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Transformer Failure Due To Circuit-Breaker-Induced
Transformer Failure Due To Circuit-Breaker-Induced
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TABLE I
H ISTORY OF T RANSFORMER FAILURES R ELATED TO
P RIMARY VACUUM B REAKER S WITCHING
TABLE II
C URRENT C HOP V ERSUS C ONTACT M ATERIAL
Fig. 9. Simplified electrical distribution system for Tier III data center.
D. Borderline Case
It is important to note that not all applications involving
primary switching of transformers using vacuum breakers re-
quire snubbers. The large majority of applications do not re-
quire snubbers. Switching transient studies are conducted to
determine when snubbers are needed. In this paper, the cases
were selected to show different situations requiring snubbers.
For the system shown in Fig. 9, the results were border-
line; therefore, a snubber was still applied for reliability pur-
poses. The Fig. 9 system is a Tier III data center with two
24.9-kV incoming lines, two 12.5-MVA 25/13.2-kV transform-
ers, a 13.2-kV ring bus, two 2250-KW generators, and six
3750-kV cast-coil transformers.
Data centers fall into the highest risk categories because of
their high load density, close proximities of circuit components,
highly inductive transformers (high-efficiency designs), and
frequent switching. The critical parameters for the Fig. 9 system
are vacuum circuit breakers, 90-kV-BIL transformers, and cable Fig. 10. TOV initiated by current chop during de-energization of cast-coil
lengths ranging from 109 to 249 ft. For the cable of 109 ft, the transformer with and without snubber.
results of opening the vacuum breaker with current chopping of
both within acceptable limits. Finally, field measurements were
8 A are shown in Fig. 10. The TOV is as high as 123 kVpeak
taken after the snubber was installed to ensure that the snubbers
on phase A which exceeds the transformer BIL of 95 kV.
performed as designed. The field test setup for the snubber
The TOV exhibits a significant dc offset because there is very
performance measurements is discussed in Section IV. The
little resistance in the highly inductive circuit. The oscillation
field measurements showed that the snubber limited the TOV
frequency of 969 Hz is slightly less than the acceptable limit.
within acceptable limits.
A snubber is required to reduce the peak below 95-kV BIL.
The results of adding a snubber are shown in Fig. 10. Note
E. Case of Switching a Highly Inductive Circuit
the significant reduction in the dc offset. The resistor in the
snubber provides the reduction in dc offset as well as damping. Now, consider the vacuum breaker switching of a highly
The peak is reduced to 28.6 kV and an oscillation of 215 Hz, inductive circuit, such as the starting current of a large grinder
SHIPP et al.: TRANSFORMER FAILURE DUE TO CIRCUIT-BREAKER-INDUCED SWITCHING TRANSIENTS 713
Fig. 12. TOV during de-energization of LMF transformer with and without
snubber protection.
TABLE IV
C URRENT C HOP AND R EIGNITION C ASES FOR LMF T RANSFORMER S WITCHING
Fig. 17. 15-kV snubber visual indication (glow tubes) and continuity verifi-
cation (current sensors).
Fig. 18. Snubber with (left) three-phase and (right) single-phase surge capac-
consider the location of the switching transient source when de- itors for 13.8-kV paper mill application.
veloping the custom design layout of the protective equipment.
Abrupt changes in the electrical path should be avoided. A low
inductive reactance ground path should be designed, using non-
inductive ceramic resistors and flat tin braided copper ground
conductors. The minimum clearances of live parts must meet or
exceed the phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground clearances of
NEC Table 490.24. The enclosure should be designed to meet
the requirements of IEEE Standard C37.20.2 1999. When the
enclosure is mounted greater than 10 ft from the equipment to
be protected, NEC tap rules may apply to the cable size required
and additional circuit protective devices may be required.
R EFERENCES
[1] ANSI/IEEE, A Guide to Describe the Occurrence and Mitigation of Switch-
ing Transients Induced by Transformer and Switching Device Interaction.
C57.142-Draft.
[2] D. Shipp and R. Hoerauf, “Characteristics and applications of various arc
interrupting methods,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 849–861,
Sep./Oct. 1991.
[3] Standard for AC High-Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers on a Symmetri-
cal Current Basis, C37.013-1997, 1997.
[4] Application Guide for Transient Recovery Voltage for AC High-Voltage
Circuit Breakers, C37.011-2005, 2005.
[5] D. Durocher, “Considerations in unit substation design to optimize reliabil-
Fig. 20. Snubber performance measurement setup for 15-kV transformer ity and electrical workplace safety,” presented at the IEEE IAS Electrical
using high bandwidth voltage dividers. Safety Workshop, Memphis, TN, 2010, Paper ESW2010-3.
Visuth Lorch received the B.S.E.E. degree from Bill G. MacFarlane (S’70–M’72) received the
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, in B.S.E.E. degree from The Pennsylvania State Uni-
1973, and the M.S. degree in electric power engi- versity, University Park, in 1972.
neering from Oregon State University, Corvallis, in He began his career in 1972 with Dravo Corpo-
1976, where he was also a Ph.D. candidate and was ration, Pittsburgh, PA, as a Power System Design
inducted as a member of the Phi Kappa Phi Honor Engineer supporting this engineering/construction
Society. During his Ph.D. studies, he developed the company with expertise in the design and construc-
Short Circuit, Load Flow, and Two-Machine Tran- tion of material handling systems, chemical plants,
sient Stability programs. The Load Flow program pulp and paper mills, steel facilities, ore benefaction,
has been used in the undergraduate power system mine design, and computer automation systems. He
analysis class. He also prepared a Ph.D. thesis on the provided full electrical design services in heavy in-
Load Flow program using the third-order Taylor’s series iterative method. dustrial applications, primarily in the steelmaking and coal-preparation-related
In 1981, he joined Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA. He sectors. His responsibilities included client and vendor liaison and supervision
was responsible for conduction power system studies, including short circuit, of engineers, designers, and drafters. From 1978 to 2003, he was a principal
protective device coordination, load flow, motor starting, harmonic analysis, Process Controls Systems Engineer with Bayer Corporation, Pittsburgh. He
switching transient, and transient stability studies. He also developed the Pro- provided design and specification of instrumentation and control systems for
tective Device Evaluation program on the main frame Control Data Corporation chemical processes. He configured programmable logic controller and distrib-
supercomputer. In 1984, he joined the Bangkok Oil Refinery, Thailand, where uted control systems. He was a Corporate Technical Consultant for power
his primary responsibility was to design the plant electrical distribution system distribution systems. He had been the principal Electrical Engineer on many
as well as the protection scheme for the steam turbine cogeneration facility. He major projects with Bayer Corporation. He joined the Electrical Services and
was also responsible for designing the plant automation, including the digital Systems Division, Eaton Corporation, Warrendale, PA, in 2004. At Eaton,
control system for the plant control room. In 1986, he rejoined Westinghouse he has been involved in a 230-kV substation design, ground grid design for
Electric Corporation. He performed power system studies and developed the substations, as well as in short circuit, protective device coordination, load flow,
Short Circuit and Protective Device Evaluation programs for the personal and arc-flash hazard analysis studies. He has also done power factor correction
computer. In 1998, he joined the Electrical Services and Systems Division, and harmonics studies to resolve power quality issues.
Eaton Corporation, Warrendale, PA, where he is currently a Senior Power
Systems Engineer in the Power Systems Engineering Department. He performs
a variety of power system studies, including switching transient studies using
the electromagnetic transients program for vacuum breaker/snubber circuit
applications. He continues to develop Excel spreadsheets for quick calculation
for short circuit, harmonic analysis, soft starting of motors, capacitor switching
transients, dc fault calculation, etc.