 10−5
the current in the first coil is changed from 4 A to 16 A in 0.03 s. Consider only 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 7. 887 𝑋 101 𝑋 10−5 = 𝟕. 𝟖𝟖𝟕 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑯
the magnitude of induced emf.  Magnitude of the induced emf in the coil B,
Solution : 𝑑𝑖𝐴 4
∈𝐵 = 𝑀𝐵𝐴 = 7. 887 𝑋 10−4 𝑋 = 7.887 𝑋 10−4 𝑋 100
(i) 𝑑𝑖1 = 10 − 2 = 8 𝐴 ; 𝑑𝑡 = 0.4 𝑠 ; ∈2 = 60 𝑚𝑉 = 60 𝑋 10−3 𝑉 ; 𝑀 = ? 𝑑𝑡 0.04
 Magnitude of mutual induced emf is ; ∈𝑩 = 7.887 𝑋 10−2 𝑉 = 78.87 𝑋 10−3 𝑉 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟖𝟕 𝒎𝑽
𝑑𝑖1  The rate of change of magnetic flux of coil B is
∈2 = 𝑀21 𝒅
𝑑𝑡 (𝐍 𝚽 ) = ∈𝑩 = 78.87 𝑋 10−3 𝑉 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟖𝟕 𝒎 𝑾𝒃 𝒔−𝟏
 Hence mutual inductance between the coils, 𝒅𝒕 𝑩 𝑩
∈2 14. A circular metal of area 0.03 m2 rotates in a uniform magnetic field of 0.4 T.
𝑀21 = The axis of rotation passes through the centre and perpendicular to its plane
𝑑𝑖
( 1) and is also parallel to the field. If the disc completes 20 revolutions in one
𝑑𝑡
60 𝑋 10−3 60 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 0.4 second and the resistance of the disc is 4 Ω, calculate the induced emf between
𝑀21 = = = 60 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 0.05
8 8 the axis and the rim and induced current flowing in the disc.
( )
0.4 Solution : : 𝐵 = 0.4 𝑇 ; 𝐴 = 0.3 𝑚2 ; 𝑓 = 20 𝑟𝑝𝑠 ; 𝑅 = 4  ; ∈ = ? ; 𝑖 = ?
𝑴𝟐𝟏 = 𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑯 = 𝟑 𝒎 𝐻
 Area swept out by the disc in unit time = Area of the disc × frequency
(ii) 𝑑𝑖1 = 16 − 4 = 12 𝐴 ; 𝑑𝑡 = 0.03 𝑠 ; ∈2 = ? 𝑑𝐴
 Magnitude of Induced emf in the second coil due to the rate of change of = 0.3 𝑋 20 = 0.6 𝑚2
current in the first coil is 𝑑𝑡
 Hence induced emf,
𝑑𝑖1
∈2 = 𝑀21 𝑑Φ𝐵 𝑑 (B A) 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 ∈= = = 𝐵 = 0.4 𝑋 0.6 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 𝑽
12 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∈2 = 3 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 = 100 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 12  Thus induced current,
0.03 ∈ 0.24
∈2 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝑽 𝒊 = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝑨
𝑅 4
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15. rectangular coil of area 70 cm2 having 600 turns rotates about an axis 17. An inverter is common electrical device which we use in our homes. When
perpendicular to a magnetic field of 0.4 Wb m–2. If the coil completes 500 there is no power in our house, inverter gives AC power to run a few
revolutions in a minute, calculate the instantaneous emf when the plane of the electronic appliances like fan or light. An inverter has inbuilt step-up
coil is (a) perpendicular to the field (b) parallel to the field and (c) inclined at transformer which converts 12 V AC to 240 V AC. The primary coil has 100
60o with the field. turns and the inverter delivers 50 mA to the external circuit. Find the number
Solution : 𝑁 = 600 ; 𝐴 = 70 𝑐𝑚2 = 70 𝑋 10−4 𝑚2 ; 𝐵 = 0.4 𝑇 ; of turns in the secondary and the primary current.
500 50 Solution : 𝑉𝑃 = 12 𝑉 ; 𝑉𝑆 = 240 𝑉 ; 𝑁𝑃 = 100 𝑉 ; 𝐼𝑆 = 50 𝑚𝐴 = 50 𝑋 10−3 𝐴
𝑓 = 500 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = = = 8.333 𝑟𝑝𝑠
60 6  By transformer equation;.
(a) When perpendicular to the field, 𝜃 = 𝜔 𝑡 = 0° 𝑉𝑆 𝑁𝑆 𝐼𝑃
∈ = ∈𝑚 sin 𝜔 𝑡 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 𝜔 sin 𝜔 𝑡 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 2 𝜋 𝑓 sin 𝜔 𝑡 = = =𝐾
𝑉𝑆 𝑁𝑃 𝐼𝑆
50
∈ = 600 𝑋 0.4 𝑋 70 𝑋 10−4 𝑋 2 𝜋 𝑋 𝑋 sin 0° = 𝟎  Hence the transformation ratio ;
6 𝑉𝑆 240
(b) When parallel to the field, 𝜃 = 𝜔 𝑡 = 90° 𝐾= = = 20
𝑉𝑆 12
∈ = ∈𝑚 sin 𝜔 𝑡 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 𝜔 sin 𝜔 𝑡 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 2 𝜋 𝑓 sin 𝜔 𝑡  Number of turns in secondary coil ; 𝑵𝑺 = 𝑁𝑃 𝐾 = 100 𝑋 20 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
50
∈ = 600 𝑋 0.4 𝑋 70 𝑋 10−4 𝑋 2 𝜋 𝑋 𝑋 sin 90°  Primary current ; 𝑰𝑷 = 𝐼𝑆 𝐾 = 50 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 20 = 1000 𝑋 10−3 = 𝟏 𝑨
6
22 18. Write down the equation for a sinusoidal voltage of 50 Hz and its peak value is
∈ = 100 𝑋 0.4 𝑋 70 𝑋 2 𝑋 𝑋 50 𝑋 1 𝑋 10−4 20 V. Draw the corresponding voltage versus time graph.
7
∈ = 88 𝑋 104 𝑋 10−4 = 𝟖𝟖 𝑽 Solution : 𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧 ; 𝑉𝑚 = 20 𝑉 ; 𝑉 = ? ; 𝑇 = ?
(c) When inclined at 60o with the field, 𝜃 = 𝜔 𝑡 = 90° − 60° = 30°  Voltage at any instant,
∈ = ∈𝑚 sin 𝜔 𝑡 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 𝜔 sin 𝜔 𝑡 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 2 𝜋 𝑓 sin 𝜔 𝑡 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑡
50 𝑉 = 20 sin(2 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 50 𝑋 𝑡)
∈ = 600 𝑋 0.4 𝑋 70 𝑋 10−4 𝑋 2 𝜋 𝑋 𝑋 sin 30° 𝑽 = 𝟐𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝒕
6
22 1  Time for one cycle ,
∈ = 100 𝑋 0.4 𝑋 70 𝑋 2 𝑋 𝑋 50 𝑋 1 𝑋 10−4 𝑋 1 1
7 2
∈ = 44 𝑋 104 𝑋 10−4 = 𝟒𝟒 𝑽 𝑇= = = 0.02 𝑠
𝑓 50
16. An ideal transformer has 460 and 40,000 turns in the primary and secondary 𝑻 = 𝟐𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒔 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒔
coils respectively. Find the voltage developed per turn of the secondary if the  Corresponding Wave form is shown
transformer is connected to a 230 V AC mains. The secondary is given to a load 19. The equation for an alternating current is given by i = 77 sin 314t. Find the
of resistance 104 Ω. Calculate the power delivered to the load. peak current, frequency, time period and instantaneous value of current at t =
𝑉 2 ms.
Solution : 𝑁𝑃 = 460 ; 𝑁𝑆 = 40000 ; 𝑉𝑃 = 230 𝑉 ; 𝑅𝑆 = 104 Ω ; 𝑆 = ? ; 𝑃 = ?
𝑁𝑆
Solution : : 𝑖 = 77 sin 314 𝑡 ; 𝑡 = 2 𝑚𝑠 = 2 𝑋 10−3 𝑠
 From the transformer equation, voltage per turn of the secondary is ;  General equation for alternating current ; 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑡
𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑃 230 1
= = =  Comparing this equation with given equation, we get
𝑁𝑆 𝑁𝑃 460 2 (a) Peak current ; 𝑰𝒎 = 𝟕𝟕 𝑨
𝑽𝑺 𝝎 314 314 100
∴ = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑽/𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏 (b) Frequency ; 𝒇 = 2𝜋 = = 2 𝑋 3.14 = = 𝟓𝟎 𝑯𝒛
𝑵𝑺 2𝜋 2
1 1
 Total secondary voltage ; 𝑽𝑺 = 𝑁𝑆 𝑋 0.5 = 40000 𝑋 0.5 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑽 (c) Time period ; 𝑻= = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒔
𝑓 50
 Power delivered to the load ,
𝑉𝑆 (d) At 𝑡 = 2 𝑚𝑠, instantaneous current
𝑃𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆 𝑖 = 77 sin (314 𝑋 2 𝑋 10−3 𝑟𝑎𝑑)
𝑅𝑆 180°
20000 𝑋 20000 𝑖 = 77 sin (314 𝑋 2 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 )
𝑃𝑆 = = 40000 𝑊 3.14
104 𝑖 = 77 𝑋 sin 36°
𝑷𝑺 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝑾
𝒊 = 77 𝑋 0. 5877 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟐𝟔 𝐀
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20. A 400 mH coil of negligible resistance is connected to an AC circuit in which an  Phase angle between voltage and current ;
effective current of 6 mA is flowing. Find out the voltage across the coil if the 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶
tan 𝜙 =
frequency is 1000 Hz. 𝑅
Solution : 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 6 𝑚𝐴 = 6 𝑋 10−3 𝐴 ; 𝐿 = 400 𝑚𝐻 = 400 𝑋 10−3 𝐻 ; 𝑓 = −1
𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 184 − 144
𝜙 = tan [ ] = tan−1 [ ]
1000 𝐻𝑧 𝑅 30
40 4
 Voltage across the coil of inductance 𝐿 𝜙 = tan−1 [ ] = tan−1 [ ]
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼 𝑋𝐿 = 𝐼 𝜔 𝐿 = 𝐼 (2 𝜋 𝑓) 𝐿 30 3
𝝓 = tan−1 [1. 333] = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟐°
𝑉𝐿 = 6 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 2 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 1000 𝑋 400 𝑋 10−3
 Since the phase angle is positive, voltage leads current by 53.12° for this
𝑉𝐿 = 150.72 𝑋 10−1
inductive circuit.
𝑽𝑳 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟎𝟕𝟐 𝑽 𝟖𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟐 23. A 500 μH inductor, pF capacitor and a 628 Ω resistor are connected to form
21. A capacitor of capacitance μF is connected across a 220 V, 50 Hz A.C. mains. 𝝅𝟐
𝝅 a series RLC circuit. Calculate the resonant frequency and Q-factor of this
Calculate the capacitive reactance, RMS value of current and write down the
circuit at resonance.
equations of voltage and current. 80 80
102 102
Solution : 𝐿 = 500 𝜇𝐻 = 500 𝑋 10−6 𝐻 ; 𝐶 = 2 𝑝𝐹 = 2 𝑋 10−12 𝐹 ; R = 628 Ω
𝜋 𝜋
Solution : 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 220 𝑉 ; 𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧 ; 𝐶 = 𝜇𝐹 = 𝑋 10−6 𝐹 ; 𝑋𝐶 = ? ; 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 = ?
𝜋 𝜋  Resonance frequency,
1 1
 Capacitive reactance ; 𝑋𝐶 = = 1 1 1
𝜔𝐶 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 𝑓𝑟 = = = −9
1 1 2 𝜋 √𝐿 𝐶 80 10
2𝜋𝑋 𝑋 80
𝑋𝐶 = = 2 𝜋 √500 𝑋 10−6 𝑋 2 𝑋 10−12
𝜋 𝜋 √500
102 10−2
2 𝑋 𝜋 𝑋 50 𝑋 ( ) 𝑋 10−6 109 109 109 109 109 1
𝜋
𝑓𝑟 = = = = = = 𝑋 107
𝑿𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝛀 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝛀 2√500 𝑋 80 2√40000 2 𝑋 200 400 4 𝑋 10 2 4
𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 220 𝑓𝑟 = 0.25 𝑋 107 = 2500 𝑋 103 𝐻𝑧 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒌 𝑯𝒛
 RMS value of alternating current ; 𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 = = = 𝟐. 𝟐 𝛀
𝑋𝐶 100  Q -factor,
 Equation for alternating voltage ; 𝑉𝐿 𝐼 𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐿 𝜔𝑟 𝐿 2 𝜋 𝑓𝑟 𝐿
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑄= = = = =
𝑉𝑅 𝐼𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 √2 sin 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑡 2 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 2500 𝑋 103 𝑋 500 𝑋 10−6
𝑉 = 220 𝑋 1.414 sin 2 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 50 𝑋 𝑡 𝑄=
𝑽 = 𝟑𝟏𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝒕 628
2 𝑋 2500 𝑋 103 𝑋 500 𝑋 10−6 25000 𝑋 10−3
 Equation for alternating current ; 𝑄= =
𝜋 200 2
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin (𝜔𝑡 + ) 𝑸 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓
2
𝜋 24. Find the instantaneous value of alternating voltage 𝒗 =
𝑖 = 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 √2 sin (2 𝜋 𝑓 𝑡 + )
2 𝟏𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟑𝝅 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝒕) volt at (a) 0 s (b) 50 μs (c) 75 μs.
𝜋
𝑖 = 2.2 𝑋 1.414 sin (2 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 50 𝑋 𝑡 + ) Solution :
2
𝝅  Voltage at any instant ; 𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔 𝑡
𝒊 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝒕 + )
𝟐  Given voltage equation ; 𝑣 = 10 sin(3𝜋 𝑋 104 𝑡)
22. Find the impedance of a series RLC circuit if the inductive reactance, (a) At 𝑡 = 0 𝑠 ; 𝑣 = 10 sin 0° = 𝟎
capacitive reactance and resistance are 184 Ω, 144 Ω and 30 Ω respectively. (b) At 𝑡 = 50 𝜇𝑠 ,
Also calculate the phase angle between voltage and current. 𝑣 = 10 sin(3𝜋 𝑋 104 𝑋 50 𝑋 10−6 )
Solution : 𝑋𝐿 = 184 Ω ; 𝑋𝐶 = 144 Ω ; R = 30 Ω ; Z = ? ; ϕ = ? 𝑣 = 10 sin(150 𝜋 𝑋 10−2 𝑟𝑎𝑑)
 Impedance ; 𝑍 = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 180°
𝑣 = 10 sin (150 𝜋 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 )
𝑍 = √302 + (184 − 144)2 = √302 + 402 𝜋
𝑣 = 10 sin(1.5 𝑋 180° ) = 10 sin(270° )
𝑍 = √900 + 1600 = √2500 𝑣 = 10 𝑋 (−1) = − 𝟏𝟎 𝑽
𝒁 = 𝟓𝟎 𝛀
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(c) At 𝑡 = 75 𝜇𝑠 ; 𝑣 = 10 sin(3𝜋 𝑋 104 𝑋 75 𝑋 10−6 ) (c) New Q- factor,
−2 −2 180°
𝑣 = 10 sin(225 𝜋 𝑋 10 𝑟𝑎𝑑) = 10 sin (225 𝜋 𝑋 10 𝑋 ) 1 2𝐿 1 2 𝑋 80 𝑋 10−6
𝜋
𝑣 = 10 sin(2.25 𝑋 180° ) = 10 sin(405° ) 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 = √ = 𝑋√
𝑅 𝐶𝑛𝑒𝑤 50 1000 𝑋 10−12
𝑣 = 10 sin(360 + 45° ) = 10 sin(45° )
𝑣 = 10 𝑋 (0.7071) = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟕𝟏 𝑽 1 160 𝑋 106 1 16 𝑋 107 1
25. The current in an inductive circuit is given by 0.3 sin (200t – 40°) A. Write the 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑋√ = 𝑋√ = 𝑋 √16 𝑋 104
50 1000 50 1 𝑋103 50
equation for the voltage across it if the inductance is 40 mH.
4 𝑋 102 400
Solution : 𝑖 = 0.3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (200 𝑡 − 40°) 𝐴 ; 𝐿 = 40 𝑚𝐻 = 40 𝑋 10−3 𝐻 ; 𝑉 = ? 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑤 = = =𝟖
50 50
 In an inductive circuit, the voltage leads the current by 90o. Therefore, 𝟏𝟎 −𝟒 𝟐
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔 𝑡 + 90°) 27. capacitor of capacitance F, an inductor of inductance H and a resistor of
𝝅 𝝅
𝑣 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑋𝐿 sin(𝜔 𝑡 + 90°) resistance 100 Ω are connected to form a series RLC circuit. When an AC
𝑣 = 𝐼𝑚 𝜔 𝐿 sin(𝜔 𝑡 + 90°) supply of 220 V, 50 Hz is applied to the circuit, determine (a) the impedance of
𝑣 = 0.3 𝑋 200 𝑋 40 𝑋 10−3 sin(200 𝑡 − 40° + 90°) the circuit (b) the peak value of current flowing in the circuit (c) the power
𝒗 = 𝟐. 𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒕 + 𝟓𝟎°) 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕 factor of the circuit and (d) the power factor of the circuit at resonance.
26. A series RLC circuit which resonates at 400 kHz has 80 μH inductor, 2000 pF 10−4 2
Solution : 𝐶 = 𝐹 ; 𝐿= 𝐻 ; 𝑅 = 100 Ω ; 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 220 𝑉 ; 𝑓 = 50 𝐻𝑧
capacitor and 50 Ω resistor. Calculate (a) Q-factor of the circuit (b) the new 𝜋 𝜋

value of capacitance when the value of inductance is doubled and (c) the new (a) Inductive reactance,
2
Q-factor. 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔 𝐿 = 2 𝜋 𝑓 𝐿 = 2 𝑋 𝜋 𝑋 50𝑋 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝛀
Solution : 𝑓𝑟 = 400 𝑘𝐻𝑧 = 400 𝑋 103 𝐻𝑧 ; 𝐿 = 80 𝜇𝐻 = 80 𝑋 10−6 𝐻 ; 𝜋
Capacitive reactance,
𝐶 = 2000 𝑝𝐹 = 2000 𝑋 10−12 𝐹 ; 𝑅 = 50 Ω
1 1 1 104
(a) Q-factor of the circuit, 𝑋𝐶 = = = = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝛀
𝜔𝐶 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 10−4 100
1 𝐿 1 80 𝑋 10−6 1 80 𝑋 106 1 8 𝑋 107 2 𝜋 𝑋 50 𝑋
𝜋
𝑄= √ = 𝑋√ −12
= 𝑋√ = 𝑋√ Impedance ; 𝑍 = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2
𝑅 𝐶 50 2000 𝑋 10 50 2000 50 2 𝑋103
1 2 𝑋 102 200 𝑍 = √1002 + (200 − 100)2
𝑄= 𝑋 √4 𝑋 104 = = =𝟒
50 50 50 𝑍 = √1002 + 1002
(b) Resonance frequency ; 𝑍 = √2 𝑋 1002 = √2 𝑋 100 = 1.414 𝑋 100
1 1
𝑓𝑟 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑓𝑟 2 = 𝒁 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟒 𝛀
2
4𝜋 𝐿𝐶
2 𝜋 √𝐿 𝐶 (b) Peak value of current,
1
∴ 𝐶= 𝑉𝑚 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 √2
4 𝜋 2 𝐿 𝑓𝑟 2 𝐼𝑚 = =
When inductance 𝐿 is doubled, new capacitance , 𝑍 𝑍
220 𝑋 1.414 220
1 𝐼𝑚 = =
𝐶𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 141.1 100
4 𝜋 (2 𝐿) 𝑓𝑟 2
2
𝑰𝒎 = 𝟐. 𝟐 𝑨
1 (c) Power factor of the circuit,
𝐶𝑛𝑒𝑤 =
4 𝑋 (3.14) 𝑋 2 𝑋 80 𝑋 10−6 𝑋 (400 𝑋 103 )2
2 𝑅 100 1 1
1 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓 = = = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕
𝐶𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑍 141.4 1.414 √2
4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 2 𝑋 80 𝑋 160000 (d) Power factor of the circuit at resonance (𝑍 = 𝑅),
1
𝐶𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑅 𝑅
3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 640 𝑋 160000 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝓 = = = 𝟏
𝐶𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 9. 9 06 𝑋 10−10 𝑍 𝑅
𝐶𝑛𝑒𝑤 ≅ 10 𝑋 10−10 = 1000 𝑋 10−12 𝐹
𝑪𝒏𝒆𝒘 ≅ 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒑𝑭
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5. A rectangular coil of area 6 cm2 having 3500 turns is kept in a uniform
EXERSICE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS magnetic field of 0.4 T. Initially, the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the
1. A square coil of side 30 cm with 500 turns is kept in a uniform magnetic field field and is then rotated through an angle of 180 o. If the resistance of the coil
of 0.4 T. The plane of the coil is inclined at an angle of 30o to the field. is 35 Ω, find the amount of charge flowing through the coil.
Calculate the magnetic flux through the coil. Solution : 𝐴 = 6 𝑐𝑚2 = 6 𝑋 10−4 𝑚2 ; 𝑁 = 3500 ; 𝐵 = 0.4 𝑇 ; 𝜃𝑖 = 90° − 90° = 0°
Solution : 𝑁 = 500 ; 𝑎 = 30 𝑐𝑚 ; 𝐴 = 𝑎2 = 900 𝑐𝑚2 = 900 𝑋 10−4 𝑚2 ; 𝜃𝑓 = 180° − 90° = 90° ; 𝑅 = 35Ω ; 𝑞 = ?
𝜃 = 90° − 30° = 60 ° ; 𝐵 = 0.4 T ; N Φ𝐵 = ?  Initial magnetic flux ; 𝑁 Φ𝐵 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 cos 𝜃𝑖 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 cos 0° = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴
 Total Magnetic flux through the coil,  Final magnetic flux ; 𝑁 Φ𝐵 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 cos 𝜃𝑓 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 cos 180° = − 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴
𝑁 Φ𝐵 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 cos 𝜃  Change in magnetic flux ; 𝑑 (𝑁 Φ𝐵 ) = 𝑁 𝐴 𝐵 − (− 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴) = 2 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴
𝑁 Φ𝐵 = 500 X 0.4 X 900 𝑋 10−4 cos 60°  Hence rate of change in magnetic flux (i.e.) induced emf;
1 1 𝑑 (𝑁 Φ𝐵 )
𝑁 Φ𝐵 = 180000 X 10−4 X = 18 X = 𝟗 𝑾𝒃 ∈ = = 2𝑁𝐵𝐴
2 2 𝑑𝑡
2. A straight metal wire crosses a magnetic field of flux 4 mWb in a time 0.4 s. ∈ = 2 𝑋 3500 𝑋 0.4 𝑋 6 𝑋 10−4 = 16800 𝑋 10−4
Find the magnitude of the emf induced in the wire. ∈ = 168 𝑋 10−2 𝑉
Solution : dΦ𝐵 = 4 𝑚𝑊𝑏 = 4 𝑋 10−3 𝑊𝑏 ; 𝑑𝑡 = 0.4 𝑇 ; ∈ = ?  Thus induced current (rate of flow of electric charge).
 Magnitude of the emf induced in the wire, ∈ 168 𝑋 10−2
𝒊 = = = 𝟒. 𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝑨
𝑑 Φ𝐵 4 𝑋 10−3 𝑅 35
∈= = = 𝟏𝟎 𝑿𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑽 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝑽  So the amount of charge flowing through the coil,
𝑑𝑡 0.4
3. The magnetic flux passing through a coil perpendicular to its plane is a 𝑞 = 𝑖 𝑡 = 4. 8 𝑋 10−2 𝑋 1 = 𝟒. 𝟖 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝑪
function of time and is given by 𝚽𝑩 = (𝟐 𝒕𝟑 + 𝟒 𝒕𝟐 + 𝟖 𝒕 + 𝟖 ) Wb. If the 6. An induced current of 2.5 mA flows through a single conductor of resistance
resistance of the coil is 5 Ω, determine the induced current through the coil at 100 Ω. Find out the rate at which the magnetic flux is cut by the conductor.
𝑑 Φ𝐵
a time t = 3 second. Solution : 𝑅 = 100  ; 𝑖 = 2.5 𝑚𝐴 = 2.5 𝑋 10−3 𝐴 ; =?
𝑑𝑡
Solution : Magnitude of the induced emf,  The rate of change in magnetic flux (i.e.) induced emf
𝑑 Φ𝐵 𝑑 𝒅 𝚽𝑩
∈= = (2 𝑡 3 + 4 𝑡 2 + 8 𝑡 + 8 ) = ∈ = 𝑖 𝑅 = 2.5 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 100 = 250 𝑋 10−3 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝒎 𝑾𝒃 𝒔−𝟏
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝒅𝒕
∈ = 2 𝑋 3𝑡 2 + 4 𝑋 2 𝑡 + 8 + 0 = 6 𝑡 2 + 8 𝑡 + 8 7. A fan of metal blades of length 0.4 m rotates normal to a magnetic field of
If t = 3 s , ∈ = 6 (3)2 + 8 (3) + 8 = 54 + 24 + 8 = 𝟖𝟔 𝑽 𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑻. If the induced emf between the centre and edge of the blade is
 Then the induced current through the coil, 0.02 V, determine the rate of rotation of the blade.
∈ 86 Solution : 𝑙 = 0.4 m ; A = π 𝑙 2 = 0.16 𝜋 ; B = 4 𝑋 10−3 𝑇 ; ∈𝒎 = 0.02 𝑉 ; 𝜔 =?
𝑖= = = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟐 𝑨  Maximum value of induced emf,
𝑅 5
4. A closely wound circular coil of radius 0.02 m is placed perpendicular to the ∈𝑚 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 𝜔
magnetic field. When the magnetic field is changed from 8000 T to 2000 T in ∈𝑚 0.02
∴ 𝜔= =
6 s, an emf of 44 V is induced in it. Calculate the number of turns in the coil. 𝑁𝐵𝐴 1 𝑋 4 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 0.16 𝜋
0.02
Solution : 𝑟 = 0.02 m ; dt = 6 s ; 𝑑𝐵 = 8000 − 2000 = 6000 𝑇 ; ∈ = 44 𝑉 𝜔=
𝜃 = 90° − 90° = 0° ; 𝑁 = ? 0.64 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 3.14
0.02
 Magnitude of the induced emf ; 𝜔=
0.64 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 3.14
𝑑 Φ𝐵 𝑑 𝑑𝐵 0.02 𝑋 103
∈= 𝑁 =𝑁 (𝐵 𝐴 cos 𝜃) = 𝑁 𝐴 cos 𝜃 ( ) 𝜔=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2.0096
∈ ∈ 44 𝜔 = 9.954 𝑋 10−3 𝑋103
∴ 𝑁= = =
𝑑𝐵 𝑑𝐵 22 6000 𝝎 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟓𝟒 revolutions/second
𝐴 cos 𝜃 ( ) 𝜋 𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 ( ) 𝑋 (0.02)2 cos 0° ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 7 6
44 𝑋 7 𝑋 6 84 840
𝑁= = = = 35 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
22 𝑋 0.0004 𝑋 1 𝑋 6000 2.4 24
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8. A bicycle wheel with metal spokes of 1 m long rotates in Earth’s magnetic 4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 200002 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 0.022
field. The plane of the wheel is perpendicular to the horizontal component of Φ𝐵 = 𝑋1
0.5
Earth’s field of 𝟒 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝑻.If the emf induced across the spokes is 31.4 mV, −7 8
4 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 10 𝑋 4 𝑋 10 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 0.0004
calculate the rate of revolution of the wheel. Φ𝐵 = 𝑋1
0.5
Solution : 𝑙 = 1 𝑚 ; 𝐵𝐻 = 4 𝑋 10−5 𝑇 ; ∈ = 31.4 𝑚 𝑉 = 31.4 𝑋 10−3 𝑉 ; 𝜔 = ? 64 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 10−3
 Maximum value of induced emf, Φ𝐵 =
0.5
∈𝑚 = 𝑁 𝐵 𝐴 𝜔 = 𝑁 𝐵 (𝜋 𝑙 2 )𝜔 Φ𝐵 = 128 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 10−3
∈𝑚 31.4 𝑋 10−3 Φ𝐵 = 1.262 𝑋 103 𝑋 10−3 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔𝟐 𝑾𝒃
∴ 𝜔= =  Hence magnetic flux linked with each turn
𝑁 𝐵 𝜋 𝑙2 1 𝑋 4 𝑋 10−5 𝑋 3.14 𝑋12
10 𝑋 102 1000 𝚽𝑩 1. 262
𝜔= = = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟏 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑾𝒃
4 4 𝑁 20000
𝝎 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 revolutions/second 12. A coil of 200 turns carries a current of 0.4 A. If the magnetic flux of 4 mWb is
9. Determine the self-inductance of 4000 turn air-core solenoid of length 2m and linked with each turn of the coil, find the inductance of the coil.
diameter 0.04 m. Solution : 𝑁 = 200 ; 𝐼 = 0.4 𝐴 ; Φ𝐵 = 4 𝑚𝑊𝑏 = 4 𝑋 10−3 𝑊𝑏 ; 𝐿 = ?
Solution : : 𝑙 = 2 𝑚 ; 𝑑 = 0.04 𝑚 ; 𝑟 = 0.02 𝑚 ; 𝑁 = 4000 ; 𝐿 = ?  Self inductance of the coil,
 Self inductance of air core solenoid, 𝑁 Φ𝐵 200 𝑋 4 𝑋 10−3
𝐿= = = 2000 𝑋 10−3 = 𝟐 𝑯
𝜇𝑜 𝑁 2 𝐴 𝜇𝑜 𝑁 2 𝜋 𝑟 2 𝐼 0.4
𝐿= == 13. Two air core solenoids have the same length of 80 cm and same cross–
𝑙 𝑙
4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 40002 𝑋 𝜋 𝑋 0.02 𝑋 0.02 sectional area 5 cm2. Find the mutual inductance between them if the number
𝐿 = of turns in the first coil is 1200 turns and that in the second coil is 400 turns.
2
𝐿 = 2 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 16 𝑋106 𝑋 0.02 𝑋 0.02 Solution : 𝑙 = 80 𝑐𝑚 = 80 𝑋 10−2 𝑚 ; 𝐴 = 5 𝑐𝑚2 = 5 𝑋 10−4 𝑚2 ;
𝐿 = 2 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 16 𝑋 4 𝑋 10−5 𝑁1 = 1200 ; 𝑁2 = 400 ; 𝑀 = ?
𝐿 = 128 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 10−5  Mutual inductance between the coils,
𝐿 = 1.262 𝑋 103 𝑋 10−5 = 1.262 𝑋 10−2 𝐻 = 12.62 𝑋 10−3 𝐻 𝜇𝑜 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴 4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋1200 𝑋 400 𝑋 5 𝑋 10−4
𝑀= =
𝑳 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟐 𝒎 𝑯 𝑙 80 𝑋 10−2
10. A coil of 200 turns carries a current of 4 A. If the magnetic flux through the coil 𝑀 = 4 𝜋 𝑋15 𝑋 400 𝑋 5 𝑋 10−9 = 3.14 𝑋 12 𝑋10−5
is 6 × 10–5 Wb, find the magnetic energy stored in the medium surrounding 𝑀 = 37.68 𝑋10−5 𝐻 = 0.3768 𝑋 10−3 𝐻 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟔𝟖 𝒎 𝑯
the coil. 14. A long solenoid having 400 turns per cm carries a current 2A. A 100 turn coil
Solution : 𝑁 = 200 ; 𝐼 = 4 𝐴 ; Φ𝐵 = 6 𝑋 10−5 𝑊𝑏 ; 𝑈𝐵 = ? of cross-sectional area 4 cm2 is placed co-axially inside the solenoid so that
 Magnetic energy stored, the coil is in the field produced by the solenoid. Find the emf induced in the
1 1 𝑁 Φ𝐵 2 1 coil if the current through the solenoid reverses its direction in 0.04 sec.
𝑈𝐵 = 𝐿 𝐼 2 = [ ] 𝐼 = 𝑁 Φ𝐵 𝐼 Solution : : 𝑛1 = 400 ; 𝑁1 = 400 𝑋 100 = 4 𝑋 104 ; 𝑁2 = 100 ;
2 2 𝐼 2
1 𝐴 = 4 𝑐𝑚2 = 4 𝑋 10−4 𝑚2 ; 𝐼1 = 2 𝐴 ; 𝑡 = 0.04 𝑠
𝑈𝐵 = 𝑋 200 𝑋 6 𝑋 10−5 𝑋 4  Mutual inductance,
2
𝑈𝐵 = 100 𝑋 6 𝑋 10−5 𝑋 4 = 2400 𝑋10−5 𝐽 𝜇𝑜 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴 4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 4 𝑋 104 𝑋 100 𝑋 4 𝑋 10−4
𝑀= =
𝑼𝑩 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝑱 𝑙 1
11. A 50 cm long solenoid has 400 turns per cm. The diameter of the solenoid is 𝑀 = 64 𝜋 𝑋 10−5 = 64 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 10−5
0.04 m. Find the magnetic flux linked with each turn when it carries a current 𝑀 = 200.96 𝑋 10−5 = 2.0096 𝑋 10−3
of 1 A. 𝑴 ≅ 𝟐 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑯
Solution : 𝑙 = 50 𝑐𝑚 = 0.5 𝑚 ; 𝑛 = 400 ; 𝑁 = 𝑛 𝑙 = 400 𝑋 50 = 20000 ;  If the current through the solenoid is reversed its direction, the emf inuced in the
𝑑 = 0.04 𝑚 ; 𝑟 = 0.02 𝑚 ; 𝐼 = 1 𝐴 ; Φ𝐵 = ? coil is,
 Let ‘L’ be the self inductance of the solenoid, magnetic flux is, 𝑑𝐼1 2 − (−2) 4
𝜇𝑜 𝑁 2 𝐴 𝜇𝑜 𝑁 2 𝜋 𝑟 2 ∈2 = 𝑀 = 2 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 = 2 𝑋 10−3 𝑋
𝑑𝑡 0.04 0.04
Φ𝐵 = 𝐿 𝐼 = 𝐼= 𝐼 ∈2 = 2 𝑋 10−3 𝑋 100 = 2 𝑋 10−1 𝑉 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝑽
𝑙 𝑙
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15. A 200 turn circular coil of radius 2 cm is placed co-axially within a long 18. A 200V/120V step-down transformer of 90% efficiency is connected to an
solenoid of 3 cm radius. If the turn density of the solenoid is 90 turns per cm, induction stove of resistance 40 Ω. Find the current drawn by the primary of
then calculate mutual inductance of the coil and the solenoid. the transformer.
Solution : 𝑟 = 2 𝑐𝑚 = 2 𝑋 10−2 𝑚 ; 𝑁1 = 200 ; 𝑁2 = 90 𝑋100 = 9000 Solution : 𝜂 = 90 % ; 𝑉𝑃 = 200 𝑉 ; 𝑉𝑆 = 120 𝑉 ; 𝑅 = 40 
 Mutual inductance of the coil and the solenoid, 𝑉𝑆 𝑉𝑆2 1202 120 𝑋 120
 Output power ; 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆 = = = = 360 𝑊
𝜇𝑜 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴 𝜇𝑜 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝜋 𝑟 2 𝑅
𝑃𝑆
𝑅
360
40 40
𝑀= =  Thus secondary current is; 𝐼𝑆 = = = 𝟑𝑨
𝑙 𝑙 𝑉𝑆 120
4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 200 𝑋 9000 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 (2 𝑋 10−2 )2  We know, the efficiency of the transformer ; 𝜂 = 𝑆 = 𝑆 𝑆
𝑃 𝑉 𝐼
𝑀= 𝑃𝑃 𝑉𝑃 𝐼 𝑃
1 90 360
𝑀 = 3.14 𝑋 3.14 𝑋 288 𝑋 10−6 = 2.839 𝑋 103 𝑋 10−6 =
𝑴 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟑𝟗 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝑯 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟑𝟗 𝒎 𝑯 100 200 𝑋 𝐼𝑃
16. The solenoids S1 and S2 are wound on an iron-core of relative permeability  The current drawn by the primary of the transformer
900. Their areas of their cross-section and their lengths are the same and are 360 𝑋 100 36000
𝐼𝑃 = = = 𝟐𝑨
4 cm2 and 0.04 m respectively. If the number of turns in S 1 is 200 and that in S2 200 𝑋 90 18000
is 800, calculate the mutual inductance between the solenoids. If the current 19. The 300 turn primary of a transformer has resistance 0.82 Ω and the
in solenoid 1 is increased form 2A to 8A in 0.04 second, calculate the induced resistance of its secondary of 1200 turns is 6.2 Ω. Find the voltage across the
emf in solenoid 2. primary if the power output from the secondary at 1600V is 32 kW. Calculate
Solution : 𝜇𝑟 = 900 ; 𝐴 = 4 𝑐𝑚2 = 4 𝑋 10−4 𝑚2 ; 𝑙 = 0.04 𝑚 ; 𝑁1 = 200 ; the power losses in both coils when the transformer efficiency is 80%.
𝑁2 = 800 ; 𝑑𝐼1 = 8 − 2 = 6 𝐴 ; 𝑑𝑡 = 0.04 𝑠 ; 𝑀 =? ; ∈2 = ? Solution : 𝑁𝑃 = 300 ; 𝑁𝑆 = 1200 ; 𝑅𝑃 = 0.82  ; 𝑅𝑆 = 6.2  ; 𝑉𝑆 = 1600 𝑉
80
 Mutual inductance, 𝑃𝑆 = 32 𝑘𝑊 = 32 𝑋 103 𝑊 ; 𝜂 = 80 % =
𝜇𝑜 𝜇𝑟 𝑁1 𝑁2 𝐴 4 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 900 𝑋 200 𝑋 800 𝑋 4 𝑋 10−4 100
𝑀= = 𝑃𝑆 32 𝑋 103 32000
𝑙 0.04  Output power ; 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑆 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑰𝑺 = = = = 𝟐𝟎 𝑨
𝑉𝑆 1600 1600
𝑀 = 100 𝜋 𝑋 10−7 𝑋 900 𝑋 200 𝑋 800 𝑋 4 𝑋 10−4 𝑉𝑆 𝑁𝑆 𝑉𝑆 𝑁𝑃 1600 𝑋 300 4800
 Transformer equation ; = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑽𝑷 = = = = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑽
𝑀 = 3.14 𝑋 576 𝑋 10−3 𝑉𝑃 𝑁𝑃 𝑁𝑆 1200 12
𝑃𝑆 𝑃𝑆
𝑴 = 1.808 𝑋 103 𝑋 10−3 ≅ 𝟏. 𝟖𝟏 𝑯  Efficiency ; 𝜂= =
𝑃𝑃 𝑉𝑃 𝐼𝑃
 The induced emf in solenoid 2 is,
80 32 𝑋 103
𝑑𝐼1 6 600 =
∈2 = − 𝑀 = −1.81 𝑋 = −1.81 𝑋 100 400 𝑋 𝐼𝑃
𝑑𝑡 0.04 4
∈2 = −1.81 𝑋 150 = −𝟐𝟕𝟏. 𝟓 𝑽 32 𝑋 103 𝑋 100 3200
𝑰𝑷 = = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑨
17. A step-down transformer connected to main supply of 220 V is used to operate 400 𝑋 80 32
2 2
11V, 88 W lamp. Calculate (a) Voltage transformation ratio and (b) Current in  Power loss in primary coil = 𝐼𝑃 𝑅𝑃 = 100 𝑋 0.82 = 8200 𝑊 = 𝟖. 𝟐 𝒌𝑾
the primary.  Power loss in secondary coil = 𝐼𝑆2 𝑅𝑆 = 202 𝑋 6.2 = 2480 𝑊 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑾
Solution : 𝑉𝑃 = 220 𝑉 ; 𝑉𝑆 = 11 𝑉 ; 𝑃𝑆 = 88 𝑊 ; 𝐾 = ? ; 𝐼𝑃 = ? 20. Calculate the instantaneous value at 60o, average value and RMS value of an
𝑉𝑆 𝑁𝑆 𝐼𝑃 alternating current whose peak value is 20 A.
(a) Voltage transformation ratio ; 𝐾 = = =
𝑉𝑃 𝑁𝑃 𝐼𝑆 Solution : 𝐼𝑚 = 20 𝐴 ; 𝜔𝑡 = 60° ; 𝑖 = ? ; 𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ? ; 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ?
𝑉𝑆 11 𝟏  Alternating current at any instant,
∴ 𝑲= = =
𝑉𝑃 220 𝟐𝟎 √3
(b) We know the output power ; 𝑃𝑆 = 88 𝑊 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 20 sin 60° = 20 𝑋 = 10 𝑋 1.732 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟑𝟐 𝑨
(𝑖. 𝑒) 2
𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑆 = 88 𝑊
 Average value of alternating current,
Hence, the secondary current ; 2 𝐼𝑚
88 88 𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = 0.637 𝐼𝑚 = 0.637 𝑋 20 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟕𝟒 𝑨
𝐼𝑆 = = =8𝐴 𝜋
𝑉𝑆 11  RMS value of alternating current,
 Thus, current in the primary 𝐼𝑚
1 4 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 0.707 𝐼𝑚 = 0.707 𝑋 20 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟒 𝑨
𝐼𝑃 = 𝐾 𝐼𝑆 = 𝑋8= = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝑨 √2
20 10
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6. Two co-axial circular coils carrying equal currents, flowing in the same
UNIT – 4 CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS direction approach near each other. What do you expect to happen to the
1. State the condition under which the magnetic flux linked with a circuit is currents in them?
positive, negative and zero.  As the two coils approaching each other, each tends to increase the strength of
 Magnetic flux (Φ𝐵 ) is given by, 𝚽𝑩 = ⃗𝑩 ⃗ .𝑨
⃗⃗ = 𝑩 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ; where 𝜃 is the angle magnetic field at the centre of the other. According to Lenz’s law the induced emf
made by the lines of force with normal to the surface tends to oppose this tendency. Therefore it will send a current in opposite
Case (i) : If is 𝜃 acute, (i.e.) magnetic lines of force comes out of the surface, direction, thereby reducing the strength of net current through each coil.
then cos 𝜃 = +𝑣𝑒 and hence 𝚽𝑩 = +𝒗𝒆 7. When a fan is switched off, a spark can be seen in the switch while this is not so
Case (ii) : If is 𝜃 obtuse, (i.e.) magnetic lines of force enters the surface, when the fan was switched on. Explain.
then cos 𝜃 = −𝑣𝑒 and hence 𝚽𝑩 = −𝒗𝒆  At make or break, the current changes through the coil of fan, thus causing an
Case (iii) : If is 𝜃 = 90° (i.e.) magnetic lines of force is parallel to the surface, induced emf to be set up in the coil due to the property of self induction.
then , cos 𝜃 = 0 and hence 𝚽𝑩 = 𝟎  At make, there is no gap any where in the circuit so there is no spark.
2. A straight permanent magnet falls through a fixed metal ring. Will the magnet  At the break, there is a small gap in the cirucuit. Moreover the rate of change of
fall with the acceleration of a freely falling body? magnetic flux and hence the induced emf is very large at break than that at make.
 As the magnet approaches the ring, the strength of magnetic field and hence the This high self induced emf across the gap results in a spark.
magnetic flux linked with the ring changes. This results in induction of an 8. Two coils having co-efficient of self induction 𝑳𝟏 and 𝑳𝟐 are connected in series.
induced emf in the ring which sends a current through the ring in such a Whether the coefficient of self induction of the combination will decrease or
direction that it opposes the motion of magnet. increase?
 Therefore the magnet will fall through the ring with an acceleration less than  In series combination, they carry equal currents but have different potential
that of acceleration due to gravity. diffence across their ends.
3. A copper ring is suspended by means of a thread that its plane is vertical. A bar 𝒅𝒊
 If be the rate of change of current through of this combination, then the self
magnet approaches the centre of ring, horizontally from right side. What will 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒊
happen to the ring? induced emf in the two coils will be, 𝑬𝟏 = − 𝑳𝟏 and 𝑬𝟐 = − 𝑳𝟐
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
 Due to approaching magnet, an emf is induced in the ring which tends to oppose  Hence the net emf induced in this combination ;
the motion of magnet towards the ring. It means the ring tends to exert a force 𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒊
𝑬 = 𝑬𝟏 + 𝑬𝟐 = − 𝑳𝟏 − 𝑳𝟐 = − (𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 )
on magnet from left to right. As a reaction the magnet exerts a force on ring from 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
right to left. Thus the ring will shift towards left and the string will make some  If ‘L’ is the coefficient of self induction of the combination, then self induced emf
𝒅𝒊
angle with the vertical. is given by ; 𝑬 = − 𝑳 . By comparing above two equations, we get,
𝒅𝒕
4. Obtain the dimensional formula for coefficient of self induction. 𝑳 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 (i.e.) Coefficient of self induction of this combination will increase
 Induced emf ‘𝜀’ is given by, 9. Two coils having co-efficient of self induction 𝑳𝟏 and 𝑳𝟐 are connected in
𝑑𝑖 𝜀 𝑑𝑡
𝜀 = −𝐿 (𝑜𝑟) 𝐿 = − parallel. Whether the coefficient of self induction of the combination will
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑖 decrease or increase?
[𝑀 𝐿2 𝑇 −3 𝐴−1 ] [𝑇]
⟹ 𝐿= = [𝑴 𝑳𝟐 𝑻−𝟐 𝑨−𝟐 ]  In parallel combination, they carry different currents but have same potential
[𝐴] diffence across their ends.
5. A piece of metal and a piece of stone are dropped from same height. Will they 𝒅𝒊𝟏 𝒅𝒊𝟐
reach the earth in same time?  If and be the rate of change of current through the two coils , then the
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒊
 Both the pieces fall through earth’s magnetic field. So eddy currents are setup self induced emf in the two coils will be, 𝑬 = − 𝑳𝟏 𝟏 and 𝑬 = − 𝑳𝟐 𝟐
inside the metal piece while it is not so in the case of stone. 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒊 𝑬 𝒅𝒊𝟐 𝑬 𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒊 𝟏 𝟏
 According to Lenz law, the eddy current always opposes the cause that produce  Therefore, 𝟏 = − and = − ⟹ 𝟏 + 𝟐 = −𝑬 [ + ]
𝒅𝒕 𝑳𝟏 𝒅𝒕 𝑳𝟐 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐
it and this results in retardation of metal piece.  If ′𝑖 ′ be the instantaneous current and ‘L’ is the coefficient of self induction of the
 So that metal piece take longer time to reach the surface of earth 𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒊 𝑬
combination, then 𝑬 = − 𝑳 (𝒐𝒓) =−
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝑳
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝑳 𝑳
 By comparing above two equations, we get, = +𝑳 (𝒐𝒓) 𝑳 = 𝟏 𝟐
𝑳 𝑳𝟏 𝟐 𝑳 +𝑳 𝟏 𝟐
(i.e.) Coefficient of self induction of this combination will decrease
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10. A wire and a circular loop are placed as shown. The wire and
the plane of loop are in the plane of the paper. A current
starts increasing in the wire, while flowing form P to Q. What
will be the direction of current, if any induced in the coil?
 According Maxwell’s right hand cork screw rule, a current
flowing from P to Q produces a magnetic flux through the
coil directed outwards ()
 Increase of current results in increase of flux and thereby inducing current in the
loop due to electromagnetic induction.
 According to Lenz’s law, the induced current must flow in such a direction that
the net flux through the loop decreases.. This is possible only the induced field is
directed in to the plane of the coil (). For this happen the direction of current
through should be clockwise.
11. How can the concept of electromagnetic induction be used to apply breaks to
fast moving automobiles?
 To retard the motion of a fast moving automobile, a strong magnetic field should
be applied across the wheels. The consequent change in magnetic flux induces
emf which according to Lenz’s law, opposes the cause (motion), thus retarding
the motion.
12. Three identical coils A, B and C are placed with
their planes parallel to one another. Coil A and
C carry currents as shown. Coil B and C are fixed
in position and coil A moves towards B with
uniform motion. Is there any induced current in
B? If no give reason. If yes make the direction of
induced current in the diagram.
 As the coils B and C are fixed, there is no relative displacement between them,
and hence no current is induced in coil B due to C
 Current flowing through A produces magnetic field perpendicular to its plane.
When coil A moves towards B, the magnetic flux linked with B changes and an
emf is induced in it.
 According to Lenz’s law, the induced current in B flows such that it opposes the
cause producing it (i.e.) change in magnetic flux. For this happen, the current
induced in B will be anticlockwise.
13. When a car is started, the intensity of light of its head light undergoes a
momentary decrease. Why is it so?
 When starter is pushed, motor gets started. In the beginning the speed of
armature is small. Therefore there is small back emf. Thus there is a greater fall
of potential across it. So the intensity of light is decreases.
 When the armature has acquired sufficient speed, there is appreciable back emf
which reduces the fall of potential across it, thereby restoring the brightness of
head lights.
14. A conducting loop is held stationary, normal to the field between the plates of a
large capacitor. Is a current induced in the loop when it is (i) wholly inside the
capacitor (ii) partially outside the plates of the capacitor?
 No current is induced in both cases.
 For the generation on induced current there must be change in magnetic flux and
not electric flux.
15. A rectangular loop and circular loop are moving out of a uniform magnetic field
region to a field free region with a constant velocity. In which loop do you
expect the induced emf to be constant during the passage out of the field
region? The field is normal to the field.
 In the rectangular loop the induced emf will be the constant.
 In the case of circular loop, the rate of change of area is not constant. Hence the
induced emf will not be constant.
16. A coil is wound on an iron core and looped back itself, so that the core has two
sets of closely wound wires in series, carrying currents in the opposite senses.
What do you expect about its self-inductance? Will it be large or small?
 The self inductive will be small, because the effects due to the induced back emf
will get cancelled, as the currents flow in the opposite senses.
17. An iron bar falling vertically through the hollow region of a thick cylindrical
shell made of copper, experiences a retarding force. What can you conclude
about the nature of the iron bar?
 The iron bar must be a magnet.
 When the bar magnet falls vertically through the hollow space of the shell, eddy
currents are produced in the shell due to changing magnetic flux.
 By Lenz’s, the eddy currents oppose the fall of the magnet and hence it
experiences a retarding force.
18. An electron moves in a circle, with uniform speed, in a stationary magnetic
field, normal to the plane of the circle. If the field magnitude is made to
increase with time, will the electron speed up or speed down? Will it continue
to revolve in a same circle?
 When ‘B’ increased with time, the speed of the electron will increase, because, =
𝑩𝒆𝒓
.
𝒎
 When speed increases, the radius will also change. But by selecting non-uniform
magnetic field ‘B’, the electron can be made to revolve in a circle of constant
radius.
19. A small resistor (say a lamp) is usually put in parallel to the current carrying
coil of an electromagnet. What purpose does it serve?
 When the current in the electromagnet is switched off, the flux changes from a
large value to zero. This produces a high induced emf.
 When the induced current passes across the switch, sparks are produced. To
avoid this, a small resistance is connected in parallel and this provides a
conducting path for the induced voltage thereby spark is avoided.
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20. Two identical loops, one of copper and another of nichrome are rotated with  In case of LC-parallel circuit, voltage across both is same, but current in L lags
the same speed in a magnetic field. In which case will the induced (i) emf voltage by /2 and current in C leads voltage by /2 . So currents in L and C in
(ii) current be greater? Why? paralle has a phase difference of  (or) 180
 Since the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the two loops are equal, the 28. Power factor often be improved by the use of a capacitor of appropriate
emf induced in both the loops will be the same. But the current will be more in capacitance in the circuit. Explain.
the loop which has small resistance.  We know that, 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓 =
𝑹
 Copper has small resistance than nichrome and hence induced current will be 𝒁
more in copper loop.  When capacitance is introduced ‘Z’ is reduced and can be made equal to ‘R’. Then
21. Explain whether an induced current will be developed in a conductor, if it is power factor becomes unity.
moved in a direction parallel to the magnetic field. 29. An applied voltage signal consists of a superposition of a d.c voltage and
 When the conductor is moved parallel to the field, there is no change in the an a.c voltage of high frequency. The circuit consists of an inductor and a
magnetic flux. capacitor in series. Show that the d.c signal will appear across C and the
 The Lorentz force on the free electrons will be zero and hence the potential a.c signal across L
difference across the two ends of the conductor will be zero.  For d.c, the inductive reactance (𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋𝜈𝐿) is zero and the capacitive
1 1
22. Can we use ordinary moving coil galvanometer for measuring a.c? reactance (𝑋𝐶 = = ) is infinity. Because for d.c, frequency ; 𝜈 = 0.
𝜔𝐶 2𝜋𝜈𝐶
 No. Because during the first half of a.c the needle of the galvanometer deflects in So d.c signal appears across ‘C’
one direction and in the second half in the opposite direction. Since the  But for a.c of high frequency, the inductive reactance (𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋𝜈𝐿) is high
frequency of a.c is high the average deflection will be zero. 1 1
and the capacitive reactance (𝑋𝐶 = = ) is small. So a.c signal appears
23. What is choke? 𝜔𝐶 2𝜋𝜈𝐶
 Choke is an inductor of high inductance and negligible resistance. across ‘L’
 It is connected in series in a circuit to reduce current without much loss of power 30. A choke coil in series with a lamp is connected to a d.c line. The lamp is seen to
24. Explain reactance and impedance. shine brightly. Insertion of an iron core in the choke causes no change in the
lamp’s brightness. Predict the corresponding observations if the connection is
 The resistance offered by a pure inductor or pure capacitor to the flow of a.c
through it is called reactance. to an a.c line.
 The combined resistance offered by RL or RC or RLC circuit is called impedance.  ‘L’ has no effect when d.c flows in the circuit.
25. What is the difference between resistance and reactance?  But for a.c when the choke is introduced, it offers an impedance and so the lamp
will shine dimly. With iron core, ‘L’ for choke further increased and hence the
 Both resistance and reactance are the properties of an electrical circuit that
opposes current. lamp will further dim.
31. A lamp is connected in series with a capacitor. Predict your observations for d.c
 But resistance measures the opposition to a flow of current, where as reactance
and a.c connections. What will happen in each case, if the capacity is reduced?
measures the opposition to a change in current. 𝟏 𝟏
 Resistance depends on the dimension of the conductor whereas reactance  For a capacitor; 𝑿𝑪 = = . For d.c, the frequency, 𝜈 = 0 and hence
𝝎𝑪 𝟐𝝅𝝂𝑪
depends on the frequency of the alternating source. capacitor offers infinite resistance to d.c. So the lamp will not glow in d.c line
26. In any a.c circuit, is the applied instantaneous voltage equal to the algebraic  But for a.c, capacitor offers small resistance and so the lamp will glow. If ‘C’ is
sum of the instantaneous voltage across the series elements of the circuit? Is reduced, 𝑿𝑪 will increase and so the brightness will decrease
the same true for r.m.s voltage? 32. The frequency of a.c passing through a capacitor and a bulb connected in series
 Yes. The applied instantaneous voltage is always equal to the algebraic sum of is increased. What will happen?
the instantaneous voltage across the series elements of the circuit.  The bulb will glow brighter, because due to increase in frequency, the capacitive
 But it is not correct for r.m.s voltage, because there is phase difference between reactance is decreased.
r.m.s voltages across different elements of the circuit. 33. Can we transform d.c voltage using a transformer?
27. Explain why voltages across L and C in series are 180 out of phase, while the  No. Because d.c voltage remains constant always and no emf is induced as there
current flows through L and C in parallel are out of phase by 180 is no change in magnetic flux.
 In case of LC-series circuit, current is same in both, but voltage across L leads 34. What is meant by electrical inertia?
current by /2 and voltage across C lags current by /2 . So voltage in L and C in  The inability of a body to change its state of rest or uniform straight line motion
series has a phase difference of  (or) 180 by itself is called inertia. Like that self inductance of a coil always opposes the
changes in current and hence this property is called electrical inertia.
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35. What is the nature of impedance in RLC circuit while at resonance and what is
the phase angle between voltage and current when RLC circuit is in resonance?
 At resonance 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 , Hence the nature of impedance is purely resistive (𝑍 = 𝑅)
 Since at resonance the impedance is purely resistive, so the phase angle between
voltage and current is zero (i.e.) 𝜙 = 0°
36. What is the impedance of a pure inductor and pure capacitor? Does it depend
upon the nature of source of a.c. connected across it?
 The impedance of a pure inductor is called inductive reactance (𝑋𝐿 ) and it is
given by ; 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔 𝐿 = 2 𝜋 𝜈 𝐿
 The impedance of a pure capacitor is called capacitive reactance (𝑋𝐶 ) and it is
1 1
given by ; 𝑋𝐶 = =
𝜔𝐶 2𝜋𝜈𝐶
 Yes. The impedance depends upon the nature of source because of different
values of frequency.
37. What information can you get from a vector-impedance diagram?
 It tells us about the net impedance of the circuit due to all the circuit elements.
 It tells about the phase difference between effective voltage and current
 It gives us the value of the power factor of the a.c. circuit.
 It gives the information regarding the natrure of circuit (i.e.) whether the circuit
behaves like RL - circuit, pure resistive circuit or RC-circuit.
38. Two identical heaters are heated by two sources, one of d.c. and second of a.c.,
having same potential difference across their terminals. Will the rate of heat
production in both the heaters be the same? Explain.
 No. The rate of heat produced in certain time in the heater fed with a.c. source
will be greater than the heater fed with d.c. source.
 Because the net impedance of the circuit, in the case of a.c. source is
𝑍 = √𝑅2 + 𝜔 2 𝐿2 . Since 𝑍 > 𝑅, greater heat will produced in the heater fed with
a.c. source.
39. What steps would you take to save the energy consumed in an a.c. circuit
without affecting its emf and current?
 The energy consumed in a circuit is given by, 𝑊 = 𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos 𝜙
 Smaller the value of cos 𝜙, smaller is the energy consumed in the circuit.
 Here cos 𝜙 can be decreased by increasing the value of 𝜙 and 𝜙 can be increased
1 charges stored in it. As a result, the net charges present in the plates begin to
by decreasing capacitive reactance ( ) . Thus if a capacitor of high ‘C’ is
𝜔𝐶
connected in the circuit, it will result in decrease in actual energy consumed
40. What is watt-less current? State the conditions under which it is possible.
 The reactive component of 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 (i.e.) 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 sin 𝜙 which is perpendicular 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 is
called Watt-less current, since the power consumed by this is zero.
 This is possible only in the case of pure inductive or a pure capacitive circuit.
41. What is the power factor of the a.c. circuit while at resonance?
 At resonance, the circuit behaves as a pure resistive circuit. Thus 𝜙 = 0°
 Hence, power factor = cos 𝜙 = 1
42. If the frequency of a.c. source is increased , how does its impedance change?
 If the frequency of a.c. source increases gradually, the impedance Z decreases
first, becomes minimum while at resonance and starts increasing afterwards.
43. Can electrolysis proceed with help of an a.c. source?
 No. The ion inside the electrolyte will keep on vibrating about its mean position
due to continuous reversal of polarity of a.c. source.
44. An inductor blocks AC but it allows DC. Why? and How?
 An inductor L is a closely wound helical coil. The steady DC current flowing
through L produces uniform magnetic field around it and the magnetic flux
linked remains constant. Therefore there is no self-induction and self-induced
emf (back emf). Since inductor behaves like a resistor, DC flows through an
inductor.
 The AC flowing through L produces time-varying magnetic field which in turn
induces self-induced emf (back emf). This back emf, according to Lenz’s law,
opposes any change in the current. Since AC varies both in magnitude and
direction, its flow is opposed in L. For an ideal inductor of zero ohmic resistance,
the back emf is equal and opposite to the applied emf. Therefore L blocks AC.
45. A capacitor blocks DC but it allows AC. Why? and How?
 When DC battery is connected, electrons start to flow from the negative terminal
and are accumulated at the right plate of the capacitor, making it negative. Due to
this negative potential, the electrons present in the nearby left plate are repelled
and are moved towards positive terminal of the battery. When electrons leave
the left plate, it becomes positively charged. This process is known as charging.
The charging of the plates continues till the level of the battery. Once C is fully
charged and current will stop. At this time, we say that capacitor is blocking DC
 Now an AC source is connected across C At an instant, the right side of the source
is at negative potential, then the electrons flow from negative terminal to the
right plate and from left plate to the positive, but no electron crosses the gap
between the plates. Thus, the charging of the plates takes place and the plates
become fully charged. After a short time, the polarities of AC source are reversed
and the right side of the source is now positive. The electrons which were
accumulated in the right plate start to flow to the positive terminal and the
electrons from negative terminal flow to the left plate to neutralize the positive
decrease and this is called discharging. Once the charges are exhausted, C will be
charged again but with reversed polarities Thus the electrons flow in one
direction while charging the capacitor and its direction is reversed while
discharging (the conventional current is also opposite in both cases). Though
electrons flow in the circuit, no electron crosses the gap between the plates. In
this way, AC flows through a capacitor.
 www.nammakalvi.com
EXAM NO 7. In a transformer, the number of turns in the primary and the secondary are
NAME : 410 and 1230 respectively. If the current in primary is 6A, then that in the
UNIT - 4 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRETNT secondary coil is
(a) 2 A (b) 18 A
Time - 2 : 30 hours Total - 60 marks
(c) 12 A (d) 1 A
PART - I 15 X 1 = 15 8. A step-down transformer reduces the supply voltage from 220 V to 11 V and
Note : (i) Answer all the questions increase the current from 6 A to 100 A. Then its efficiency is
(ii) Choose the best answer and write the option code and (a) 1.2 (b) 0.83
corresponding answer (c) 0.12 (d) 0.9
1. An electron moves on a straight line path XY as shown 9. In an electrical circuit, R, L, C and AC voltage source are all connected in series.
in the figure. The coil abcd is adjacent to the path of When L is removed from the circuit, the phase difference between the voltage
𝝅
the electron. What will be the direction of current, if and current in the circuit is . Instead, if C is removed from the circuit, the
𝟑
any, induced in the coil? 𝝅
phase difference is again . The power factor of the circuit is
(a) The current will reverse its direction as the 𝟑
electron goes past the coil 1 1 √3
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
(b) No current will be induced (c) abcd (d) adcb 2 √2 2
2. A thin semi-circular conducting ring (PQR) of radius r 10. In a series RL circuit, the resistance and inductive reactance are the same.
is falling with its plane vertical in a horizontal magnetic Then the phase difference between the voltage and current in the circuit is
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
field B, as shown in the figure. The potential difference (a) (b) (c) (d) zero
4 2 6
developed across the ring when its speed v is 11. In a series resonant RLC circuit, the voltage across 100 Ω resistor is 40 V. The
𝐵 𝑣 𝜋 𝑟2 resonant frequency ω is 250 rad/s. If the value of C is 4 μF, then the voltage
(a) Zero (b) and P is at higher potential
2 across L is
(c) 𝜋 r B v and R is at higher potential (d) 2 r B v and R is at higher potential (a) 600 V (b) 4000 V
3. The flux linked with a coil at any instant t is given by 𝚽𝑩 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒕𝟐 − 𝟓𝟎 𝒕 + 𝟐𝟓𝟎 . (c) 400V (d) 1 V
The induced emf at t = 3 s is 12. An inductor 20 mH, a capacitor 50 μF and a resistor 40 Ω are connected in
(a) −190 V (b) −10 V (c) 10 V (d) 190 V series across a source of emf V = 10 sin 340 t. The power loss in AC circuit is
4. When the current changes from +2A to −2A in 0.05 s, an emf of 8 V is induced (a) 0.76 W (b) 0.89 W
in a coil. The co-efficient of self-induction of the coil is (c) 0.46 W (d) 0.67 W
(a) 0.2 H (b) 0.4 H 13. The instantaneous values of alternating current and voltage in a circuit are
(c) 0.8 H (d) 0.1 H 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅
5. The current i flowing in a coil varies with time as 𝒊= 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝝅 𝒕) 𝑨 and 𝑽 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝝅 𝒕 + 𝟑 ) 𝑽.The average power
√𝟐 √𝟐
shown in the figure. The variation of induced emf in watts consumed in the circuit is
with time would be 1 √3 1 1
a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 2 8
14. In an oscillating LC circuit, the maximum charge on the capacitor is Q. The
charge on the capacitor when the energy is stored equally between the electric
and magnetic fields is
𝑄 𝑄
(a) (b)
2 √3
𝑄
(c) (d) Q
(a) (b) (c) (d) √2
𝟐𝟎
6. A circular coil with a cross-sectional area of 4 cm2 has 10 turns. It is placed at 15.
𝝅𝟐
𝑯 inductor is connected to a capacitor of capacitance C. The value of C in
the centre of a long solenoid that has 15 turns/cm and a cross-sectional area order to impart maximum power at 50 Hz is
of 10 cm2. The axis of the coil coincides with the axis of the solenoid. What is (a) 50 μF (b) 0.5 μF
their mutual inductance? (c) 500 μF (d) 5 Μf
(a) 7.54 μH (b) 8.54 μH (c) 9.54 μH (d) 10.54 μH
 www.nammakalvi.com
PART - II 6 X 2 = 12 33. Find out the phase relation ship between voltage and current in a pure inductive
circuit. Define inductive reactance.
Note : (i) Answer any 6 of the following questions .
(OR)
(ii) Question No. 23 is compulsory
16. State Fleming’s right hand rule. Find out the phase relation ship between voltage and current in a pure capacitive
17. Define mutual inductance or coefficient of mutual induction. circuit. Define capacitive reactance
18. Define RMS value of AC.
19. Define power factor.
20. Define wattles current.
21. Define Q – factor.
22. Define resonance.
23. A circular metal of area 0.03 m2 rotates in a uniform magnetic field of 0.4 T. The axis
of rotation passes through the centre and perpendicular to its plane and is also
parallel to the field. If the disc completes 20 revolutions in one second and the
resistance of the disc is 4 Ω, calculate the induced emf between the axis and the rim
and induced current flowing in the disc.
PART - III 6 X 3 = 18
Note : (i) Answer any 6 of the following questions .
(ii) Question No. 30 is compulsory
24. Assuming that the length of the solenoid is large when compared to its diameter, find
the equation for its inductance.
25. How will you induce an emf by changing the area enclosed by the coil.
26. Explain various energy losses in a transformer.
27. Find out the phase relation ship between voltage and current in a pure resistive
circuit.
28. Obtain an expression for average power of AC over a cycle. Discuss its special cases.
29. An inductor of inductance ‘L’ carries an electric current ‘i’. How much energy is
stored while establishing the current in it?
30. A 200V/120V step-down transformer of 90% efficiency is connected to an induction
stove of resistance 40 Ω. Find the current drawn by the primary of the transformer.

PART - IV 3 X 5 = 15
Note : (i) Answer all the questions
31. Show mathematically that the rotation of a coil in a magnetic field over one rotation
induces an alternating emf of one cycle.
(OR)
Explain the principle , construction and working of transformer. இனிமைத் தமிழ் மைொழி எைது - எைக்கின்பந் தரும்படிவொய்த்த நல்அமுது !
32. Derive an expression for phase angle between the applied voltage and current in a கனிமை பிழிந்திட்ட சொறு - எங்கள் கதியில் உைர்ந்திட ைொம்மபற்ற பபறு !
series RLC circuit. தனிமைச் சுமவயுள்ள மசொல்மை - எங்கள் தமிழினும் பவமறங்கும் ைொங்கண்டதில்மை !
நனியுண்டு நனியுண்டு கொதல் - தமிழ் நொட்டினர் ைொவர்க்குபை தமிழ் மீதில் !
(OR)
எங்கள் தமிழ் - பொபவந்தர் பொரதிதொசன்
What are called LC oscillations? Explain the generation of LC oscillations.