Integrated Math 3 Grade12

INTEGRATED
MATH 3
Volume II
Page 1
Page 2
Table of Contents
1 Exponential Functions .............................................................................................. 5
1. Evaluating Exponential Functions ..................................................................................................................6
2. Graphing Exponential Functions .....................................................................................................................8
3. Evaluating Functions with Base e ................................................................................................................. 15
2 Logarithmic Functions ............................................................................................. 17
1. Logarithms ................................................................................................................................................... 18
2. Graphing Logarithmic Functions................................................................................................................... 23
3. Properties of Logarithms .............................................................................................................................. 31
4. Exponential and Logarithmic Equations ....................................................................................................... 40
3 Trigonometric Functions .......................................................................................... 51
1. Angles and their Measure ............................................................................................................................. 51
2. Right Triangle Trigonometry ........................................................................................................................ 61
3. Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle .......................................................................................................... 73
4. Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions ............................................................................................................ 82
5. Inverse Trig Functions ................................................................................................................................... 87
4 Trigonometric Equations and Identities .................................................................... 94
1. Sum and Difference Formulas for Sines and Cosines .................................................................................... 94
2. Trigonometric Equations............................................................................................................................... 99
5 Statistics ............................................................................................................. 103
1. The Summation Symbol .............................................................................................................................. 103
2. Measures of Central Tendency.................................................................................................................... 107
3. Measures of Dispersion: The Range and the Mean Absolute Deviation ...................................................... 113
4. The Standard Deviation ............................................................................................................................. 120
5. Normal Distribution .................................................................................................................................... 125
6. Grouped Data ............................................................................................................................................. 133
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6 Circles ................................................................................................................. 141
1. Circles ......................................................................................................................................................... 141
2. Arcs and Sectors ......................................................................................................................................... 144
3. Lines Tangent to a Circle ............................................................................................................................ 148
4. Chords......................................................................................................................................................... 153
5. Inscribed Angles .......................................................................................................................................... 156
6. Secant Lines and Segments ........................................................................................................................ 158
7 Conic Sections ..................................................................................................... 159
1. Ellipses ........................................................................................................................................................ 159
2. Hyperbolas .................................................................................................................................................. 164
3. Parabolas.................................................................................................................................................... 171
8 Matrices .............................................................................................................. 176
1. Matrix Operations ....................................................................................................................................... 176
2. Matrix Inverses ........................................................................................................................................... 183
3. Determinants & Cramer’s Rule ................................................................................................................... 188
4. Matrices and Gaussian Elimination ............................................................................................................ 194
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1 Exponential Functions
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1. Evaluating Exponential Functions
Click the link below or scan the QR Code to watch a video on this topic.
https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/binter7e_BB_0919
Look at the exponential function f  x   b x or y  b x and note the following:
b is the base – a positive number not 1

x is the power or exponent
It is a function because one x value in gives only one y value out
Examples of Expo function or

Why?
Expo Functions not?
f  x   2x Expo Positive base, x in power
f  x   3x 1 Expo Positive base, x in power
x
1
y   Expo Positive base, x in power
2
f x   x 2 Not Expo Base is x
f  x   1x Not Expo Base is 1
y xx Not Expo Base is x
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https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/bzca7e_04_01_01
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2. Graphing Exponential Functions
To draw a graph, make a table of values. Usually we take 7 values.
Ex. Graph f  x   2x
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f x 
 Inc./ Dec.? ________ Why? _______
 Domain? ________
 Range? ________
 Asymptote? ________
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x
1
Ex. Graph f  x    
2
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f x 
 Inc./ Dec.? ________ Why? _______
 Domain? ________
 Range? ________
Ex. Graph f  x   3x
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f x 
 Inc./ Dec.? ________ Why? _______
 Domain? ________
 Range? ________
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x
1
Ex. Graph f  x    
3
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f x 
 Inc./ Dec.? ________ Why? _______
 Domain? ________
 Range? ________
x
2
Ex. Graph f  x    
3
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f x 
 Inc./ Dec.? ________ Why? _______
 Domain? ________
 Range? ________
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We can summarize the properties of exponential functions as:
Base b 1 0  b 1
Graph
Inc./Dec. Inc. Dec.
Passes through  0,1  0,1
Domain  ,    ,  
Range  0,    0,  
Asymptote y 0 y 0
Ex. Graph f  x   2x 1
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f x 
 Inc./ Dec.? ________ Why? _______
 Domain? ________
 Range? ________
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Be careful: Flipping values only works when power is just x!
Sketching Graphs of Exponential FunctionsSketch the graph of g  x   3x 1 Find the
Domain and Range.
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Sketch the graph of g  x   2x  4 . Find the Domain and Range.
Sketch the graph of g  x   2x 1  1 . Find the Domain and Range.
x 1
1
Sketch the graph of g  x      1 Find the Domain and Range.
2
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1
Sketch the graph of g  x     2   1 . Find the Domain and Range.
x 3
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3. Evaluating Functions with Base e
 e is a special number, called the natural base  2.71828...

 e is important in functions which describe growth and decay of natural events.
 An exponential function looks like f  x   e x
Application Excerscies
Ex. The function f  x   3.6e 0.02 x describes the world population f  x  , in billions, x years
after 1969. Use the function to find the world population in 2020.
Ex. The function f  x   3.6e 0.068 x describes the average cost of an apartment in Riyadh
f  x  , in hundreds of thousands of Riyals, x years after 1999. Use the function to find the
average cost in 1999. Use the function to find the average cost in 2010.
Ex. Use the graph of f  x   e x to sketch the graph of g  x   e x 1  2 . Find the Domain
and Range.
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Concept and Vocabulary Check
1. The exponential function f with base b is defined by f(x) = ______________, b>0 and b
is not equal to1. Using interval notation, the domain of this function is _____________ and
the range is ______________.
2. The graph of the exponential function f with base b approaches, but does not touch,
the_________ -axis. This axis, whose equation is ___________, is a/an________________
asymptote.
Critical Thinking
I’m using a photocopier to reduce an image over and over by 50%, so the exponential
x
function f  x     models the new image size, where x is the number of reductions.
1
2
Is this true or false and why?
Page 16
2 Logarithmic Functions
Math Talk: Logarithms

https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/upbETNY97I9mV0fgeF0lvIlRJPIpVeFI
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1. Logarithms
Look at the logarithmic function f  x   logb x or y  logb x and note the following:
 The relationship between expos and logs is if y  logb x then b y  x

 b is still the base – a positive number not 1.
 The log of a number x is the power to which the base must be raised to get that number.
 y is the power . The answer of a log is a power.
 It is a function because one x in gives only one y out.
Change From Logarithmic to Exponential Form
Change From Exponential to Logarithmic Form
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Expo Log
32  9
1
25 2  5
122  x
5
32  x
2  log5 x
2  logb 25
log3 7  y
Evaluating Logarithms
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Evaluating Logs
There are 2 ways to evaluate a log:

1) Calculator - use the log button
2) Think about what logs mean
Evaluate
log 2 16
log10 100
log 25 5
log 32 2
1
log 49  
7
log 36 6
log 7 7
log3 1
log 4 45
6log6 9
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Use Basic Logarithmic Properties
Some Important Results
Base b Base 10 Natural base e Answer
logb b log10 10 loge e 1
logb 1 log10 1 loge 1 0
logb b x log10 10 x loge e x x
b logb x 10log10 x e loge x x
Note:
 log10 is written as log
 loge is written as ln
Evaluate
log1000
log107.1
2
10log 4 x
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ln e 2x
1
ln e x
ln 1 3
e
ln 1
e
e ln x
ln e
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2. Graphing Logarithmic Functions
Graphs of Log Functions
 Log functions are the inverse of exponential functions.

 The log graph is a reflection of the expo graph in the line y x
 Every point  a , b  on the expo graph will become b , a  on the log graph.
Ex. Graph f  x   2x and g  x   log 2 x on the same graph.
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x
1
Ex. Graph f  x     and g  x   log 1 x on the same graph.
2 2
We can summarize the properties of log functions:
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Base b 1 0  b 1
Graph
Inc./Dec. Inc. Dec.
Passes Through 1, 0  1, 0 
Domain  0,    0,  
Range  ,    ,  
Asymptote x 0 x 0
Page 25
Sketching Graphs of Log Functions
Sketch the graph of g  x    log 2  x  1
Determine the shape of the graph. Is it increasing or decreasing? Look at the base!
This function is increasing because the base is 2 (bigger than 1)
The Vertical Asymptote moves left or right with the graph. So look at the horizontal shift.
This function has a horizontal shift of 1 to the right so x  1
The equation of the Vertical asymptote is x  opp. sign of number inside log part
Find the y intercept by making x  0
In this case the y-intercept does not exist. There is no way for the graph to cut the y-axis as
the vertical asymptote is to the right of the y-axis.
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If there is a minus in front of the log, the graph will reflect in the x-axis. So it will be flipped
vertically.
If there is coefficient in front the base:
A coefficient greater than 1 will cause the graph to stretch vertically.
A coefficient between 0 and 1 will cause the graph to shrink vertically.
After graphing find the domain and range
Ex. Use the graph of f  x   log 2 x to sketch the graph of g  x    log 2  x  1
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Ex. Use the graph of f  x   log 2 x to sketch the graph of g  x   4 log 2  x  2   3
Find the Domain of a Logarithmic Function
Domains of Log Functions
We already know that the domain of y  logb x functions is  0,   . We also know that if we
raise a positive number to any power the answer cannot be negative. So if y  logb x , then
b y  x , hence x can’t be negative.
To calculate the domain of a log function we set whatever we are logging to be > 0.
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Set What Comes Directly
Find the Domain of Solve the Inequality*
After log > 0
log 3  x  4 
log 7  2x  5   3
ln  3  x 
ln  x  3
2
ln x 2
ln  x  4 
2

ln x 2  3x  18  5 
 x 3
ln  
 x 2
* The method we use to solve the inequality depends on its type. Linear is easy, but quadratic and rational
inequalities need a true/false diagram or a sign analysis.
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Use Common Logarithms
Use Natural Logarithms
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3. Properties of Logarithms
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Use the Product Rule
Use the Quotient Rule

Using the Power Rule

Rule Example
Product logb  MN   logb M  logb N ln  7 x   ln 7  ln x
M  e2 
Quotient logb    logb M  logb N ln    ln e 2  ln 3  2  ln 3
N   3
Power logb M p
 p logb M log 5 7 4  4 log 5 7
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Expanding Logs
Expand Logarithmic Expressions
To expand a log means to write a log of products and quotients as a sum or difference of
terms. Count the number of terms in the product or quotient. You should have the same
number of terms in the sum or difference.

Ex. Expand the expression logb x 2 y 
 3x 
Ex. Expand the expression log 6
 36 y 4 
 
Page 33
e3 
Ex. Expand the expression ln  
7
Ex. Expand the expression log 100x
x
Ex. Expand the expression logb 3
y
If there are multiple terms after the log, remember the rule: Anything on the top expands
to positive terms; anything on the bottom expands to negative terms.
Take for example:
W X 
logb  2 3   logb W  logb X  logb b  logb Z
2 3
 b Z 
1
 logb W  logb X  2  3logb Z
2
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 xy 
Ex. Expand the expression logb  3 
 z 
 x 2y 
Ex. Expand the expression log 5  3 
 25 
 
 x 3 x 2 1 
Ex. Expand the expression ln  
  x  14 
 
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 10x 2 3 1  x 
Ex. Expand the expression log  
 7  x  12 
 
Condensing Logs
Condense Logarithmic Expressions

To condense a log expression, we usually use the above rules. However, this time we will
write the sum or difference of logs as a single log expression of products and quotients. This
can only be done if the coefficient of all logs is 1, so any coefficients  1 have to be moved
up to be powers.
Take for example:
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1
1
4 logb W  2 logb X  logb Y  logb Z  logb W 4  logb X 2  logb Y  logb Z 2
2
W 4 Y 
 logb  
 2 12 
X Z 
Ex. Condense the expression 8ln  x  9   4 ln x
Ex. Condense the expression 4ln x  7ln y  3ln z
1
Ex. Condense the expression  log 4 x  log 4 y 
3
Page 37
1
Ex. Condense the expression  log 4 x  log 4 y   2 log 4  x  1
3
Ex. Condense the expression

1
3

5ln  x  6   ln x  ln x 2  25 
 
Ex. Condense the expression log x  log15  log x  4  log  x  2 
2
1 
Ex. Condense the expression 2  ln  x  2   ln x 3  ln x  3 
2
2 
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Ex. Condense the expression
2
3
  1
log x  4 log x 2  1  2 log 7  log  x  1
2
The Change-of-Base Property

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4. Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
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An exponential equation is an equation containing a variable in the exponent. The method
we use to solve these equations depends on the type of equation.
Use Like Bases to Solve Exponential Equations

Type 1 – Each Side can have the same base
Solve Both Sides – Same Base Equate the powers
1
52  x 
125
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x 2
7 6
 7
1
9x  3
3
81x  4x 2
1
e x 4 
e 2x
Type 2 – Each Side Cannot have the Same Base –

Use Logarithms to Solve Exponential Equations
Page 42
Isolate the expo expression, then re-write as log and solve
Isolate the expo. Re-write as a log Solve for x
4x  15
40e 0.6x  240
54x 7  3  10
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Type 3 – The equation is quadratic in form; the bases are raised to a double power of x, half
power of x, or no power of x.
Sub t for the middle power. Solve for t

Solve Re-write as a quadratic. Change t back to x
Solve for x
e 2x  4e x  3  0
e 2x  2e x  3  0
22x  2x 12  0
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Log Equations
Sub t for the middle power. Solve for t

Solve Re-write as a quadratic. Change t back to x
Solve for x
e 4x  3e 2x 18  0
e 4x  5e 2x  24  0
Use the Definition of a Logarithm to Solve Logarithmic Equations

Page 45
A log equation contains a variable in a log expression such as log 4  x  3  2
If a log equation is in the form logb x  c , we can solve the equation by rewriting it in the
exponential form b c  x .
log 4  x  3  2
42  x  3
16  x  3
16  3  x
13  x
S .S .  13
Log expressions are defined only for logs of positive real numbers. Always check
proposed solutions in the original equation.
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Isolate the log expression
Solve Re-write in the expo. form
log 2 x  log 2  x  7   3
log 2  x  2   log 2  x  5   3
Isolate the log expression

Solve Re-write in the expo. form
Page 47
log x  log  x  3  1
3ln  2x   12
4 ln  3x   8
Page 48
Use the One-to-One Property of Logarithms to Solve Logarithmic Equations
If there are logs on both sides, combine the logs and equate the terms being logged on
both sides.
For example:
log M  log N  log P  log Q
P 
log  MN   log  
Q 
P
MN 
Q
1
Ex. Solve ln  x  2   ln  4x  3  ln  
x 
Page 49
Ex. Solve ln  x  5   ln  x  4   ln  x  1  ln  x  2 
Solve Applied Problems Using Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
Ex. The formula N  461.87  299.4ln x models the thousands of workers N, in the
environmental industry in the US, x years after 1979. By which year will there be 1,500,000
workers in the industry?
Page 50
3 Trigonometric Functions
1. Angles and their Measure

VideoMath Talk: Introduction to Trigonometry (04:37)Video
https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/VCSmnFqfpvNCD80bf6OEpb0QUKitgBlM
Recognizing and Using the Vocabulary of Angles (05:40)Video
https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/bzat6e_05_01_01
Page 51
An angle is in standard position if:
 Its vertex is at the origin
 Its initial side lies on the positive x-axis
Positive angles are generated by anti-clockwise

rotation.
Negative angles are generated by clockwise rotation.
Determine if the following angles are in standard position or not.
If the terminal side lies in a quadrant we say the angle lies in that quadrant.
If the terminal side lies on the x or y axis we call it a quadrantal angle.
Page 52
Measuring Angles
We measure angles using degrees or radians.
In one circle there are 360°, which is equivalent to 2 radians. We can then further divide
the circle.
Angles have special names:
Page 53
Using Degree Measure (02:55)Video
Using Radian Measure (02:34)Video
Converting Between Degrees and Radians
Page 54
To change between Degrees and Radians:


180
Degrees Radians
180


Radians Degrees
Fill in the following table:
Degrees Radians
30°
5
3
-135°
200°
Page 55
Drawing Angles in Standard Position (10:46)Video
Draw the following angles in standard position:
405° -135° 225°
3 7 1000°

4 4
Each quadrant has a number:
Page 56
Finding Coterminal Angles [Interactive] (05:28)Video
Coterminal Angles
The 45° angle and 405° angle have the same initial and terminal sides.
The 225° angle and -135° angle have the same initial and terminal sides.
Two angles with the same initial and terminal sides are called coterminal.
To find a coterminal CT of an angle  in degrees:
If Find coterminal CT by Choose n such that

  0 CT    n  360 0  CT  360
  360 CT    n  360 0  CT  360
To find a coterminal CT of an angle  in radians:
If Find coterminal CT by Choose n such that

 0 CT    n  2 0  CT  2
  2 CT    n  2 0  CT  2
Find a positive angle

CT
that is coterminal with:
  420
Page 57
  120
  1385
  2800
  13
  85 3
  200 17
Finding the Length of a Circular Arc (02:40)Video

Arc Length
The arc length subtended by a central angle  (measured in radians) on a circle radius with
r, is given by arc length s   r .
s and r will be in the same units; centimeters, meters or inches.
Page 58
Arc Length s Central Angle  Radius r
120° 10 in
3 in 45°
400 cm 1m
15 in 6 in
Complementary and supplementary angles:
 If two positive angles add up to 90° they are called complementary.

 If two positive angles add up to 180° they are called supplementary.
Page 59
We only use positive angles for complements and supplements, so some angles do not
have supplements or complements.
Complement comp Supplement  supp
  62
  123
Page 60
2. Right Triangle Trigonometr
Page 61
Using Right Triangles to Evaluate Trigonometric Functions
 A right angle triangle has one of its angles equal to 90°.

 The longest side is always called the hypotenuse.
 The opposite and adjacent sides depend on where  is located.
 You may not be given all the sides. Use Pythagoras’ Theorem o 2  a 2  h 2
Six important trig functions are defined as follows:
hyp
opp cosecant 
sine  opp
hyp
hyp
adj secant 
cosine  adj
hyp
adj
opp cotangent 
tangent  opp
adj
Ex. Find all six trig functions of  in the following triangle:
sin  csc 
cos  sec 
tan  cot 
Page 62
Note the following:
 sin is the reciprocal of cosec and vice versa.
 cos is the reciprocal of sec and vice versa.
 tan is the reciprocal of cot and vice versa.
sin 
 tan  
cos 
Page 63
2 21
Ex. Given that sin   and cos   find the other four trig functions of  :
5 5
2
sin  
5 csc 
21
cos   sec 
5
If you are given sin and cos you should be able to find tan easily. Then flip sin, cos, and tan
to find csc, sec, and cot.
Finding Function Values for 30°(π / 6), 45°(π / 4), and 60°(π / 3) [Interactive]
(07:02)Video
Special Angles
Some angles are so common that we can evaluate their trig functions without a calculator.
sin cos tan
0° 0 0 4 1 0 0
2 2 1
30° 1 1 3 1
2 2 2 3
45° 2 2 1
2 2
60° 3 1 1 3
2 2 2
Page 64
90° 4 1 0 0 Undefined
2 2
Notice that sin 30  cos60 and cos30  sin 60
Recognize and Use Fundamental Identities
Relationship between Sin and Cos
o 2  a2  h 2
o 2 a2 h 2
 
h2 h2 h2
2 2 2
o  a  h 
      
h  h  h 
sin 2   cos 2   1
Note that sin    sin   but sin   sin 

2 2 2 2
 
Page 65
1
Ex. Given that sin   find the other five trig functions of  :
2
1
sin  
2 csc 
3
Ex. Given that cos   find the other five trig functions of 
13
sin   csc 
3
cos  
13 sec 
Using the formula sin 2   cos2   1 ,
sin 2  cos 2  1
if we divide all the terms by sin 2  we get sin 2   sin 2   sin 2 
1  cot 2   csc2 
sin 2  cos 2  1
if we divide all the terms by cos2  we get cos 2   cos2   cos2 
tan 2   1  sec2 
Page 66
18
Ex. Given that sec   find the other five trig functions of  :
4
18
4
12
Ex. Given that csc   find the other five trig functions of  :
7
12
7
Using Equal Cofunctions of Complements (03:21)Video
Trig Functions and Complements
The value of a trig function of  is equal to the cofunction of the complement of comp
Page 67
Recall comp  90   or comp    
2
Notice the cofunction of a function is that with ‘co’ in front of it. If it has a ‘co’ in front then
it is a cofunction.
sin   cos comp cos   sin comp
tan   cot comp cot   tan comp
sec   csc comp csc   sec comp
Find a Cofunction
If
with same value
sin 72
cos5
tan 55
csc 
3
cot 5
12
Using Right Triangle Trigonometry to Solve Applied Problems
Page 68
 Make a sketch
 Write down the lengths or angles given in the
question.
 Use the trig definitions to write an equation and solve.
 Angles of elevation occur above the horizontal.
 Angles of depression occur below the horizontal.
Ex. A building casts a 35 m long shadow when the angle of elevation of the sun is 35°. Find
the height of the building.
Ex. A boy flies a kite. The angle between the string and the ground is 15°. How much of the
string is out when the kite is 30 m above the ground?
Page 69
Ex. A police helicopter spots a stolen car at an angle of depression of 25°. The helicopter is
75 ft. above the ground. How far from a point directly below the helicopter on the ground is
the stolen car?
Ex. A building is 120 m tall; it casts a shadow 200 m

long. Find the angle of elevation of the sun at that time.
Ex. A boy flies a kite. He lets outs 215 m of string. Find the angle between the string and
the ground, when the kite is 50 m above the ground.
At a certain time of day, the angle of elevation of the sun is 40. To the nearest foot, fi nd
the height of a tree whose shadow is 35 feet long.
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A tower that is 125 feet tall casts a shadow 172 feet long. Find the angle of elevation of the
sun to the nearest degree.
A road is inclined at an angle of 5. After driving 5000 feet along this road, find the driver’s
increase in altitude. Round to the nearest foot.
Critical Thinking Exercises
Page 71
Standing under this arch, I can determine its height by measuring the angle of elevation to the top of the arch and
my distance to a point directly under the arch. Is that true or false and
why?
Page 72
3. Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle
Using the Definitions of Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle (06:02)Video
 Let  be any angle is standard position.
 Let P   x , y  be a point on the terminal side of  .
 Let r  x  y be the distance from the origin. r is always positive.

2 2
The six trig functions are now defined as follows:
y
sin   csc  
r
r y
x
cos   r
r sec 
x
y x
x y
Some of these ratios will not exist if x or y  0 .
Page 73
Ex. Let P   3, 4  be a point on the terminal side of  . Find each of the six trig functions
of  .
Ex. Let P   12, 5  be a point on the terminal side of  . Find each of the six trig functions of 
Ex. Let P  1, 3 be a point on the terminal side of  . Find each of the six trig functions
of  .
Page 74
Using the Signs of the Trigonometric Functions (05:04)Video
The Signs of Trig Functions
The sign of the trig function of  depends on which quadrant  is in.
Observe that the positive functions in each quadrant occur in reciprocal pairs.
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If and Quadrant
tan   0 cos  0
sec  0 sin   0
sin   0 cos  0
csc  0 sec  0
Ex. Given that tan   2 and cos  0 , find the other five trig functions of  .
3
tan  2 cot  
3
Ex. Given that tan   3 and cos  0 , find the other five trig functions of  .
5
tan  3 cot  
5
Ex. Given that sin   1213 and cos  0 , find the other five trig functions of  .
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sin   12 csc 
13
tan  cot  
Ex. Given that sec  3 and tan   0 , find the other five trig functions of  .
cos   sec  3
tan  cot  
Finding Reference Angles [Interactive] (11:43)Video
Page 77
Reference Angles
The reference angle  of an angle  is the angle made by the terminal side of  with the
x-axis. It is always positive and acute such that 0    90 .
There are 4 possibilities:
Page 78
Find the reference angle of the following:
 Draw a sketch 
60°
130°
210°
300°
750°
-520°

3
5
6
13
6
17
6
Page 79
Using Reference Angles to Evaluate Trigonometric Functions [Interactive]
(09:50)Video
The Reference Angle Theorem
This theorem says: Trig function of   Trig function of 
Whether we use plus or minus depends on the quadrant we are in.
Ex. Use the Reference Angle Theorem to find the following:
Sketch Find  Apply R.A.T.
tan120
sin 300
cos 225
tan 405
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sec 240
csc 495
cot  510 

cot 19
6 
Page 81
4. Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
Understanding the Graph of y = sin x (04:32)Video
Graphing Variations of y = sin x [Interactive] (13:50)Video

Understanding the Graph of y = cos x (03:20)Video

Graphing Variations of y = cos x [Interactive] (10:53)Video

Page 82
Look at the four basic graphs of sine and cosine:
Type of
Graph
 sin  sin  cos  cos
Begin y 0 y 0 Max. Min.
1st QP Max. Min. y 0 y 0
2nd QP y 0 y 0 Min. Max.
3rd QP Min. Max. y 0 y 0
End y 0 y 0 Max. Min.
Even/Odd Odd Odd Even Even
 Domain of all graphs is  ,  
 Range of all graphs is  1,1

 Period of all graphs is 2 . The graphs pattern repeats in every length of 2 .
 sin 
To sketch a graph of y   A    Bx  C  we will follow the steps below:
 cos 
1) Determine from the  whether you have a positive or negative graph.
2) Find the Amplitude A; this will tell us the max  A  and min   A  values of y.
 2 
 2   Period B 
3) Find the Period   and the Quarter Period  4  4 
B   
 
4) Find the Phase Shift by setting the bracket after the sin or cos equal to 0.
Page 83
5) Make a table.
x y
Phase Shift
PS  1QP 



PS  2QP  Max / Min / Zeros from the table

PS  3QP 


PS  4QP
Ex. Sketch the graph of y  3sin  2x   
Page 84

Ex. Sketch the graph of y  4sin 2 x  
2 
Page 85
Ex. Sketch the graph of y  cos  3x  2 
Ex. Sketch the graph of y  2 cos  2x   
Page 86
5. Inverse Trig Functions
Understanding and Using the Inverse Sine Function [Interactive] (07:28)Video
Understanding and Using the Inverse Cosine Function [Interactive]

(06:33)Video
Understanding and Using the Inverse Tangent Function [Interactive]

(06:43)Video
Using a Calculator to Evaluate Inverse Trigonometric Functions (02:38)Video
Page 87
The inverse trig functions for sin, cos, and tan are defined in the following quadrants:
sin 1 cos1 tan 1
To find the value of inverse trig functions follow the steps in the example in the table
below:
Page 88
Let   given
Find sin/ cos/ tan   Quad  ref 
expression
 2  2 2
sin 1     sin 1   sin   1 45° 45°
 2   2  2
 3
sin 1  
 2 
 1 
sin 1  
 2 
 3
cos 1  
 2 
 1 
cos 1  
 2 
 1 
tan 1  
 3
Page 89
Finding Exact Values of Composite Functions with Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Composite Trig Functions:
Find Let   sin/ cos/ tan   Quad?
1 y 5
 5 5 5 y  y 5 x 12
cos  tan 1    tan 1
tan   tan    x  12 cos   
 12  12 12 x 12 r 13
x  so r  13
  1  
cot  sin 1   
  3 
 4
cos  sin 1 
 5
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  3  
tan  sin 1   
  5 
  3 
csc  cos 1   

  2 
  2  
cos  tan 1   
  3 
Find Let   sin/ cos/ tan   Quad?

tan cos 1  x  

cos sin 1  2x  
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  1 
cos  sin 1   
 x 
  x 
sec  sin 1   

 x  4 
2

  x 2 9 
cot  sin 1  
  x  
 
Page 92
Domain and Range of Inverse Trig Functions
y  sin 1 x y  cos1 x y  tan 1 x

Properties
Domain  1,1  1,1  ,   of Inverse
Trig
     
Range   2 , 2   0,    ,  Functions
 2 2
Property Restriction Property Restriction
  
sin  sin 1 x   x x   1,1 sin 1  sin x   x x   , 
 2 2
cos  cos 1 x   x x   1,1 cos 1  cos x   x x   0,  
  
tan  tan 1 x   x x   ,   tan 1  tan x   x x   , 
 2 2
If the inverse is “inside” the restriction is the If the inverse is “outside” the restriction is the
domain of the inverse function. range of the inverse function.
Reciprocal Properties
Function Restriction
a b 
csc1    sin 1     1,1
b  a
a b 
sec 1    cos 1     1,1
b  a
a b 
cot 1    tan 1    0,  
b  a
4 Trigonometric Equations and Identities
1. Sum and Difference Formulas for Sines and Cosines

Using the Formula for the Cosine of the Difference of Two Angles
Using Sum and Difference Formulas for Cosines and Sines
Page 94
Sum and Difference Formulas for Sines and Cosines
You must remember the following:
cos      cos  cos   sin  sin 

cos      cos  cos   sin  sin 
sin      sin  cos   cos  sin 
sin      sin  cos   cos  sin 
Ex. Find the exact value of cos15
Ex. Find the exact value of sin105
Ex. Find the exact value of cos80 cos20  sin80 sin 20
Page 95
Ex. Find the exact value of sin78 cos3  sin3 cos78
7 7  
Ex. Find the exact value of sin by using the fact that  
12 12 3 4
Page 96
12 3
Ex. Suppose that sin   for a quadrant II angle  and sin   for quadrant I angle  . Find the
13 5
exact value of:
a) cos 
b) cos 
c) cos    
d) sin    
Page 97
4 1
Ex. Suppose that sin   for quadrant II angle  and sin   for quadrant I angle  . Find the exact
5 2
value of:
a) cos 
b) cos 
c) cos    
d) sin    
Page 98
2. Trigonometric Equations
Finding All Solutions of a Trigonometric Equation [Interactive] (08:19)Video
1
 The equation sin x  is a trig equation.
2
 Trig equations are only true for some values called its solutions.
1
 When thinking about the solution of sin x  , we need to consider:
2
Which
1 2 is
reference
positive,
angle has In Q1 In Q2
so which
a sin of
1 2?
Qs?
1
sin x   ref  30 Q1 and Q2 act  ref  30
2 act  180  ref  180  30  150
Because the period of the sine function is 360 °  2  , then any multiple of 360°  2  can be added or
subtracted to these values and the sin is still 1 2 .
So all solutions are given by x  30  n  360  and x  150  n  360  , where n is 1,2,3…
Ex. Solve 3sin x  2  5sin x 1
Page 99
Solving Equations with Multiple Angles (03:36)Video
Ex. Solve tan 3x  1 for 0°  x  360°
x 3
Ex. Solve sin  for 0°  x  360°
2 2
Page 100
Solving Trigonometric Equations Quadratic in Form (03:15)Video
Ex. Solve 2cos2 x  cos x 1  0 for 0°  x  360°
Using Factoring to Separate Different Functions in Trigonometric Equations (02:21)Video

Ex. Solve tan x sin 2 x  3tan x for 0°  x  360°
Page 101
Using a Calculator to Solve Trigonometric Equations (04:17)
Page 102
5 Statistics
1. The Summation Symbol
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2. Measures of Central Tendency
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3. Measures of Dispersion: The Range and the Mean Absolute
Deviation
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4. The Standard Deviation
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5. Normal Distribution
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6. Grouped Data
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6 Circles
1. Circles
A circle is a curve traced out from a set of all points that are the same distance away from a point within called
the centre.
Equation of a circle
The Standard form of the equation of a circle
 x  h   y  k   r2
2 2
Page 141
Where  h, k  the centre and r is the radius.
Equation Centre Radius Diameter
 x  3   y  2   16
2 2
 x  3   y  5  4
2 2
 3, 2  2 2
 4, 2  4
Graphing Circles
1) Graph the circle  x  3   y  2   16

2 2
Page 142
2) Graph the circle  x  2    y  1  9
2 2
Page 143
2. Arcs and Sectors
Arc Length and Areas of Sectors and Segments of Circles
m
Arc length = 360 C where m is the measure of the central angle and C is the circumference.
m
r2
Area of sector = 360 where m is the measure of the central angle and r is the radius of the circle.
Example 1: Given: P and m  APC = 120˚ a. Find the length of ABC

120
 (8)
Arc length = 360
P
1
A (8 )
Arc length = 3
C
B 8
Arc length = 3 units
Given: P and m APC = 120˚ b. Find the area of the shaded sector.
120
r 2
Asector = 360
4
1
 42
Asector = 3
16
Asector = 3 units2
Page 144
Example 2:
Note: Sector of Circle – Triangle = Segment of Circle
Given: P and m  APB = 60˚
- =
60 62 3
 62
360 - 4 = 6  9 3 units2
A farmer has a rectangular piece of property that is 150 feet by 200 feet. The farmer owns a sheep that he
doesn’t want eating the grass on the whole piece of property. Therefore, he tied the sheep to a stake (using a 40
foot piece of rope) that is 25 feet from the fence on the east side of the property and 15 feet from the fence on
the southern side of the property. How many square feet of grass can the sheep reach (round final answer to the
nearest square foot).
150 feet
200 feet
Page 145
Johnny doesn’t want his dog Spot digging holes all over the back yard so he tied the 30 foot leash to the corner
fence post (point A in diagram). Unfortunately, Spot dug a hole under the fence 10 feet from point A on
segment AB. How many square feet of ground are accessible to Spot (both inside the yard and out)?
100 feet B
50 feet
Page 146
Find the shaded area. On problems 1-3, find the arc length for the shaded sector also.
1. Asector = _____________ 2. Asector = _____________ 3. Asector = _____________
Arc length = __________ Arc length = __________ Arc length = __________
120˚
60˚
90˚
4. Asegment = _____________ 5. Asegment = _____________ 6. Asegment = _____________
120˚
60˚
7. If BC = 2AB, what fraction of the circle is shaded? (Hint: Let the AB = 2x. D is the center of the big
circle. AB is the diameter of a little circle and BC is the diameter of a medium circle. Find the areas
in terms of x.) C
D
●
B
8. Find the degree measure of the arc of a sector with area 36π if the area of the circle is 144π.
9. Two circles have radii 3 cm. and 5 cm. Find the 10. The areas of two circles are in the ratio 16 to 9.
ratio of their areas. Find the ratio of their radii.
Page 147
3. Lines Tangent to a Circle
REVIEW BASIC TERMS
Page 148
TANGENT LINES
THEOREM 1: If a line is tangent to a circle, then it is perpendicular to the radius at its outer endpoint.
Sample Problem 1
1. In the figure, SE is a radius and ET is the tangent to the circle at E. If SE = 12 cm and ET = 16 cm, how far is T from the
center S?
Solution:
Since ET is the tangent to the radius at E, then they are perpendicular to each other. Hence, △SET is a right triangle. We
then apply the Pythagorean Theorem.
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4. Chords
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5. Inscribed Angles
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6. Secant Lines and Segments
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7 Conic Sections
VideoMath Talk: Conic Sections (04:55)Video
https://mediaplayer.pearsoncmg.com/assets/7ISuh7WCzBe6dR9U_g02SZQzVXPG7yzi
1. Ellipses
An ellipse looks like this:
 It can be horizontal or vertical.
 The two fixed points are called the foci (sing. focus); the midpoint of the foci is the centre of the ellipse.
 The line through the foci intersects the ellipse at two points called the vertices (sing. vertex).
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 The line that joins the vertices is the major axis.
 The line perpendicular to the major axis is called the minor axis.
The standard form of an ellipse looks like:
x2 y2
 1
a2 b 2
 There must always be a 1 on the RHS.
 Both terms on the LHS are positive.
 Both terms are squared.
 The centre of the ellipse is (0,0).
 Whether an ellipse is horizontal or vertical depends on which is bigger, a 2 or b 2 .
a2  b 2 Horizontal
a2  b 2 Vertical
Graph Ellipses Centered at the Origin (08:45)Video
Page 160
x2 y2
Graph  1
9 4
Graph 25x 2  16 y 2  400
Page 161
Graph 9x 2
 4y 2
 36
Writing Equations of Ellipses in Standard Form (03:32)

Finding Equations from Descriptions
Ex. Find the equation of an ellipse with a horizontal major axis of length 10 units and a minor axis of length 4
units and the centre at  0,0  .
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Ex. Find the equation of an ellipse with endpoints of major axis  0, 10  , and distance between foci:6
Ex. Find the equation of an ellipse with endpoints of minor axis (0, 3) , and distance between foci :6
Ex. Find the equation of an ellipse with foci located at F (0, 2) and y-intercepts of 3 and 3 .
Page 163
2. Hyperbolas
A hyperbola looks like this:
 It can be horizontal or vertical.
 The two fixed points are called the foci (sing. focus); the midpoint of the foci is the centre of the
hyperbola.
 The line through the foci intersects the hyperbola at two points called the vertices (sing. vertex).
 The line that joins the vertices is the transverse axis.
 The line perpendicular to the major axis is called the minor axis.
The standard form of an ellipse looks like:
x2 y2 x2 y2
 1   1
a2 b 2 a2 b 2
 There must always be a 1 on the RHS.
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 Only one of the terms on the LHS is positive.
 Both terms are squared.
 The centre of the hyperbola is (0,0).
 Whether an ellipse is horizontal (opens Left-Right) or vertical (opens Up-Down) depends on which term
is positive.
x2
 2 Horizontal opens L-R
a
y2
 Vertical opens U-D
b2
UD
 The equation of the asymptotes is given by y   x
LR
Locating a Hyperbola's Vertices and Foci (07:54)Video

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Writing Equations of Hyperbolas in Standard Form (03:20)Video
Graphing Hyperbolas Centered at the Origin (08:02)

Page 166
Graph
x2 y2
 1
16 9
y 2 x2
 1
36 49
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x 2  9y 2  9
Application Questions on Hyperbola
Ex. Find the standard form of the equation of the hyperbola with foci at  0, 3 and  0,3 and vertices at
 0, 2  and  0, 2  .
Ex. Find the standard form of the equation of the hyperbola with foci (5,0) , and vertices: (3,0)
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Ex. Find the standard form of the equation of the hyperbola with foci: (0, 2) , vertices: (0, 1)
Ex. Find the standard form of the equation of the hyperbola with vertices: (1,0) , and asymptotes: y  5x
1
Ex. Find the standard form of the equation of the hyperbola with vertices: (0, 6) , and asymptotes: y   x
3
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3. Parabolas
Graphing Parabolas with Vertices at the Origin (10:02)Video
Writing Equations of Parabolas in Standard Form (01:52)Video

Page 171
There are 4 possibilities to draw a parabola whose vertex is at  0,0  :
Latus Rectum
2p F 2p
x 2  4 py
p Opens: Up since y is linear/+
Distance to focus: p up
p
From focus go:
Directrix 2p right and left
Distance to directrix: p down
p
x 2  4 py
p
Opens: Down since y is linear/-
2p 2p
Distance to focus: p down
From focus go: 2p right and left
Distance to directrix: p up
y 2  4 px
p p 2p
Opens: Right since x is linear/+
2p
Distance to focus: p right
From focus go: 2p up and down
Distance to directrix: p left
2p
y 2  4 px
p p
2p
Opens: Left since x is linear/-
Distance to focus: p left
From focus go: 2p up and down
Distance to directrix: p right
Page 172
Ex. Graph y 2  12x
Ex. Graph x 2  8 y
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Ex. Graph 12 y  x 2  0
Ex. Graph x  2 y 2  0
Page 174
Application Questions on Parabola
Ex. Find the equation of the parabola that has its focus at (0,6)
Ex. Find the equation of the parabola that has directrix at x  1.
Ex. Find the equation of the parabola that has its focus at (-8,0)
Page 175
8 Matrices
1. Matrix Operations
Using Matrix Notation
1 2 4
A matrix is an array of numbers arranged in rows and columns A   
 1 0 5 
This matrix is not augmented (there’s no vertical bar inside) so it does not represent a system of equations
and the numbers inside it are not coefficients of x, y or z.
An Element is a number inside the matrix represented by aij . Where i is the row and j is the column.
Understanding What is Meant by Equal Matrices

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Two matrices are equal if corresponding elements are equal.
2 3  x y 
10 7    2z w 
  
Ex. If A and B are equal find x and y:
 1 x y 1 6 
A  B 
 2x  y 3  0 3

Adding and Subtracting Matrices (04:47)Video
Addition and Subtraction
Add or subtract corresponding elements:
Page 177
1 2 4 9
Ex. Given A    and B   1 3 find:
 3 0   
a) A+B
b) A-B
0 5 3  2 3 5   6 7 
Ex. Given A    and B    and C    find:
 2 6 8  7 9 6   2 3
a) A+B
b) B-A
c) A+C
Page 178
Performing Scalar Multiplication (05:21)Video
Multiplication by a Number
a b  ea eb 
e  
c d  ec ed 
0 5 3  2 3 5
Ex. Given A    and B   7 9 6 
find:
 2 6 8 
a) 2A
b) 3A  2B
2 1
d) B A
3 2
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Solve Matrix Equations (03:51)Video
Solving Matrix Equations
1 5  6 5
Ex. Give A    and B    . Solve the equation: 2X  A  B
0 2  9 1
0 5 3  2 3 5
Ex. Given A    and B   7 Solve 3X  2A  5B
 2 6 8  9 6 
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Multiplying Matrices
Multiplying a Matrix by a Matrix
a b   e f  ae  bg af  bh 
c d    g 
h  ce  dg cf  dh 
  
1) Make rows in 1st matrix
2) Make rows in 1st column
 2 3  1 5    2 1   3 4   2  5    3 6  

4 7   4 6   4 1  7 4
           4  5   7  6 
14 28
 
32 62 
Matrix multiplication is only possible if the columns of the first matrix are equal to the rows of the second
matrix. The order of the resulting matrix is given as follows:
   
   
   
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 1 4  1 3 5 
Ex. Find   
 2 8  6 0 2
1 1 4  1 1 0 
   
Ex. Given A   4 1 3  and B  1 2 4 
 2 0 2 1 1 3 
a) Find A B
b) Find A 2
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2. Matrix Inverses
In matrices, if two matrices are the inverses of each other then:
1 0 
2x2 matrix  A  A 1   0   I2
 1
1 0 0 
3x3 matrix  A  A 1   0 1 0  I 3
0 0 1 
 1 3 5 3
Ex. Show that A    and B    are inverses of each other. Find AB and BA .
2 5  2 1
7 3 1 
1 2 3   2 2
 
Ex. Show that A  1 3 4  and B   1 2 0 1  are inverses of each other. Find AB and BA .
 2
1 4 3   1 1 1 
 2 2
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Finding the Multiplicative Inverse of a Square Matrix
Finding Inverses
a b  1 1 d b 
For a 2x2 matrix if A    then A 
c d  ad  bc  c a 
a b  1  d b 
2  2 matrix A   A 1 
c d  ad  bc  c a 
Perform Gauss-Jordan to get  I 3 A 

1
3  3 matrix Form an augmented matrix  A I 3 
 1 2 
Ex. Find the inverse of A  
3 4 
 3 2 
Ex. Find the inverse of A   
 1 1 
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 1 1 1 
 
Ex. Find the inverse of A   0 2 1 
 2 3 0 
Step 1 Form an augmented matrix  A I 3  Step 2 Get a 1 in the 1st DP
Step 3 Use that 1 to get zeros below Step 4 Get a 1 in the 2nd DP
Step 5 Use that 1 to get zeros above and below Step 6 Get a 1 in the 3rd DP
Step 7 Use that 1 to get zeros above and below
Page 185
Using Inverses to Solve Matrix Equations
 x  2 y  5z  2

Suppose we want to solve the system 2x  3 y  8z  3
  x  y  2z  3

We can write this system as:
 1 2 5  x   2
 2 3 8   y    3
    
 1 1 2   z   3 
A is the coefficient matrix  A  X    B B is the answer matrix
X is the variable matrix
AX  B
1 1
A AX  A B
1
IX  A B
1
X A B
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So to find the variable matrix we first need to find A 1 using the previous methods and then multiply that
with the answer matrix B.
 1 2 5  2 1 1
  1  
From the previous question A   2 3 8  so A  12 7 2 
 1 1 2   5 3 1 
X  A 1B
 2 1 1  2  4  3  3   2  x 
X  12 7 2  3   24  21  6    3   y  so the solution set is 2, 3, 2
 5 3 1   3  10  9  3  2   z 
 x  y z 6

Ex. Use the inverse of the coefficient matrix A 1 to solve  x  2 y  3z  14
x  4 y  9z  36

Page 187
3. Determinants & Cramer’s Rule
A determinant is a real number associated with every square matrix.
a b  a b
For a matrix A    its determinant is written as A  c d  ad   bc 
c d 
Evaluating a Second-Order Determinant (03:27)Video
2  2 Determinants
5 6
To find the determinant of A   
7 3
Find the Leading Diagonal Product
Find the Trailing Diagonal Product
The Determinant is the difference between them
5 6
so A    5 3   6  7   15  42  27
7 3
2 4
Ex. Find the determinant of A   
 3 5
Page 188
Solving a System of Linear Equations in Two Variables Using Cramer's Rule (05:36)Video
2  2 Determinants and Cramer’s Rule
Given a 2  2 system we can use determinants and Cramer’s rule to solve for x and y.
Step 1: Find D gen (Determinant formed by coefficients of x and y)
Step 2: Find Dx (Determinant formed by replacing the x column n in D gen with the answers)
Step 3: Form D y (By replacing the y column in D gen with the answers)
Dx Dy
Step 4: Apply Cramer’s rules ( x  and y  )
D D
Ex. Use Cramer’s rule or solve the system:
ax  by  e a b e b a e Dx Dy
 D gen  Dx  Dy  x y 
cx  dy  f c d f d c f D gen D gen
Page 189
5x  4 y  2 5 4 2 4 5 2 6 7
 D gen  Dx  Dy  x  6 y  7
6 x  5 y  1 6 5 1 5 6 1 1 1
3x  2 y  17

4x  y  19
Evaluating a Third-Order Determinant (08:10)Video
3  3 Determinants
 7 6 5

To find the determinant of A   0 1 5

 0 3 8 
Copy and paste on the right the first two columns
Find the sum of the Leading Diagonal Products

Page 190
Find the sum of the Trailing Diagonal Products
The Determinant is the difference between them.
1 2 1
 
Ex. Find the determinant of A   0 0 1
1 4 1
Page 191
Solving a System of Linear Equations in Three Variables Using Cramer's Rule (15:25)Video
3  3 Determinants and Cramer’s rule
Given a 3  3 system we can use determinants and Cramer’s rule to solve for x, y and z.
Step 1: Form D gen (Determinant formed by coefficients of x, y and z)
Step 2: Find Dx (Determinant formed by replacing the x column in D gen with the answers)
Step 3: Find D y (Determinant formed by replacing the y column in D gen with the answers)
Step 4: Find Dz (Determinant formed by replacing the z column in D gen with the answers)
Dx Dy D
Step 5: Apply Cramer’s rules ( x  , y  and z  z )
D D D
Dx
x 
ax  by  cz  k a b c k b c a k c a b k D
 Dy
dx  ey  fz  m D gen d e f Dx  m e f Dy  d m f Dz  d e m y 
 gx  hy  jz  n D
 g h j n h j g n j g h n Dz
z
D
x  2 y  z  4

x  4 y  2z  6
 2x  3 y  z  3

Page 192
x  y  z  0

2x  y  z  1
x  3 y  z  8

Page 193
4. Matrices and Gaussian Elimination
Using Matrices and Gaussian Elimination to Solve Systems

Gaussian Elimination
The process we use to solve linear systems using row operations is called Gaussian Elimination.
Here are the steps used:
1) Write the augmented matrix for the system.
2) Use matrix row operations to simplify the matrix to one with 1s down and the diagonal from upper left to
the lower right, and 0s below the 1s.
1     1     1     1     1   
     0     0 1    0 1    0 1  
         
    0    0     0 0    0 0 1 
Get 1 in the upper Get a 1 in the second Use that 1 in the Get a 1 in the 3rd DP.
left-hand corner. Use that 1 to get diagonal position. 2nd DP to get a 0
This is the 1st 0s below it . below it.
Diagonal position.
Page 194
Ex. Use Gaussian Elimination with Back-Substitution to solve the following system:
3x  y  2z  31
x  y  2z  19
x  3 y  2z  25
Page 195
Using Matrices and Gauss-Jordan Elimination to Solve Systems
Gauss-Jordan Elimination
Gauss-Jordan elimination continues the process until a matrix with 1s down the diagonal from upper left
to lower right and 0s in every position above and below each 1 is found. Such a matrix is said to be in
reduced row-echelon form.
For a system of linear equations in three variables, x, y, z, we must get the augmented matrix into the
form
1 0 0 a 
0 1 0 b 
 
0 0 1 c 
Based on this matrix, we conclude that x = a, y = b, and z = c.
Page 196
3x  y  2z  31

Ex. Use the Gauss-Jordan Elimination to solve the following system x  y  2z  19
x  3 y  2z  25

Page 197
Inconsistent and Dependent Systems and Their Applications
Linear systems can have one solution, no solution, or infinitely many solutions.
We can use Gaussian Elimination on systems with three or more variables to determine how many
solutions such systems have.
In the case of systems with no systems or infinitely many solutions, it is impossible to rewrite the
augmented matrix in the desired form with 1s down the diagonal from upper left to lower right, and 0s
below the 1s.
Applying Gaussian Elimination to Systems Without Unique Solutions
Ex. Use Gaussian Elimination to solve a system with no solution.
x  y  2z  2
2x  3 y  6 z  5
3x  4 y  4z  12
Page 198
Ex. Use Gaussian Elimination to solve a system with an infinite solution.
3x  4 y  4z  7
x  y  2z  2
2x  3 y  6 z  5
Applying Gaussian Elimination to Systems With More Variables Than Equations

Non-Square Systems
In a non-square system the number of variables differs from the number of equations.
Ex. Use Gaussian Elimination to solve a system with fewer equations than variables.
3x  7 y  6z  26
x  2y  z  8
Page 199
Page 200

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INTEGRATED

1. Evaluating Exponential Functions ..................................................................................................................6

2. Graphing Exponential Functions .....................................................................................................................8

3. Evaluating Functions with Base e ................................................................................................................. 15

2 Logarithmic Functions ............................................................................................. 17

2. Graphing Logarithmic Functions................................................................................................................... 23

3. Properties of Logarithms .............................................................................................................................. 31

4. Exponential and Logarithmic Equations ....................................................................................................... 40

3 Trigonometric Functions .......................................................................................... 51

1. Angles and their Measure ............................................................................................................................. 51

2. Right Triangle Trigonometry ........................................................................................................................ 61

3. Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle .......................................................................................................... 73

4. Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions ............................................................................................................ 82

5. Inverse Trig Functions ................................................................................................................................... 87

4 Trigonometric Equations and Identities .................................................................... 94

1. Sum and Difference Formulas for Sines and Cosines .................................................................................... 94

5 Statistics ............................................................................................................. 103

1. The Summation Symbol .............................................................................................................................. 103

2. Measures of Central Tendency.................................................................................................................... 107

4. The Standard Deviation ............................................................................................................................. 120

5. Normal Distribution .................................................................................................................................... 125

6. Grouped Data ............................................................................................................................................. 133

1. Circles ......................................................................................................................................................... 141

2. Arcs and Sectors ......................................................................................................................................... 144

3. Lines Tangent to a Circle ............................................................................................................................ 148

5. Inscribed Angles .......................................................................................................................................... 156

6. Secant Lines and Segments ........................................................................................................................ 158

7 Conic Sections ..................................................................................................... 159

1. Ellipses ........................................................................................................................................................ 159

2. Hyperbolas .................................................................................................................................................. 164

8 Matrices .............................................................................................................. 176

1. Matrix Operations ....................................................................................................................................... 176

2. Matrix Inverses ........................................................................................................................................... 183

3. Determinants & Cramer’s Rule ................................................................................................................... 188

4. Matrices and Gaussian Elimination ............................................................................................................ 194

Look at the exponential function f  x   b x or y  b x and note the following:

b is the base – a positive number not 1

Examples of Expo function or

f  x   2x Expo Positive base, x in power

f  x   3x 1 Expo Positive base, x in power

f x   x 2 Not Expo Base is x

f  x   1x Not Expo Base is 1

y xx Not Expo Base is x

To draw a graph, make a table of values. Usually we take 7 values.

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Inc./Dec. Inc. Dec.

Passes through  0,1  0,1

Domain  ,    ,  

 Inc./ Dec.? ________ Why? _______

Sketching Graphs of Exponential FunctionsSketch the graph of g  x   3x 1 Find the

Domain and Range.

Sketch the graph of g  x   2x 1  1 . Find the Domain and Range.

 e is a special number, called the natural base  2.71828...

Math Talk: Logarithms

 The relationship between expos and logs is if y  logb x then b y  x

Change From Logarithmic to Exponential Form

Change From Exponential to Logarithmic Form

There are 2 ways to evaluate a log:

Some Important Results

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