CBSE Examination Paper 2017 (Delhi Set)

(Detailed Solutions)

Physics
Class 12th
SET I
1. In case of metallic sphere, charge given to it is mostly circuit which lies between two plates of capacitor.
resides on its surface. Therefore, there is no There is no current found in that gap. But it was found
that an electric field exist inside the plates therefore,
difference whether the sphere is hollow or solid. As in
indicating existance of magnetic field which leads to
both cases, the charge that will reside will be same.
inconsistency in the Ampere’s circuital law. To
2. The flux created by straight current carrying wire is account this problem concept of displacement
depicted in the figure. current was introduced by Maxwell. He change the
Ampere’s circuital law (∫ B ⋅ dI = µ 0 I ) to a modified
form which is given below as, ∫ B ⋅ dI = µ 0 I + µ 0 Id
where, Id is displacement current. This is known as
I
B Ampere’s Maxwell law.
According to this law, displacement current I arises
due to the changing electric field which in turn creates
As, induced emf (e) ∝ rate of change of magnetic
magnetic field between the plates.
flux (φB )
dφ E
and φB = B ⋅ A = BAcos θ It can be shown that, Id = ε 0
dt
Here, B ⊥ A ⇒ φB = BAcos 90 ° = 0
So, induced emf = 0 7. When an α-particle is bombarded over a gold
nucleus, it is repelled by electrostatic repulsion. As a
Hence, a change in current of wire will not create
result K.E of α particle is converted into electrostatic
any emf in the loop.
PE. At a certain distance between the α particle and
3. B nucleus at which the moving charge looses all its
60° kinetic energy and becomes stationary momentarily.
This distance (r ) is known as distance of closest
I approach as α-particles cannot go further close to
nucleus. In this process, all the kinetic energy (K ) of
I is the total magnetic field. moving particle is converted into potential energy.
Now, I cos 60° = B (given) From the given data,
B B 1 2e × Ze
⇒ I = = = 2B initially, ⋅ =K …(i)
cos 60 ° 1 / 2 4πε 0 r
At equator, dip angle is 0°. Let r0 be the new distance of closest approach for
∴ BH = I cos 0 ° = I = 2 B. a twice energatic α-particle. Then, we have,
1 2e × Ze
4. Solar cell is the name of junction diode whose × = 2K …(ii)
4πε 0 r0
according to the I-V characteristics given in the
Dividing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
SOLVED PAPER 2017

question.
r0 / r = 1/ 2 ⇒ r0 = r / 2
5. To determine speed of light in vacuum, we use the
OR
E E
formula, c = 0 = rms Limitations of Rutherford nuclear model are as
B0 Brms
follows.
where, E0 and B0 are maximum electric field (i) A moving charge in a circular path must radiate
and magnetic field component respectively of energy because it is continuously subjected to a
electromagnetic waves. force. Due to this, continuous loss of electrons,
6. When we charge a capacitor with the help of a cell, the radii of the orbits should be decreasing
current flows all through the circuit except the part of continuously. So, the concept of fixed orbit is
erroneous.
 (ii) A charge moving over a spiral path must radiate a where, C′ is the total capacitance.
2
continuous spectrum. Hence, line emission  1 
spectrum of H-atom is not explained by ⇒ R2 + ω L −  =R
2
 ω C′ 
Rutherford’s model.
1 1 1
8. For an eletron revolving in nth orbit of radius rn , we ⇒ ωL = ⇒ ω L = 100 = =
ωC′ ωC′ 1000 C′
have, nλ = 2 πr0 . For electron orbiting in ground 1 −5
state, 1⋅ λ = 2 πr0 [Q n = 1] C′ = = 10 = 10 µF
10 5
= 2 π × 0.5 Å = π Å [Q r0 = 0.5Å ]
Additional capacitance required in parallel
⇒ λ = 314
. Å
= 10 µF − 2µ F = 8µF
9. Angular magnification or magnifying power of 12. Two processes that takes place during the formation
compound microscope is defined as ratio of angle of p-n junction are diffusion and drift of charge
made at eye by image formed at infinity to the angle carriers.
made by object, if placed at distance of distinct vision
LD In an n-type semiconductor, the concentration of
from an unaided eye. Magnification = electrons is more than that of holes. Similarly, in a
f0 ⋅ fe
p-type semiconductor, the concentration of holes
where, L length of the tube of microscope is more than that of electrons. During formation of
1 1 p-n junction and due to the concentration gradient
As, m ∝ and m ∝
f0 fe across p and n-sides, holes diffuse from p-side to
n-side ( p → n ) and electrons diffuse from n-side to
∴Both eye piece and objective must be of smaller
p-side (n → p). The diffused charge carriers
focal lengths, so, that magnification is higher.
combine with their counterparts in the immediate
10. Space wave mode is used in satellite communication. vicinity of the junction and neutralise each other.
Thus, near the junction, positive charge is built on
In this type of wave propagation, radio waves are n-side and negative charge on p-side.
emitted from the transmitter antenna and reach the Electron diffusion
receiving antenna through space. Frequency range Electron drift
for this communication is very high, so that, it may
penetrate the ionosphere and reach satellite. Its p n
range is from 54 MHz to 4.2 GHz.
11. Given, L = 100 mH = 100 × 10 −3 H,
Depletion region
C = 2µF = 2 × 10 −6 F, ω = 1000 Hole diffusion
Hole drift
 1  p-n junction formation process
 ωL − 
 ω C
(i) For phase difference, tan φ = This sets up potential difference across the
R
junction and an internal electric field Ei directed
[φ is phase difference between current and
from n-side to p-side. The equilibrium is
voltage]
established when the field Ei becomes strong
Q ωL = 1000 × 100 × 10 −3 = 100 Ω
enough to stop further diffusion of the majority
1 1 1
= −6
= charge carriers (however, it helps the minority
ωC 1000 × 2 × 10 2 × 10 −3 charge carriers to drift across the junction).
= 500 Ω The region on either side of the junction which
100 − 500 −400 becomes depleted (free) from the mobile charge
∴ tan φ = = = −1
400 400 carriers is called depletion region or depletion
⇒ φ = tan −1(−1) layer. The potential difference developed across
SOLVED PAPER 2017

⇒ φ = 135° the depletion region is called the potential barrier.

1
Since, ωL < . or XL < XC 13. (i) In the presence of the magnetic field, the proton
ωC
moves in the circular path whose radius is r, which
Therefore, current is leading in phase by a depends on its speed. Hence,
phase angle 135°. magnetic force on q = centripetal force on q.
(ii) For unit power factor cos φ = 1
mv 2 mv
R ⇒ qvB sin 90 ° = ⇒ r=
⇒ =1 r qB
2
 1  2 πr 2 πm
R2 + ω L −  Time period of proton is, T = =
 ωC′  v qB
 ∴ The frequency of oscillation of the charged R02 + 2 RR0 + 2 RR0
=
particle from the above expression is 2(R0 + 2 R )
qB
fosc = R02 + 4RR0
2πm =
It is also known as cyclotron frequency. 2(R0 + 2 R )
(ii) Let the mass of proton = m V 2V (R + 2 R )
Current in the circuit = 2 = 2 0
Charge of proton = q R0 + 4RR0 R0 + 4RR0
Mass of deutron = 2m 2(R0 + 2 R )
Charge of deutron = q 2V (R + 2 R ) R0 / 2
Current in R = 2 0 ×
Bq q (R0 + 4RR0 ) ( R + R0 / 2 )
Cyclotron frequency, f = ⇒f ∝
2πm m V (R + 2 R ) 2 R0
q = 20 ×
For proton frequency, fp ∝ …(i) (R0 + 4RR0 ) (2 R + R0 )
m
2VR0
q =
For deutron frequency, fd ∝ …(ii) (R02 + 4RR0 )
2m
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Potential difference across R
fp = 2 fd 2V R0 R 2V R
= 2 =
Thus, frequency of proton is twice that of deutron. (R0 + 4RR0 ) (R0 + 4R )

14. (i) From Einstien’s photoelectric equation, we have, 16. For sending a low frequency signal to distant places,
kmax = hf − φ 0 it is necessary to mix it with a high frequency
where, kmax is maximum kinetic energy of the energetic electromagnetic wave. In doing so, the
photoelectrons, φ 0 is work function and hf is characteristics of energetic wave gets changed in
energy of the incident photon. many ways. In one of these ways, its amplitude is
As kmax ≥ 0 changed in direct proportion to the amplitude of the
So, hf − φ 0 ≥ 0 audio signal also called modulating signal. This is
φ known as amplitude modulation.
or f ≥ 0
h Two factors which justify the need for modulating a
Thus, photoemission occurs, when frequency low frequency base band signals are given below.
φ I. Low frequency signal or base-band signal is very
is greater than threshold frequency, f0 = 0 .
h weak energetically, so it dies down after covering
(ii) Energy of the incident radiation of wavelength λ, some distance. To increase its energy, it is
hc ( 6.63 × 10 −34 ) × ( 3 × 10 8 ) necessary to mix it up with some high energy
E = = signal or wave.
λ 3300 × 10 −10 × 1 . 6 × 10 −19
II. Modulation is also necessary to keep the
= 376
. eV dimension of receiving antenna within practical
This energy of the incident radiation is greater limit. Length of antenna bears inverse relation with
than the work function of Na and K but less than the frequency of signal it receives. Hence,
those of Mo and Ni, so photoelectric emission will frequency is kept high to keep antenna length in
occur only in Na and K metals and not in Mo and practical limits.
Ni.
17. (i) The given circuit can be redrawn as follows :
If the laser is brought closer, the intensity of incident
radiation increases. This does not affect the result C2
regarding Mo and Ni metals, while photoelectric
C3
current from Na and K will increase in proportion to A B
intensity. C1 C5
R C4
SOLVED PAPER 2017

15. Total resistance of the circuit = 0 + Req

2 Here,C2 , C3 andC4 are connected in parallel, their
1 1 2 R + 2R equivalent capacitance is
= + = 0
Req R R0 RR0 Ceq = C2 + C3 + C4 = 2 + 2 + 2 = 6 µF
RR0 Ceq, C1 and C5 are in series
⇒ Req =
R0 + 2 R 1 1 1 1
∴ = + +
R RR0 C′eq Ceq C1 C 5
Total resistance = 0 +
2 R0 + 2 R 1 1 1 6
= ′ = µF
+ + ⇒ Ceq
6 2 2 7
 (ii) Charge drawn from the source is given by (ii) The orientation of the dipole
6 − (a) in unstable equilibrium, p is antiparallel to E,
Q = Ceq′ V = × 10 6 × 7 = 6 µC
7 i.e. θ = 180 °
Energy stored in the network is given by
1 1 6
E = C′eqV 2 = × × 10 −6 × 49 = 21 × 10 −6 J. 2l E
2 2 7 +q –q
p
18. (i) Electric field at a point on the equatorial line of
an electric dipole.
Consider an electric dipole consisting of two
point charges + q and −q separated by a small
distance AB = 2l with centre at O and dipole (b) In stable equilibrium, pis parallel to E, i.e.θ = 0
moment, p = q(2l ) as shown in the figure.
EB 2l E
–q +q
p
θ
EQ Q
θ

EA
x 19. (i) In α-decay, the atomic number is decreased by
2 units and mass number decreases by 4 units. In
θ θ β-decay, the atomic number increases by 1 unit
A B
–q O +q but mass number does not change. In γ-decay,
2l
there is no change in mass and atomic number.
Resultant electric field intensity at the point Q, Therefore, the mentioned radioactive decays will
EQ = EA + EB proceed as below.
176 0 176 4 180
1 q 71 A2 + −1 β → 70 A1 + 2 He → 72 A
Here, E A = ⋅ 2
4πε 0 ( x + l 2 ) So, A has mass number 180 and atomic number
1 q 72.
and E B = ⋅
4πε 0 ( x 2 + l 2 ) α γ
Also, 176
71 A2 →
172
69 A3 → 172
69 A4
On resolving EA and EB into two rectangular
So, A4 has mass number 172 and atomic number
components, the vectors EA sin θ and EB sin θ
69.
are equal in magnitude and opposite to each
other and hence, cancel out. (ii) β − decay
The vectors EA cos θ and EB cos θ are acting n → p + β − + v − (antineutrino)
(neutron) (proton)
along the same direction and hence, add up. decay
∴ EQ = EA cos θ + EB cos θ = 2 EA cos θ e.g. 32 32
15 P →16 S + e− + v
[Q EA = EB ] β + decay
2 q l
= ⋅ ⋅ p → n + β + + v (neutrino)
4πε 0 ( x 2 + l 2 ) ( x 2 + l 2 )1/ 2 (proton decay) (neutron)

 l  e.g. 22
11 N → 22
10 Ne + e+ + v
Qcos θ = 2 2 1/ 2 
 (x + l ) 
20. (i) Given, angle of minimum deviation, δ m = 30 °
1 2ql Angle of prism, A = 60 °
= ⋅
4πε 0 ( x 2 + l 2 )3 / 2 By prism formula, reflected index
But, q × 2 l =|p|, the dipole moment δ + A 30 ° + 60 °
sin m sin
2 2 sin 45°
1 |p| µ= = =
SOLVED PAPER 2017

∴ EQ = ⋅ 2 sin A / 2 sin 30 ° sin 30 °

4πε 0 ( x + l 2 )3 / 2
1
The direction of E is along QE || BA, i.e. = ×2 = 2
opposite to AB. In vector form, we can rewrite 2
as speed of light in vaccum (c )
Also, µ =
−p speed of light in prism (v )
EQ = ⇒ v = c / µ = (3 × 10 8 / 2 ) m /s
4πε 0 ( x 2 + l 2 )3 / 2
Obviously, EQ is in a direction opposite to the Hence, speed of light through prism is
direction of p. (3 × 10 8 / 2 ) m / s
 (ii) Critical angle ic is given as, A galvanometer can not be used for measuring
1 1 current directly because
sin ic = [Q sin ic = ]
2 µ I. all current passes through the coil, can
⇒ ic = 45° damage it easily.
A = r + ic = 60 ° II. coil has considerable resistance because of
⇒ r = 60 ° − 45° = 15° length, which may affect original current.
sin i
= 2 (using Snell’s law) Or
sin r
(i) Self inductance of a coil is defined as the property
⇒ sin i = 2 sin r = 2 × sin 15° due to which it opposes the change of current
i = sin −1 ( 2 sin 15° ) flowing through it.
i Self-inductance l can be expressed as follows
21. Given, amplification factor = c = 100
ib φ = Li
collector voltage 2 Here, φ is magnetic flux linked with the coil and
ic = = = 10 −3 A i is the current flowing through it.
collector resistance 2 × 10 3 SI unit of self-inductance is Henry.
i 2 (ii) Magnetic field B formed along the axis of outer
⇒ ib = c = = 10 −5 A
100 2 × 10 3 × 100 solenoid, B = µ 0 n2 I.
Also given, base resistance = 10 3 Ω Flux linked with inner solenoid S1 per turn.
= B. A = πr12 B = πr12 × µ 0 n2 I
Input signal voltage = i b × R = 10 −5 × 10 3 V = 10 −2 V
Flux linked with whole of inner solenoid having
input signal voltage total no of turns n1 L.
Base current =
base resistance φ = πr12 × µ 0 n2 I × n1 L
10 −2 Now, φ = MI (M is mutual inductance)
= = 10 −5 A
10 3 So, MI = µ 0 π r12 n1 n2 L I
22. When a current carrying coil is placed in a uniform M = µ 0 πr12 n1n2 L
magnetic field, it experiences a torque whose value is
23. (i) Anuja’s mother, though belonging to the old
proportional to current. This is the principle behind
generation was inquisitive in nature. She also
working of moving coil galvanometer. shows importance to the knowledge of new
⇒ Torque = MB sin θ = AiB sin θ (Q M = iA) generation. Anuja too was aware of the working of
where, B is strength of magnetic field in which coil is lenses. She was well focussed with knowledge of
suspended, A is area of coil and i is current passing Science. She also felt pleased to satisfy the queries
through the coil. of her mother. She was ready to help her mother to
If angle between M and B is 90°, then understand Science in simple language.
Torque = MB = AiB 1 2
(ii) Lens maker’s formula is = (µ − 1) × .
If θ be the angle when coil is balanced after twist, f r
then, deflection torque = restoring torque r is the radius of curvature of lens. Plastic has
⇒ i A B = C θ (C is torsional constant of thread) more refractive index (µ) than glass, so in order
to make lens of matching focal length, r needs
C
⇒ i= θ ⇒ i ∝ θ. …(i) to be increased. Hence, lens has to be thicker.
AB
(i) In radial magnetic field, the plane of coil is parallel 24. (i) The labelled diagram of AC generator is shown
to plane of the magnitie field and area vector of below.
the coil is perpendicular to magnetic field. B Axis
Hence, this always exerts maximum torque on
S Armature
the coil. C (Coil)
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(ii) Cylindrical soft iron core creates stronger

s
magnetic field to ensure greater twist even in case he Magnetic
us B A
of feeble current. Hence, increasing the sensitivity Br 1
N poles
of the galvanometer. D
R al
θ R 1 o rm oil
∴ Current sensitivity = 2 N ec
i B Ring th
2 to
Using Eq. (i), we have
θ AB θ
= B
i C
AB
∴Current sensitivity = Labelled diagram of an AC generator
C
 Let n be the number of turns of the coil, at any If transformer is 100% efficient, then there is
moment t the perpendicular vector to the plane no loss of energy in the process.
of coil makes angle θ with direction of magnetic ∴ Input power = output power
field (B). So, flux passing through the coil ⇒ V1I1 = V2 I 2
φ = B cos θ ⋅ An V2 I1
and θ = ωt = …(iii)
V1 I 2
[ω is angular velocity of the coil]
So, φ = n A B cos ω t Using Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
If e is the instantaneous induced emf produced V2 I1 n2
= =
in the coil, then V1 I 2 n1
dφ d
e =− = − (nAB cos ωt ) = − nω AB (− sin ω t ) (ii) Given, input power (Vp ) = 2200 V
dt dt
Number of turns (n1 ) = 3000
Maximum value or peak value of e is attained
when sin ωt = ±1 Output power (Vs ) = 220 V
∴ emax = nω AB Vs n2 220 n
As, = ⇒ = 2
So, e = emax sin ω t Vp n1 2200 3000
Since, the value of the sine function varies 220
between +1and −1. So, the polarity of emf ⇒ n2 = × 3000
2200
changes with time and also, output voltage is
∴ Number of turns in the secondary
sinusoidal in nature.
winding, n2 = 300 turns.
(ii) Given, area = 200 cm2 = 2 × 10 −2 m2
25. (i) A polarised light has plane of vibration only in
Total number of turns, n = 20 one plane whereas, in unpolarised light, plane
Angular speed, ω = 50 rad s −1 of vibration is spreaded in all directions as
Magnetic field, B = 3 × 10 −2 T. shown below. Here, vibration relates to electric
and magnetic fields.
Maximum value of emf, emax = n AB ω
= 20 × 200 × 10 −4 × 3 × 10 −2 × 50 V
= 4 × 3 × 5 × 10 −2 V = 60 × 10 −2 V = 0 . 6 V
Or Unpolarised light Polarised light vibrating
(i) Consider a labelled diagram of a step up vibrating in all direction in a single direction
transformer as shown below Polaroid is a special crystalline solid which
contains a special axis called optic axis. When
we make a unpolarised light to fall on a
polaroid, only vibration parallel to optic axis is
Input V1 n1 n2 Output allowed to pass through it and all other
V2
I1 vibration are cut. Thus, the output is a plane
I2 polarised light.
Primary
Secondary

Let the alternating current, alternating voltage

and the numbe of turns in primary and
secondary coils are (I1, I 2 ), (V1, V2 ) and (n1, n2 )
respectively. Unpolarised Plane polarised
light Polaroid light
Magnetic flux linked with two coils is
proportional to their number of turns. So, if φ s (ii) Intensity coming out of a single polaroid is half
and φ p are the values of magnetic flux linked of the incident intensily so, intensity of
with primary and secondary coil, then I
transmitted light from polaroid P1, I = 0
φ s n2 n
SOLVED PAPER 2017

= ⇒ φ s = 2 φp 2
φp n1 n1 By using law of Malus, intensity of emergent
dφ s n2 dφ p light P2 is = I ′ = I cos 2 θ
So, = …(i)
dt n1 dt where, θ = angle between P1 and P2 .
According to Faraday’s law, induced emf Intensity of light after transmission from
produced is given by polaroid
−dφ I
V= …(ii) I ′ = I cos 2 θ = 0 × (cos 60 ° )2
dt 2
2
V2 n2 I 0  1 I
⇒ = [from Eq. (i)] = ×  = 0
V1 n1 2  2 8
 Or This is Ohm’s law.
(i) The features to distinguish are given as (ii) The setup would be shown in the figure. It is
I. In Young’s experiment, width of all the fringes are electric current which remains constant
equal but in diffraction fringes, width of central throughout the length of the wire. Because
fringe is twice the other fringes. current is the only
II. The intensity of all the fringes are equal in quantity that does not
depend on the area or
interference fringe but intensity of fringes go on
cross-sections of the
decreasing in diffraction as we go away from the
wire. Whereas drift
central fringe.
speed, current density V
(ii) Given, wavelength (λ ) = 500 nm = 500 × 10 −9 m and electric field
Width of single slit (a) = 0 . 2 mm = 2 × 10 −4 m depending on the increasing area of the
λ cross-section due to following relations:
Angular width of central fringe = 2 × I
a Drift velocity, vd =
2 × 500 × 10 −9 Ane
= Current density, J = I / A
. 2 × 10 −4
J
10 −6 1 Electric field, E =
= −4
= = 5 × 10 −3 rad σ
2 × 10 200
Or
Let distance between the slit and screen be 1m.
(i) Kirchhoff’s law
(which is not given in the problem but this data is
necessary to solve the problem). I. Total algebraic sum of all the currents meeting
Linear width of central fringe of single slit at a point in a circuit is zero also known as
= 5 × 10 −3 × 10 3 mm = 5 mm junction rule.
Number of double slit fringe accommodated in II. Total emf or potential difference across a loop
50 of closed circuit is equal to sum of product of
central fringe = = 10 fringes. current and resistance of all the components
5
in the loop. First rule is justified on the basis of
26. (i) Let vd be the drift velocity.
conservation of charge that is charge cannot
Electric field produced inside the wire is, be created nor it be destroyed. Second rule is
V
E = …(i) justified on the basis of conservation of
l energy.
E
l (ii) The circuit diagram can be redrawn as given
+ – below.
O r
r r
V C
A B
Force on an electron = − E e r r
Ee
Acceleration of each electron = − r
m
where m is mass of electron. E, r
[Qfrom Newton’s law, a = F / M] (Equivalent circuit)
Ee
Velocity created due to this acceleration = τ. r r
m RAC =
; RCB =
2 2
where, τ is the time span between two
1 1 1 1 3 r
consecutive collision. This ultimately becomes ⇒ = + + = ; RAB =
the drift velocity in steady state. RAB r r r r 3
r 4r
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Ee e V Total resistance of circuit = r +

=
So vd = τ= τ× . 3 3
m m l
E 3E
We know that current in the conductor Current drawn from cell = =
i = n e A vd (n is no of free electrons in a 4r/3 4r
conductor per unit volume)  3E 
2

e V n e2A τ V Power consumed = I 2 r =   r

i = ne A× τ ⇒i =  4 r
m l ml
V  ml  9E 2 9E 2
⇒ i= R= = ⋅ r =
R  ne 2 Aτ  16 r 2 16 r
i ∝ V.
 SET II
12375 12375
6. For electron in first excited state, i.e. n = 2. Energy = = eV = 3.3 eV
λ( Å) 3750
So, if λ be its wavelength (de-Broglie), then we have
Maximum KE of emitted electron = 3.3 − 2.5 eV
nλ = 2 πrn = 0.8 eV.
where, rn is the radius of second orbit. 1 2
13. Energy stored in capacitor = CV
rn ≈ 0.5 × n 2 (in Å) = 0. 5 × 4 = 2 Å 2
1 −12
∴ 2 × λ = 2 × π ×2 Å = × 12 × 10 × (50 )2 J
2
⇒ λ = 2 π (Å) = 6 . 28 Å
= 6 × 25 × 10 −10 J = 15 × 10 −9 J
7. Transducer is a device which converts one form of
energy into another form. Microphone is a transducer With other capacitor 6p F in series.
because it converts sound energy into electrical C1 × C2
energy. Total capacitance (C ) =
C1 + C2
Repeater is a device with a combination of 6 × 12
transmitter and receiver which picks up = pF
6 + 12
electromagnetic signal, amplifies it and then again
12 × 6
transmits it to the receiver. It is used when = = 4 pF
transmitted signal is attenuated beyond a certain 18
limit or distance between a transmitter and a Charge stored in each capacitor is same and is
receiver is very large. given by
Q = CV
10. The objective of telescope have large aperture = 4 × 10 −12 × 50 C = 2 × 10 −10 C
because it makes its resolving power very high. So, it
Each of the capacitors will have charge equal to Q
can distinguish two very close points on the surface of
= 2 × 10 −10 C
a planet distinctly.
Potential on capacitors with capacitance 12 pF is
It has large focal length (f0 ) also. This is done to Q
increase its magnifying power (m), because =
C
m ∝ f0
2 × 10 −10
= V = 16.67 V
12. (i) Einstein’s photoelectric equation 12 × 10 −12
hf = φ + eV Potential on capacitor with capacitance 6 pF is
V = hf / e − φ/e …(i) 2 × 10 −10
= V =33.33 V
Equation (i) represents a straight line given by 6 × 10 −12
φ
line P and Q. represents negative intercept
e 18. In Zener diode, both p and n side of the junction are
on the Y-axis. Since, Q has greater negative heavily doped. Heavy doping ensures high junction
intercept, it will have greater φ (work function) field and low breakdown voltage.
and hence higher threshold frequency. The circuit diagram of a voltage regulator using a
(ii) To know work function of Q, we put Zener diode is shown in figure. The unregulated DC
V = 0 in the equation …(i) voltage is connected to the Zener diode through a
hf φ
0= − ⇒ φ = hf series resistance R s in reverse biased. Thus, any
e e charge in the input voltage result is charge voltage
where, h is Planck’s constant drop across R s without any change in voltage across
φ = 6.6 × 10 −34 × 6 × 1014 J the Zener diode. Therefore, Zener diode acts as a
6.6 × 6 × 10 −20 voltage regulator.
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= eV = 2.5 eV
. × 10 −19
16
Rs
(iii) From the equation, νλ = c +
8
c 3 × 10 30 Unregulated Load Output
λ= = = × 10 −7m
f 8 × 1014 8 voltage (constant voltage)
30 (Vz)
= × 10 3 × 10 −10 m (Zener diode)
8
–
30
= × 10 3 Å = 3750 Å Excess current bypass when Vext ≥ Vz
8
 21. When electron revolves around a nucleus it creates 2l
circular current around it. In this way, it is equivalent to –q +q P
a current carrying coil. So, it behaves as a tiny
d
magnetic dipole.
Potential at P due to +q charge
We know that a current carrying coil behaves like 1 q
a magnetic dipole having dipole moment equal to = .
4πε 0 (d − l )
i A, where i is current and A is area of the coil.
e eω eme r 2ω Potential at P due to − q charge
i= = = …(i) 1 −q
T 2 π 2 πme r 2 =
4πε 0 (d + l )
where, e is charge of electron. Total potential at P due to dipole
Angular momentum of electron is, L = me r 2ω
q  1 1  q × 2l
= − =
Substituting the above in eq. (i), we get 4πε 0 (d − l ) (d + l ) 4πε 0 (d 2 − l 2 )
eL , where, p = q ⋅ 2 ⋅ l
i=
2 πme r 2 1 p
if l << d, then, V = ,
eLπr 2
eL 4πε 0 d2
Hence, µ = iA = =
2 πmer 2 2 me (ii)
−eL
In vector form, µ= –q +q
2me
Here negative sign indicates µ directs away from L .
Equipotential surface
22. (i) Let electric potential to be obtained at point P having potential equal
Perpendicular
lying on the axis of dipole at distance d from the to zero at all points
bisector of dipole
centre of the dipole.

SET III
7. Two objects are said to be just resolved, if the central but do not come back to surface. Radio waves for
maxima (formed due to diffraction) of the two objects radio-based communication are used as sky
waves.
are separated by a distance equal to the distance
between the central maxima and first minima of any of An antenna of height h can transmit signal upto a
the object. In other words, the central maxima of one maximum distance of d, where d = 2 hR , where
R is the radius of the earth
must fall on the first minima of the other.
2µ sin θ 9. We have, de-Broglie wavelength,
Resolving power of microscope = .
1. 22 λ h
λ= ,
Here, µ is the refractive index of the medium 2 mqV
between the objective lens of microscope and the where, V is potential difference, q is charge of the
object. An increase of this refractive index will particle and m is mass of the particle.
increase the resolving power. λ is the wavelength
Given, Vα = Vp = V (say)
of light used to see the object. Use of light of less
wavelength like blue light or violet light will λα 2 mpq pV
∴ =
increase the resolving power. λp
SOLVED PAPER 2017

2 mαq αV
8. (i) When the radio waves from the transmitting mpq p
antenna reach the receiving antenna directly, the =
wave propagation is called line of sight mαq α
communication. 1 1
= =
(ii) Sky waves cannot be used for transmission of TV 4×2 2 2
signals because the reflecting layer that is
(Q mα = 4 mp , q α = 2q p )
ionosphere becomes transparent for high
frequency range of TV signal. They go to the sky 14. (i) Einstein’s photoelectric equation is
 eV0 = Kmax = hf − φ 0 further pulled out of area around junction by
Important feature of this equation. the negative terminal. Similarly, electrons which
I. Photoemission occurs when frequency of had accummulated on the p-side will be further
incident radiation is more than the threshold pulled out of area around junction by the
φ positive terminal of battery. Hence, barrier
frequency, f0 = 0 . potential is reduced.
h
In case of reverse biasing, the holes of p-side
II. Energy of emitted photoelectron is
are attracted towards the negative terminal of
proportional to energy of incident photon. the battery and the electrons of the n-side are
(ii) Energy of incident photon is less than work attracted towards the positive terminal of the
function of P but just equal to that of Q. battery. This increases the depletion layer and
(i) For Q, the induced barrier is also increased.
hf (ii)
work function, φ 0 = (eV)
e
6.6 × 10 −34 × 1015 I I
= = 4125
. eV
. × 10 −19
16
V
16. (i) Consider an electric dipole placed in a uniform V
electric field at an angle θ with the field.
qE I-V Characteristics I-V Characteristics
+q (Forward biasing) (Reverse biasing)
θ
E 21. (i) Force acting on the particle, F = Bqv
In vector form, F = q (v × B)
θ 2 l sin θ
qE where, B is uniform magnetic field, v is
–q velocity of particle.
The dipole will experience a torque. From this equation, it is clear that direction of
So, the torque produced by two parallel force is perpendicular to the plane containing
forces qE acting as couple is equal to both v and B . In other words, force acts
τ = q E ⋅ 2l sin θ perpendicular to both v and B. When velocity
= pE sin θ [Q p = q ⋅ 2l ] becomes perpendicular to force, the path of
(ii) In case of non-uniform field, force acting on both the object becomes circular.
v cos θ
the ends will not be equal. So, they will act as v
combination of couple and a net force. In this way,
dipole will have both rotational as well as linear
θ
motion.
17. (i) The diagram of the forward and reverse biasing of B
v sin θ
p-n junction diode is shown below.
In this case, B is assumed to act
perpendicular to v. In case, B is not
p n p n perpendicular to v, a component of v remains
perpendicular to v. It creates circular path.
The component of v parallel to B will create
linear path. Here, circular path is due to
Forward biasing Reverse biasing v cos θ and linear path is due to v sin θ. Both
when combined gives helical path.
When we join p and n type semiconductors, (ii) Since, force always adjusts itself in a direction
due to flow of holes and electrons, a barrier which becomes perpendicular to velocity, the
potential is created at the junction. Holes velocity is not increased. Hence, the kinetic
SOLVED PAPER 2017

which had accummulated on the n side will be energy of the particle always remains constant.