Compiled by:

DR. ARIEL A. MONTOYA

FROILAN V. GASPAR
MARILA A. SALAZAR
FELIDEL S. PEÑAFLORIDA
GEORGE A. PRADO
JERLENE G. DELGADO
ABEGAIL G. SAGANA
BRYAN LANDOR C. TAMAYO

The compilers do not own any of the content of this module. Due credits and
acknowledgement are given to the authors, internet sources, and researchers listed on the
reference page. Such as sources are reserved to further explain concepts
and cannot be credited to the compilers and the school. All diagrams,
charts, and images are used for
educational purposes only. The sole objective of this instructional
material is to facilitate independent learning and not for monetary gains
because this is NOT FOR SALE.
 2020 Edition

APPROVAL SHEET

This Instructional Material entitled PHYSICAL EDUCATION 3 (INDIVIDUAL

AND DUAL SPORTS), compiled by DR. ARIEL A. MONTOYA, FROILAN V.
GASPAR, MARILA A. SALAZAR, FELIDEL S. PEÑAFLORIDA, GEORGE A.
PRADO, JERLENE G. DELGADO, ABEGAIL G. SAGANA, and BRYAN
LANDOR C. TAMAYO (A.Y. 2020-2021), is recommended for production and
utilization by the students and faculty members of the Occidental Mindoro State College.

PANEL OF EVALUATORS

Local Evaluation Committee

GEORGE A. PRADO MARILA A. SALAZAR

Member Member

VERONICA C. FERRER, EdD

Chairperson

Overall Instructional Materials Development Committee

VENESSA S. CASANOVA, PhD Ma. IMELDA C. RAYTON, MA

Member Member

Recommending Approval:

JESSIE S. BAROLO, Jr., MAEd

Chairperson

Approved:
 ELBERT C. EDANIOL, EdD
Vice President for Academic Affairs

PREFACE

Sports such as badminton, table tennis and other individual sports have the capacity
to help students to promote youth to get an activity that will not just develop their
sportsmanship but to establish healthy and wealthy mind and body. Sport activities like
these will primarily help to reduce the risk of having any diseases and continue healthy
living. In this time of pandemic, it might help each student to focus not only on social
media but to practice simple sports while learning and resulting to have a healthy life.

A sport is consisted of physical and mental competitive activities carried out with a
recreational purpose or competition, or self-enjoyment, to attain excellence, for the
development of a skill, or some combination of these. A sport has physical activity, sideby-
side competition, self-motivation and a scoring system.

The study of Physical Education such as badminton, table tennis as well as diving
and other individual sports has two aspects; the knowledge and the skills. These are all
easy to play - a bold statement but one that is true. All you need is the ability to hit
upwards and downwards and you have the components of a simple rally! The game has
many attractions. It can be enjoyed by all ages, as an individual or as a part of a team or
family, courts are usually available in most places, and whether there are ample spare times
or little to spare, you can set your own commitment levels and play socially or
competitively. Adding to this, games for singles differ greatly from the doubles and you
have the ingredients of a sport that is easy to learn, fascinating and irresistible.

This book has three (3) major components such as:

• LESSON 1 – Table Tennis
• LESSON 2- Badminton
• LESSON 3- Arnis

With this learning material, it is hoped that students as well as Physical Education
teachers will gain knowledge and skill of the integral approach in the study of Physical
Education III.
- THE COMPILERS -
 Physical Education III

Republic of the Philippine

s
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO STATE COLLEGE
Labangan, San Jose, Occidental Mindoro
website: www.omsc.edu.ph email address:
omsc_9747@yahoo.com
Tele/Fax: (043) 457
-0231 CERTIFIED TO ISO 9001:2015
CERT. NO.: 50500643 QM15

OBE COURSE SYLLABUS

OMSC VISION
A premier higher education institution that develops globally competitive, locally responsive, innovative professionals and life-long learners.
OMSC MISSION
OMSC is committed to produce intellectual and human capital by developing excellent graduates through outcome-based instruction, relevant
research, responsive technical advisory services, community engagement, and sustainable production. COURSE TITLE: Physical
Education 3 - Individual and Dual Sports
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
Provides playing basic skills and performance in individual and dual sports, strategies, and rules, scheduling, officiating, and modify games leading to
sports.
COURSE CODE: PE03
CREDIT UNITS: 2
PREREQUISITES: None
COURSE OUTLINE
Week 1. Desired Learning Course Content Textbooks/ Teaching/Learnin Resource Assessment
Outcomes References g Activities Materials
Lesson 1:
1. Recognize the Badminton ▪ Narang, P. (2016). • Blended Learning ▪ Module General historical background ▪History and
Teach Yourself Approach ▪ Badminton Direction:
and development of development of badminton. Sports (synchronous and Equipment
1-5
badminton; badminton Publication, asynchronous) ▪ Electronic Answer all the
 Physical Education III

2. Determine the laws of • Terminology ▪ Tulio et al., (2005). • Modular equipment/ learning
badminton o Let PE 3 Individual and Approach gadget activities in the o Drive module
and
 Physical Education III

3. Analyze and
remember the
equipment used and
terminologies;
4. Demonstrate the
basic skills in
badminton.
 Physical Education III

o Drop Dual Sports.Katha • Exploratory ▪ Social media submit on or

o Smash Publishing Co., Inc. technique platforms before the
o Rally deadline date
o Match including
o Serve posting/
o Flick uploading of
o Service outputs
▪Laws of the Game ONLINE.
o Playing court
o dimension
o Equipment
laws
o Scoring
system and
o service
o Faults
▪ Facilities and
Equipment
o Court
o Net
o Rackets
o Strings
o Grip
o Shuttlecock
o Shoes
▪
▪Badminton Strokes
o Forehand
o Backhand
▪ Footwork
Physical Education III
 Physical Education III

11
 Physical Education III

o Hitting the
2. ball
o Scoring
o Alternation
of
o service
o Series of
games
o Recreational
o variations
o Double game

▪Styles of Play
o Grip
o Types of
shots

• Offensive Strokes
• Defensive Strokes

1. Apply simple Lesson 2: ▪ Narang, P. • Blended Learning ▪ Module General

game scheduling; Table Tennis (2016).Teach Approach ▪ Table Tennis Direction:
Yourself (synchronous and Equipment
▪Game scheduling Badminton. asynchronous) ▪ Electronic Answer all the
o Single Sports Publication • Modular equipment/ learning
elimination ▪ Tulio et al., (2005). Approach gadget activities in the
o Double PE 3 Individual and Exploratory
• ▪ Social media module and
elimination Dual Sports.Katha technique platforms submit on or
o Round robin Publishing Co., before the
Inc. deadline date
 Physical Education III

Perform officiating and

scoring through simple
class competition.
Physical Education III
Physical Education III
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Lesson 1: Badminton 1
• History and development of badminton 1
• Terminology 2
• Laws of the game 3
• Facilities and Equipment 5
• Badminton Strokes 7
• Footwork 8
• Events 9

Lesson 2: Table Tennis 14

• Table Tennis History and Development 14
• Equipment 18
• Starting game 22
• Styles of Play 24
Lesson 3: Basic Arnis 33
• History 33 • Equipment 34
• Proper Gripping 34
• 12 Striking Points 36
LESSON 1
Badminton

Page | 1
name at that time, the Game was referred to as
“that Badminton ga me.”
Badminton Club of the City of New York,
is the oldest badminton club in the world
is the which was founded in 1878, however, the game did not become widely popular in the United States
until the middle 1930’s. The US Badminton Association was formed in 1936.
The world governing body for the sport is the International Badminton Federation,
was founded in1934. “Thomas Cup,” is the premier international men’s team which was
established in1948 and its counterpart in the women’s competition is the “uber Cup,”
which was founded in 1956.
In 1977, the World Badminton Federation (WBF) was founded. It sponsored the
first World Championship in the same year in Malmo Sweden. This was the start of
several international competitions all over the world. The “Suderman Cup” in 1989 was
established in memory of the former IBF Vice President Dick Suderman. He was also the
“Father of Indonesian Badminton”.

TOPIC 2: TERMINOLOGIES

1. Alley – an extension of the width of the court on both sides to be used in doubles play.
2. Backhand – any stroke made on the side of the body opposite the racket side.
3. Baseline – back boundary line.
4. Bird – the object that flies over the net, officially known as a shuttlecock.
5. Block – placing the racket in front of the bird and letting it rebound into the opponent’s court.
Carry – momentarily holding the bird on the racket during the execution of a stroke.
6. Clear – a high shot that falls close to the baseline.
7. Double hit – contacting the bird twice in succession on the same stroke.
8. Doubles – a game of four players, two on each team.
9. Drive – a hard stroke that just clears the net on a horizontal plane.
10. Drop – a shot made that barely clears the net with little speed.
11. Fault – any violation of the rules whose penalty is loss of serve or the point.
12. Forehand – any stroke made on the racket side of the body.
13. Hairpin (net) stroke – shot made from below and very close to the net with the bird just clearing
the net and dropping sharply downward.
14. Home position – the ideal spot for awaiting the opponent’s return.
15. Let – a play allowed to be replayed.
16. Match – best two out of three games.
17. Odd and even courts – in singles, the right half of the court is “even” and the left half of the court
is the “odd.” When the even player is serving from the right the score is even, and odd when
serving from the left.
18. Rally – rapid returns made by players.
19. Ready position – an alert body position enabling quick movement in any direction.
20. Receiver – the player to whom the bird is served.
21. Server – the player who puts the bird in play.
22. Shuttlecock – the feathered/plastic object that is hit back and forth in badminton.
Page | 2
 23. Singles – a game involving one player on each end of the court.
24. Sling – an untrue hit, usually because of the bird momentarily resting on the racket.
25. Smash – a powerful overhand stroke that sends the bird downward over the net.
26. Stroke – the action of striking the bird with the racket.
27. Toss/spin – the method of deciding which side will serve first at the beginning of the match.

TOPIC 3: LAWS OF THE GAME

Basic Rules and Regulations
1. Tossing for Serve
3.1 Before play commences, a toss shall be conducted and the side winning the toss
shall exercise the choice in either Law 1.1 or 1.2
3.1.1 to serve or receive first;
3.1.2 to start play at one end of the court or the other.
3.2 The side losing the toss shall then exercise the remaining choice.

2. Scoring
The rally point system is used in scoring the badminton game which means any fault
committed by the serving or receiving team gains point.

Love – designates a score of zero

Love- all – is called when both opponents or teams have a score of zero.
In side – is called for the serving player or team
Out Side – is called for the receiving player or team
Game Point – is the point that a server won which results to the server’s winning the
match

3. Setting the score

a. A match – best of 3 games
b. Side which first scores 21points wins the game
c. The side winning a rally scores a point
d. When score reaches 20 – all, the side which gains a 2-point lead wins the game
e. If the score reaches 29 – all, the side scoring the 30th point wins the game
f. Winner of a game serves first in next game

4. Change of Ends

4.1 Players shall change ends:

4.1.1 at the end of the first game;
4.1.2 at the end of the second game, if there is to be a third game; and
4.1.3 in the third game when a side first scores 11 points.
Page | 3
 4.2 If the ends are not changed as indicated in Law 1, it shall be done so as soon as
the mistake is discovered and when the shuttle is not in play. The existing
score shall stand.

5. Service
5.1 In a correct service,
5.1.1 neither side shall cause undue delay to the delivery of the service once
the server and the receiver are ready for the service.
5.1.2 on completion of the backward movement of the server’s racket head,
any delay in the start of the service (Law 5.2) shall be considered to be
an undue delay;
5.1.3 the server and the receiver shall stand within diagonally opposite
service courts without touching the boundary lines of the service
courts;
5.1.4 some part of both feet of the server and the receiver shall remain in
contact with the surface of the court in a stationary position from the
start of the service (Law 5.2) until the service is delivered (Law 5.3)
5.1.5 the server’s racket shall initially hit the base of the shuttle;
5.1.6 the whole shuttle shall be below 1.15 metres from the surface of the
court at the instant of being hit by the server’s racket;
5.1.7 the movement of the server’s racket shall continue forwards from the
start of the service (Law 5.2) until the service is delivered (Law 5.3);
5.1.8 the flight of the shuttle shall be upwards from the server’s racket to
pass over the net so that, if not intercepted, it shall land in the
receiver’s service court (i.e. on or within the boundary lines); and
5.1.9 in attempting to serve, the server shall not miss the shuttle.

5.2 Once the players are ready for the service, the first forward movement of the
server’s racket head shall be the start of the service.
5.3 Once started (Law 5.2), the service is delivered when the shuttle is hit by the
server’s racket or, in attempting to serve, the server misses the shuttle.
5.4 The server shall not serve before the receiver is ready. However, the receiver
shall be considered to have been ready if a return of the service is attempted.
5.5 In doubles, during the delivery of service (Law 5.2, 5.3), the partners may take up
any positions within their respective courts, which do not unsight the opposing
server or receiver.

6. Lets
When lets occurs, players who served serves again. The following are considered lets:
a. A shuttle or player from an adjacent court encroaches, thus, interfering with play or
concentration.
b. A shuttle, after passing over the net, becomes caught in or on the net except during
service;
Page | 4
 c. A shuttle hits an obstruction that hangs over the court and is lower than the
recommended 24-foot ceiling height;
d. During service, the receiver and server both fault at the same time;

e. The server serves before the receiver is ready; and

f. A line judge is not present and the umpire is unable to make decisions

TOPIC 4: FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

Court
The size of the court is a rectangular shape, measures 44 ft. long by 22ft. wide for
doubles game and 44 ft. long and 17 ft. wide while for singles game. A 1 ½ ft. alley on
each side is commonly referred to as double alleys. There is also space 2 ½ ft. wide at
both ends of the court, which are the back alleys. The right and left service court are the
two service areas on each side of the net, bounded by a line running parallel to the net,
called the short- service line.
The ceiling height should be 30 ft. for official game, and 24 ft. for instructional game.
Floor surface is traditionally wood, but many synthetics is traditionally wood, but
many synthetic and plastic courts have been developed.
Singles 44 feet long and 17 feet wide

Doubles 44 feet long and 20 feet wide

Net

Page | 5
 The net should be made of a dark- colored mosh, 2 ½ feet deep, with a 1 ½ inch
white tape extending across the top. The top of the net should be 5 feet above the
floor at a point equidistant from the sidelines; and 5 feet and 1 inch in height at
point above the double’s sidelines.
Post
Post should be 5
feet and 1 inch in
height from the
floor.

Racket
It is a synthetic light material and can be made of wood, aluminum metal such a
graphic or carbon. It can be up to 68 cm long and it is usually weighing about
100grams. Most strings are made of synthetic such as nylon but world-class
players use lamb.
Gut is more expensive than synthetic and has disadvantages of a short lifespan
when strung tightly or not
protected from moisture.
String diameter ranges
from 19-22 gauge. Most
competitive players prefer
21 to 22-gauge strung
string at 14 to 15 pounds
of tension, that provides
power and control. For
school and recreational
use, with 20-gauge string
at a tension of 12 to 13
pounds is adequate.

Shuttlecocks
It is made from 14-16 goose feathers that are placed in a leather- covered cork
head, made of either plastic or nylon. Synthetic shuttles are suitable for
recreational games but feathered or official shuttlecock weighs from 4.74 to 5.50
grams.
Page | 6
TOPIC 5: BADMINTON STROKES

a. Forehand Stroke – refers to any shock struck on the racket side of the body.
b. Backhand Stroke – these are hosts on the side away from the racket / left side of right-
handed, right side for left-handed.
Three parts of backhand of forehand stroke:
• Backswing – involves all movements of the racket away from the target.
• Hitting action – includes all forward motions until the racket contacts the shuttle.
• Follow- Through – involves all movements from control contact until the player is back in a
position to wait the opponent’s next shot.
c. Underhand Stroke – when the approaching shuttle is low in front of the player. Steps
in executing the underhand stroke

• In a backswing position, drop the racket hand down and back

• Move the right foot forward in the direction of the spot where the shuttle will hit the
floor, weight will transfer to front foot.
• The wrist cocks back during the backswing, hyperextension on the forehand side but
flexing on the backhand side.
• Move forward the arm while the wrist remains cocked.
• Hit the target shuttle combining the three movements in accelerating with full and
rapid upward movement of the hand toward the target, including a vigorous
uncocking of the wrist.

Page | 7
 d. Overhand Stroke – used to return the shuttle with a high trajectory coming from
the opponent’s court when the shuttle gets behind you. Steps in executing the overhand
stroke

• Lift both arms overhead. Sharply bend the elbow of the racket arm and move the
racket foot in the direction of the area where the shuttle would hit the floor.
• The non-racket hand provides balance. It should be higher than the head and
points toward the incoming shuttle when you are hitting a forehand, and it will be
nearer shoulder level and behind the shuttle when you are hitting a backhand.
• During the execution of a smash (overhead shot sharply hit forcefully at a steeper
downward angle), the wrist sometimes moves fast extending to a flex position
during the follow-through.
e. Sidearm Stroke – if the opponent uses a drive (fast low shot with flat trajectory) to
hit the shuttle parallel to either sidelines and you reach it at a height between your
waist and your shoulder, return it with a sidearm stride.

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUjFMxH-HfM

TOPIC 6 : FOOTWORK

Ready Position the stance you assume while waiting for the opponent.
• Establish both feet at the moment the opponent is hitting the shuttle.
• Feet should be apart, one slightly ahead of the other for better balance.
• Knees remain flexed at all times, to move fast around the court.
• Remember to position yourself at the center court to reach any return.
Moving into hitting position the steps you take in getting into position to stroke the
shuttle.

• Consider to take a long first step with the racket foot when moving forward in the court for
effective technique
• Pivot your left or right when moving to the rear of the court. If the shuttle is hit to your
backhand side, pivot is followed by crossover step with right foot.
• Use shuttle or short steps to reach the shuttle, avoiding further crossover steps.
Footwork during the hitting action the relationship of the feet during the hitting action.

Forehand:
• When the shuttle is behind you on the forehand side or directly overhead, faces the
forehand sideline or front corner.
• During the hitting action, transfer your weight to your front foot, raising the heel of your
back foot well off the floor.

Page | 8
 • Powerful hitting could be displayed through hitch kick or scissors kick, in which both feet
come off the floor at the same time.
Backhand:
• When the shuttle is behind you, pivot and cross over so that you face the backhand sideline
or back corner.
• Transfer your weight onto the foot closest to your target as you stroke the shuttle.
• Back heel will come high off the floor, and the toe of your back foot may drag across the
surface.
Footwork during the recovery returning to base before your opponent hits again.
• If in front court, it is efficient to recover with long step with the racket foot, followed by
the shuffle steps as needed.
• When you have hit from the back 8 feet of the court, or your backcourt the first recovery
step will also be with the racket foot.
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1UIhKZCPMYM

TOPIC 7: EVENTS

Tournament/Badminton Competition
Events Played in Badminton Competitions:
Mens Singles-1
Womens Singles-1
Mens Doubles- 2 regulars
-1 alternate player
Womens Doubles- 2 regular player
1 alternate player
Mixed Doubles 2 regular players
1 alternate player

Mode of Tournament
• Knock out system
• Double Elimination
• Single Round Robin

Page | 9
 Learning Activity 1.1:

Direction: We provided instructional video on how to do it. Open the link below and take
a screen shot to prove that you already watch it and send the screenshot to your subject
teacher. After watching, it is now your turn to do the shuttle control and control the
shuttle base on the level indicated below. (FOREHAND, BACKHAND and
COMBINATION). Take a video of your self at least 1 to 2 minutes then submit it to
your subject teacher through email or messenger.
Equipment:
• Racket
• Shuttlecock
1st Level: From the waist level up to head
2nd Level: From waist level to 3 meters high
3rd Level: From waist level up to ceiling

Link: https://youtu.be/3kRvce9ql40

Learning Activity 1.2: (Serving)

Direction: We provided instructional video on how to do the service. Open the link below
and take a screen shot to prove that you already watch it and send the screenshot to your
subject teacher. After watching, it is now your turn to do the Service and use the
Forehand and Backhand in serving the shuttlecock to the opponent’s court. Take a video
of yourself at least 1 to 2 minutes then submit it to your subject teacher through email or
messenger.
• Forehand/Backhand serving ------- right to right service court and left to left
service court Note:

If you are right-handed that is your forehand and once you extend your right arm towards
your left side that is backhand
If you are left-handed that is your backhand and once you extend your left arm towards
your right side that is forehand.
Link: https://youtu.be/b7gy7c0uJ8k
NOTE: The skill will be graded using to the rubrics below.

Novice (2 Beginner Good Excellent (5

pts) (3 pts) (4 pts) pts)
GRIP

Forehand and

Page | 10
backhand Racquet Correct Correct Correct grip
gripped in a grip grip used every time
Head of the way that used sometimes used majority
racket resembles
of the time
perpendicular to
the floor when
it is held
straight out in
front.

STANCE

Side on - Non Standing front Non racquet Correct stance Correct stance
racquet foot on to net foot slightly used majority always used -
forward - forward - not of time - non non racquet
all the time - no racquet foot
weight mostly real weight forward - more foot forward -
on back foot transfer focus on shifts weight
shifting weight from back foot
required to front foot

SH UTTLE CONTACT

Shuttle No consistency Point of contact Point of contact Point of contact

dropped - in shuttle drop generally in always in front always in front
contact made in and racquet front of body - of body and to of body and to
front/side of swing - varying inconsistent the side - the side -
heights and shuttle height - shuttle consistently
body - below wild swing poor follow contacts shuttle
contacted
waist - smooth through below the waist
around waist
racquet action - smooth
level most
racquet action
times - short and follow
follow through through

SERVE

Shuttle clears Struggles to Clears the net Clears the net Always clears
net and lands in clear the net most of the every time - the net and
the correct part and no time - landing most shuttles shuttle always
accuracy of
of court anywhere in the landing in lands in correct
shuttle
court part of the court
correct part of
court

Page | 11
 SHU TTLE TRAJECTORY

Shuttle travels Shuttle only Shuttle lands in Shuttle travels Shuttle always
high and long clears the net the middle of to the back of travels very
to the back of sometimes - not the box - needs the court but high and lands
right at the back
the court long enough or to be higher could be higher of the court -
high enough lots of
air time

Total

Learning Activity 1.3: (Footwork)

Direction: Master the badminton footwork. We provided instructional video on how to do

it. Open the link below and take a screen shot to prove that you already watch it and send
the screenshot to your subject teacher. After watching, it is now your turn to do the
Footworks. Take a video of yourself at least 1 to 2 minutes then submit it to your subject
teacher through email or messenger.

• V Front
• Side to side (for defense)
• V Back
• Moving forward and backward
See the link: https://youtu.be/mAsM7ZOhbLs
NOTE: The skill will be graded according to the rubrics below

Criteria Points
1 2 3 4

Page | 12
 Now you can
Using the
Now you can use the
footwork to move ____
use the footwork
forewords only
Running to move footwork in a
Moving when you have
foreword in a foreword in a
forewords lots of time, and game to move
game game all the
when you are
time but still not foreword, and
prepared in a
to fast
game
also you are
very fast

Using the
Using the Using the
footwork to move footwork to footwork in a
Running back in back when you ____
Moving move back in a game to move
a
have lots of time, game all the
back back and also
game and when you are time but still not
you are very
prepared in a to
fast fast
game

Using the
footwork to move Use the
using the
Just running to right when you footwork to
footwork in a
Moving to move to the ____
the right in a have lots of time, game to move
the right right in a game
game and when you are all the time but right and also
prepared in a still not that fast very fast
game

Using the
footwork to move Using the
to the left Using the
footwork to
footwork to
Moving to Running to the when you have move to the left
move left in a ____
the left left in a game lots of time, and all time in a game and also
when you are game but still
very fast
prepared in a not to fast
game
____
Total----> ____

Page | 13
 LESSON 2
Table Tennis
TOPICS
1. Table Tennis History and Development
2. Equipment
3. Starting Game
4. Styles of Play

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, youshould be able to:
1. display active and healthy lifestyle, value of fitness and experience and lifelong
activity;
2. demonstrate the different grips
; and
3. perform the different footwork

TOPIC 1: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

Table Tennis
Table tennis is very popular, especially in East Asia and is among the most popular sports
in the world in terms of player numbers, as well as one of the newest of the major sports.
Ping Pang Qiu- is the official name of the sport in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan
and Macau.
Takkyu is the official name of the sport in Japan.
Tak-gu is the name of the sport in Korea

The game is controlled by the International Table Federation (ITTF), founded in 1926.

Page | 14
 History
The history of table tennis (or ping-pong as it is also commonly known) is
a long and interesting sequence of events, which would require a book to do it
justice. This article provides a brief overview of the origins of the game, as well as
what are generally acknowledged as many of the important highlights of the
game's development.

There is often conflicting information available regarding the early days of

table tennis and all differing opinions are presented here for completeness. Early Origins
of Table Tennis/Ping-Pong

• 12th Century AD: The game of table tennis probably descended from the the game of
"Royal Tennis" (also known as Real Tennis or Court Tennis), which was played in the
medieval era.
• 1880's: Some sources claim that the sport was once known as indoor tennis, and was
played in the early 1880's by British army officers stationed in India and South Africa.
These officers are supposed to have used cigar box lids as paddles, rounded wine bottle
corks as balls, and books for an improvised net.
• 1880's: The game had become fashionable among the upper classes in England.
• 1887: According to the ITTF website, the first use of the name "Table Tennis" appeared
on a board and dice game made by J.H.Singer of New York.
• 1890: The earliest existing evidence of a table tennis game is a set made by David Foster,
patented in England, which included table versions of Lawn Tennis, Cricket and Football.
• 1891: John Jacques of London introduce their "Gossima" game, which used drumtype
paddles, a 50mm web wrapped cork ball, and a 30cm high net.
• 1890's: By this time, several patents with basic rules had been registered.
• 1890's: Parker Brothers begin making an indoor tennis kit which included a portable net,
a small ball covered in netting, and paddles.
• 1900: Englishman James Gibb is credited with bringing hollow celluloid balls back to
England from the USA, although some other sources claim they were plastic balls.
Previously most balls were solid rubber or cork, often covered in material. Some sources
also credit Gibb with inventing the name "ping pong", which was supposed to have been
derived from the sound of the ball bouncing off the drum battledores (paddles), each of
which had a different sound.
• 1901: John Jacques register "Ping Pong" as a trade name in England. The American
rights to the name are sold to Parker Brothers.
• 1901: On the 12th December 1901, "The Table Tennis Association" is formed in
England. Four days later, "The Ping Pong Association" is also formed in England.
• 1901: Table tennis is first brought to China via western settlements.

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•
1902: Englishman E.C.Goode is credited with putting pebbled rubber on his
wooden blade, allowing him to put more spin on the ball. This is the forerunner
of the ordinary pimpled rubber racket, which will dominate table tennis until
1952.
• 1903: On the 1st May 1903, "The Table Tennis Association" and "The Ping Pong
Association" amalgamate, forming "The United Table Tennis and Ping Pong
Association". This association will later revert its name to "The Table Tennis
Association", before becoming defunct in 1904.
• 1920's-1950's: Classic Hard Bat Era / Europe Dominates the Sport
• 1920's: In the early 1920's the game began to revive in England and Europe.
• 1922: "The Table Tennis Association" is reconstituted, with the name "English
Table Tennis Association" being adopted in 1927.
• 1926: The International Table Tennis Federation is formed.
• 1926-1931: Maria Mednyanszky of Hungary wins the Women's Singles event at
the World Championships five times in a row.
• 1930-1935: Victor Barna of Hungary wins five of the six Men's Singles events at
the World Championships (and was runner up in 1931).
• 1935: The American Ping Pong Association, US Amateur Table Tennis
Association, and National Table Tennis Association merge to form the US Table
Tennis Association (which was renamed USA Table Tennis in 1994).
• 1936: Repainted tables (which made the playing surface very slow) and a high net
(6¾ inches high) combine to make attacking play very difficult at the World
Championships in Prague, Czechoslovakia. This results in the longest rally ever
in a World Championships taking place, lasting over two hours.
• 1938: The ITTF lowers the net from 6¾ inches to 6 inches, and bans the finger
spin serves which had been used with devasting effect by American players.
• 1940-1946: No World Championships held due to World War II.
• 1950-1955: Angelica Rozeanu-Adelstein of Romania wins six Women's Singles
titles in a row at the World Championships. Since her last title win in 1955, every
World Champion in Women's Singles has been an Asian player.
• 1950's-1970's: Sponge Bat Era / Rise of Japan and China
• 1952: Hiroji Satoh of Japan becomes notorious for his use of a wooden racket
covered in thick foam sponge rubber, which produces much more speed and spin
than conventional pimpled rubber rackets. He wins the 1952 World
Championships over Jozsef Koczian of Hungary, and begins a period of Asian
male domination in the sport which will last until Sweden rises to supremacy
from 1989 into the early 1990's.
• 1957: The World Championships changes to a biennial event (once every two
years), due to the logistics of hosting an event of such size, and difficulty in
finding suitable venues.
• 1958: The first European Championships is conducted in Budapest, Hungary, and
sees the USSR's debut in international table tennis.

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•
• 1959-1960: The ITTF standardizes the thickness of ordinary pimpled rubber and
sponge rubber.
1960's: In the early 1960's, the loop drive was invented and become popular
around the world.
• 1960's: From around 1965 to 1971, China under the rule of Ma Tse-Tung
disappears from world table tennis events.
• 1961-1965: Zhuang Zedong of China wins 3 Men's Singles titles in a row at the
World Championships, each time over compatriot Li Furong.
• 1960's: In the early 1960's, Xhang Xi Lin of China uses a "Yin-Yan" bat with
normal rubber on one side, and long pimples on the other—the first recorded
instance of successful combination bat play.
• 1971: China returns to International Competition at the 1971 World
Championships.
• 1971: The US Table Tennis Team takes a "Ping-Pong Diplomacy" trip to China,
in a world first effort to use sport to establish and improve diplomatic relations.
• 1971: Jean-Paul Weber of France uses the first anti-spin rubber in the World
Championships in Nagoya, Japan, and enjoys some success with its use.
• 1971: The first Commonwealth Championships are held in Singapore.
• 1970's-2000's: The Age of Speed Glue & Technology
• 1970's: Table tennis players discover that using bicycle tyre repair glue to put
rubber on a blade dramatically increases the speed and spin that can be produced.
This discovery is often credited to Dragutin Surbek of Yugoslavia, and Tibor
Klampar of Hungary. This discovery is called speed glue.
• 1970's-1989: China is the dominant force in both men's and women's events on
the world scene, winning multiple events at all world championships.
• 1980: John Hilton of England wins the European Championships using a
combination bat of normal rubber and antispin, twiddling the racket and playing
aggressively.
• 1980: The first World Cup event is held in Hong Kong.
• 1982: The initial World Veteran's Championships is conducted in Gothenburg,
Sweden.
• 1980's: In 1985, the two-color rule is adopted to reduce the effectiveness of
combination rackets.
• 1988: Table Tennis becomes an Olympic sport, in Seoul, South Korea.
• 1989-1993: Sweden breaks the Chinese stranglehold in Men's World
Championships, winning the 1989, 1991, and 1993 Teams Events, and producing
the 1989 and 1991 World Men's Champions (Jan-Ove Waldner and Jorgen
Persson respectively). China continues its dominance in female ranks.
• 1995-present: China reasserts its control over the Mens Team and Mens Singles
events at the World Championships.
• 1997: Jan-Ove Waldner wins the Mens Singles title at the World Championships
for the second time, this time without the loss of a single game!

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 •
• 2000: A brief blip in the Chinese men's dominance occurs when the aging
Swedish trio of Jan-Ove Waldner, Jorgen Persson and Peter Karlsson combine to
steal the Mens Team title in a thrilling final.
2000: The ITTF increases increases the ball diameter to 40mm.
• 2001: The ITTF changes the scoring system, moving to 11 point games, and
using a best of 5 games or best of 7 games match.
• 2002: Table Tennis becomes a Commonwealth Games Sport, at Manchester,
England.
• 2003: Werner Schlager of Austria breaks the Chinese stranglehold on the Men's
Singles World Championship title, saving several match points along the way
against opponents in Wang Liqin and Kong Linghui. He meets Joo Se Hyuk of
South Korea in the final - Joo is the first defensive player to make the Mens
Singles final since the Eberhard Scholer of Germany in 1969 (Scholer also lost in
his final, to Japan's Shigeo Itoh).
• 2000's: In the early 2000's, frictionless long pimples become popular among
many players, in an attempt to negate the the power and spin produced by modern
technology and speed glue.
• 2006: The intended banning of frictionless long pips and speed glues with toxic
organic solvents is announced by the ITTF.
• 2007: The ITTF withdraws its approval of all table tennis glues, following a
health incident involving a speed glue user in Japan.
• 2008: The use of speed glues with illegal VOCs is banned for all ITTF junior
competitions as of January 1. Machines that test for illegal VOCs are introduced
to check for rules infractions.

TOPIC 2: EQUIPMENT

The Table
It the table shall be made of any material and shall yield a uniform bounce of not
less than 220mm, and not more than 250mm, when a standard ball is dropped from a
height of 305 mm, above its surface. The playing surface shall be dark-colored,
preferably dark green and matt, with a white line of 20mm, broad along each edge. The
line at the 1.525m. edges, or ends, shall be termed as end lines and the lines at the 2.74m.
edges or side, shall be termed as side lines.
For doubles, the playing surface shall be termed center line, divided into halves
by a white line 3mm, broad, running parallel to the side lines. The center line may, for
convenience, be permanently marked in full length on the table and this in no way
invalidates the table for singles play.

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 •
The upper surface of the table, known as the playing surface, shall be rectangular
9 feet (2.74m) in length and 5 feet (1.52mm) in width. The playing surface shall be in a
horizontal plane 2 ft. 6 inches (76cm.) above the floor.
The playing surface shall include the top below the edges. The playing surface
shall be made of any material and shall yield a uniform bounce of about 23cm, when a
standard

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ball is dropped to it from a height of 30cm. The playing surface shall be divided into 2
equal courts by a vertical net running parallel with the end lines and shall be continuous
over the whole area of each court; For doubles, each court by a white center line 3mm
wide running parallel with the side lines. The centerline shall be the part of each right
half court.

The Net
The net shall be suspended by a cord attached at each end to an upright post
15.25cm high, the outside units of a post being 15.25 cm outside the side line. The top of
the net along its whole length shall be 15.25 cm above the playing surface and bottom of
the net shall be as close as possible to the playing surface along its whole length and the
net shall be as close as possible to the playing surface along its whole length and the ends
of the net shall be as close as possible to the supporting posts.

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The Ball
The International rules specify that the game is
played with a light 2.7 gram, 40 mm (formerly 38mm)
diameter ball. The ball is required to have a coefficient
of restitution of 0.94. the 40mm ball was introduced at
the 2003 Work Table Tennis Championship.
Balls are usually white, but some are orange.
They vary in price from cheap 10-cent balls that break
on contact with a racket to three-star quality balls that
cost nearly a dollar each. A poorly made ball tends to be lopsided, with soft spots, so that
it not only breaks easily, it doesn't
bounce the same way each time.
You should probably go for the
expensive three-stars. They bounce
better, and in the long run they're
cheaper because they last much
longer. Balls are usually marked
either one, two, or three-star. Get
the three-stars. If there are no stars,
avoid them.

The Racket
Players are equipped with a
wooden blade covered with rubber
on one or two sides depending on the grip of the player. This is called either a paddle,
racket or bat depending on where in the world the game is being played. In the USA the
term “paddle” is common, in Europe the term is “bat,” and the official ITTF term is
“racket.” This section will use the ITTF term.
Table tennis regulations allow different surfaces on each side of the racket. The
different types of
surface provide various levels of spin or speed, or in some cases, nullify spin. For
example, a player may have a rubber that provide much spin on one side of his racket,
and no spin on the other side of the racket. By flipping the racket in play, different types
of returns are possible. To help a player distinguish between different types of rubber
used by his opposing player, international rules specify that one side must be red while
the other side must be black. The player the right to inspect his opponent’s racket before
a match to see the type of rubber used and what color it is. Despite high speed play and
rapid exchanges, a player can see clearly what side of the racket was used to hit the ball.
Racket construction and new rubber technology (skilled elite players typically select and
attach the rubber to their own rackets and glue them before every match) contribute
significantly to the amount of deviation from the expected ball flight path. The fairly

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recent development of speed glue speeds up the departure of the ball from the rubber
considerably, through at the cost of some ball control.

Different Types of Rubber Sheets

• Inverted (non-Chinese): This is the most widely used rubber type. The surface is
smooth, with the pimpled side facing inwards toward the blade. This enables the
player to generate high level of spin and speed. Spin is mainly generated not by
the action of the top sheet alone, but also by the ball sinking into the sponge and
allowing greater surface area to contact the ball. • Inverted (Chinese): Chinese
rubbers typically have sticker (or “tackier”) top sheets. Spin is generated mainly
by the top sheet, as opposed to the sponge, which is relatively more condensed
and firmer. The result is usually a far better short game and potential power
capabilities than normal inverted.
• Short pimples (or “pips”): Short pimples-out rubbers are usually used by close-
tothe-table hitters (for example, Liu Guoliang). They do not generate as much
spin as inverted rubbers, but also make the user less susceptible to the opponent’s
spin. Speed generated from a short pip rubber is generally faster than the inverted
with the same sponge. Depending on the thickness of the sponge it is also
possible to play a chopping game with short pimples by varying the spin of the
return. While blocking and attacking a “dead ball” effect is often noticed. Ding
Song is an exponent of this style.
• Long pimples (or “pips”): Long pimples- out rubbers carry relatively long and
soft pips. They do not have the ability to generate any real spin of their own, but
feed off the opponent’s spin back upon impact as the pips bend and slide. They
are usually used by closed-to-the-table blockers or choppers. They are usually
only used on the backhand side, as they offer very limited attacking capabilities.
Depending on the grip of the pimples and the thickness of the sponge it is also
possible to play an aggressive game with long pips, though with not much spin
capability.
• Anti-spin: Anti-spin rubbers may look similar to inverted ones, but the surface is
really slick. Like long pimples, they cannot generate much real spin, but just
allows the user to produce a non-spin ball. Anti-spin in also not very susceptible
to the opponents incoming spin, due to the low coefficient of friction of the
rubber’s surface. This is also used to confuse the opponent, and is not widely
used at international level.

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 TOPIC 3: STARTING GAME

Starting Game

In top-flight competition, service is decided by a coin toss, at lower levels

it is common for one player (or the umpire/scorer) to hide the ball in one or the
other hand (usually hidden under the table), allowing the other player to guess
which hand the ball is in. the correct or incorrect guess gives the “winner” the
option to choose to serve, or to choose which side of the table to use. In
recreational games, the players may have a rally for a minimum set number of 10
hits, after which the rally is played out, with the winner either choosing to serve
or choosing the table side. Others use the “P-O-N-G” or “P-I-N-G” method
rallying back and forth spelling a letter of P-O-N-G or P-I-N-G after every hit.
After P-O-N-G or PI-N-G is spelled the person to win the rally also wins the
serve.

Service
In game play, the player serving the ball commences a point. Standing behind the
end game of the table, with the ball in the palm of one hand- over the table’s
height –and the paddle in the other, the server tosses the ball without spin,
upward, at least sixteen centimeters (approximately 6 inches).

He or she then must hit the ball such that it bounces once on his or her half of the
table, and then bounces at least one time on the opponent’s half. If the ball strikes
the net but does not strike the opponent’s half of the table, then a point is awarded
to the opponent. However, if the ball hits the net, but nevertheless goes over and
bounces on the other side, it is called a let (or net-in). Play stops, and the ball
must be served again with no penalty. Unlike the old service rules, where a player
may only commit three lets, now a players may commit any number of lets
without penalty.

If the service is “good” return- by returning the ball before it bounces on his or
her side of the table a second time. Returning the serve is one of the most difficult
parts of the game, as the server’s first move is often the least predictable.

Hitting the ball

Any hitting of the ball must be done such that the ball passes over or
around the net. If the ball is struck such that it travels around the net, but still
lands on the opponents cannot return it over (or around) the net and make it
bounce on your side, then win the point.

Scoring
Points are awarded to the opponent for any of several errors in play:

• Allowing the ball to bounce on one’s own side twice

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 • Not hitting the ball after it has bounced on one’s own side
• Having the ball bounce on one’s own side after hitting it
• Hitting the ball before it has bounced on one’s own side of the table
• Double hitting the ball. Note that the hand below the wrist is considered part of
the bat and making a good return of one’s hand or fingers is allowed, but hitting
one’s hand or fingers and subsequently hitting the bat is a double strike and an
error.
• Allowing the ball to strike anything other than the bat (see above for definition of
the bat)
• Causing the ball not to bounce on the opponent’s half (i.e., not making a”good
return”)
• Placing one’s free hand on the playing surface or moving the playing surface
• Offering and failing to make a good serve (i.e., making a service toss and failing
to strike the ball fairly into play)
• Making an illegal serve (e.g., one preceded by a player’s hiding the bail or his
failing to toss the ball at least 16 centimeters (six inches) in the air).
• Hitting the net with bat or any body part, or moving the table. Alternative Service
Service alternates between opponents every two points (regardless of winner of
the rally) until a player reaches 11 points with at least a two-point lead, or until
both player have 10 points apiece. If both players reach 10 points, then service
alternatives after each point, until one player gains a two-point advantage.

In doubles, service alternates every two points between sides, but also
rotates between players on the same team. At the end of every points, the
receiving player becomes the server, and the partner of the serving player
becomes the receiver.

In the older 21-point game system, service would alternate every 5 points.
If both players reached a score of 20, then service would alternate each point until
one player gains a two- point advantage. When a match point occurs, the server is
allowed three attempts at serving and 2 lets before he loses the point.

Series of Games
After each game, players switch sides of the table and in the fifth or
seventh, game “for the match”, players switch sides when the first player scores 5
points, regardless of whose turn is to serve. In competition play, matches are
typically best of five or seven games.
Recreational Variations
Some recreational players may choose to use a volleyball style system of scoring and
play. Such variations include, but are not limited to, allowing the let serve, not requiring
the server to hit the ball on his half of the table first (but still allowing it), allowing the
volleying of returns and relaxing other small rules in doubles to make the game easier to
play. Common recreational scoring styles includes best of three game side out scoring to

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15, 21, 25, or 30 points per game with a third game being played rally style to 15; best of
five game rally style play with each game, save the fifth (to 15), played to 30 points; and
traditional tennis scoring.

Doubles Game
In addition to games between individual players, pairs may also play table tennis. In
doubles, all the rules of single play apply except for the following. A line painted along
the long axis of the table to create double courts bisects the table: this line’s only purpose
is to facilitate the doubles service rule, which is that service, must originate from the
right hand “box” in such a way that the first bounce of the serve bounces once in said
right hand box and then must bounce at least once in the opponents side’s right hand box
(far left box for server). Play then continues normally with the exception that players
must alternate hitting the ball. For example, after a player serves the receiving player
make his or her return, the server’s partner returns the ball and then the service receiver’s
partner would play the ball. In wheelchair doubles side. The point proceeds this way until
one side fails to make a legal return and point is the point is then awarded to the other
team. Also, when the game reaches the final set, the teams must switch side and the team
that receives the service must switch server when one of the teams reach 5 points.
Singles the doubles are both played in international competition, including the Olympics
Games since 1988 and the commonwealth Games since 2002.
In 2005, the ITTF has announced that doubles table tennis will be featured only as a
part of teams’ events in the 2008 Olympics.

TOPIC 4: STYLES OF PLAY

Grip
Competitive table tennis players grip their bats in a variety of ways. The manner in
which competitive players grip their bats can be classified into two major families of
styles. One is described as pen hold, and the other shake hand. The Laws of the Table
Tennis do not prescribe the manner in which one must grip the bat, and numerous
variations on gripping styles exist.

a. Penhold
The penhold grip is so-named because one grips the
bat to the way one holds a writing instrument. The style of
play among penhold players can vary greatly from player to
player. The style usually referred to as the Chinese penhold
style, involves curling the middle, ring, and fourth finger
back. In contrast, another styles, sometimes referred to as the

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Japanese penhold, involves splaying those three fingers out across the back of the bat.
Penhold styles are popular among players originating from Asian nations such as China,
Taiwan, Japan and South Korea.Traditionally, penhold players use only one side of the
bat to hit the ball during normal play. The side which is in contact with the last three
fingers is generally not use. However, the Chinese have developed a new technique in
which a penholder utilizes both sides of the bat. This is referred to as the Reverse
penhold backhand (RPB).

b. Shakehand
The Shakehand grip is so-named because one grips
the way one performs a handshake. The grip is
sometimes colloquially referred to as a “tennis grip”
or a “Western grip.” The shakehand grip is most
popular among players originating in Western
nations. Today, though, there are many Asian players
using the shakehand grip.

Unusual Grips
▪ V-grip
As an experimental style being developed in China, it
is held by forming a “V for victory” sign and
gripping the blade between the forefinger and middle
finger, while having the other fingers rest under and
on top of the handle; it requires a modified blade to
grip successfully. A noticeable spin benefit is noticed
due to the longer lever and mechanics utilized in the
forehand and backhand (much like those found in the
Western grip in tennis).

▪ Seemlier grip
A grip that was made famous by Danny Seemiller, an American champion. This
grip is a variation of the shakehand grip. In this grip, the forefinger and thumb are
placed on the same side of the bat, which allows the backhand and forehand shots to use
the same side of the rubber. This grip also has the nickname “windshield wiper” due to
the motion of the backhand and forehand.

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Types of Shots
In table tennis, the strokes break down into
generally offensive (producing topspin) and
defensive (producing backspin). Spin exceptions are
the smash, block, and lob. The types of strokes
include backhand and forehand.

Offensive Strokes
Speed drive
In table tennis it is not similar to strokes of a racket sport like tennis. The bat is primarily
perpendicular to the direction of the direction of the stroke, and most of the energy
applied to the ball results in speed rather than spin, creating a shot that does not are
much, but is fast enough that it can be difficult to return. A speed drive is used mostly for
keeping the ball in play, applying pressure on the opponent and potentially opening up an
opportunity for a more powerful attack.

Loop drive
It is essentially the reverse of the speed drive. The bat is much more parallel to the
direction of the stroke (“closed”) and the bat thus grazes the ball, resulting in a large
amount of topspin. A good loop drive will arc quite a bit, and once striking the
opponent’s side of the table will jump forward much like a kick serve in tennis. A loop
drive is dangerous because of its topspin- while not as difficult to return as a drive, it is
more likely to rebound off the opponent’s bat At a very high angle, setting up an easy
smash on the follow up. As the loop drive requires a lot of topspin, players generally use
their entire body to generate the movement required. Variations in spin and speed adds to
effectiveness of this shot.

Chinese players categorized loop-drives in 3 variations based on trajectories:

1. The “Loop” (or is called the “ultra-topspin”) Produces a more pronounced loopy
arc, with a higher trajectory and extreme topspin, but is typically slower.
2. The “Rush” Produces a flatter trajectory than a typical “Loop” but carries much
stronger topspin than a regular speed-drive. It can be as fast as a speed-drive ,and
in modern table tennis has come to replace it in virtually all cases. The ball seems
to ”rush ” forward and downward upon hitting the table, and hence the nickname.
(Compared to the “kicking” or “jumping” actions resulted from the high-arc
“Loop”)
3. The “Hook”

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 Similar to a rectangular Loop, but carries a titled topspin (or is referred as the
‘’topside” spin ), it bounces sideways and downward upon hitting the table.
Similar but stronger than the defensive “side-drive” described below.
Counter drive
Usually a counter attack against drives (normally high loop drives). You have to close
the bat and stay close to the ball (try to predict its path). The bat is held closed and near
to the ball, which is hit with a short movement “off the bounce” (before reaching the
highest point) so that the ball travels faster to the other side. If performed correctly, a
welltimed , accurate counter-drive can be as effective as a smash.

Flip (or Flick in Europe)

When a player tries to attack a ball that has not bounced beyond the edge of the
table, he/she does not have the room to wind up in a backswing. The ball may still be
attacked, however, and the resulting shot is called flip because the backswing is
compressed into a quick wrist action. A flip is not a single stroke and can resemble either
a drive or a loop in its characteristics. What identifies the stroke is instead whether the
backswing is compressed into a short wrist flick. Also known as ”harai” in Japanese.
Smash
The offensive trump card in table tennis. A player will typically execute a smash
when his or her opponent has returned a ball that bounces too high and/or too close to the
net. Smashing is essentially self-explanatory – large backswing and rapid acceleration
imparting as much speed on the ball as possible. The goal for a smash is to get the ball to
move so quickly that the opponent simply cannot return it. Because the ball speed is the
main aim of this shot, often the spin on a smash to alter the ball’s trajectory significantly,
although most intermediate players will smash the ball with little or no spin. An
offensive table-tennis player will think of rally as a build-up to a winning smash; only a
calculated series of smashes can guarantee a point against a good opponent. However,
most players will be able to return at most one or two smashes consistently. Provided that
the opponent is not too close to the table or too far away from the ball, a smash can be
lobbed, chopped, blocked or even counter-looped, albeit with some difficulty. A player
who smashes generally works out a series of smashes (and possibly drop-shots) to rush
the opponent out of position out him off balance, or both. Smashers who fail to do this
find it difficult to win a point against an excellent defense

Defensive Strokes
Slice
The slice is analogous to the speed drive in some respects- it is very simple,
usually used for keeping the point alive and creating offensive opportunities. A-Slice
resembles a tennis slice; the bat cuts underneath the ball, imparting backspin and causing
the ball to float slowly to the other side of the table. While not obvious, a slice can be

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difficult to attack because the backspin on the ball causes it to drop toward the table upon
striking the opponent’s bat- in order to attack a slice a player must lift the back over the
net.
Chop
A Chop or cut is the defensive, backspin counterpart of the offensive loop drive.
A chop is essentially a bigger, heavier slice, taken well back from the table. The bat face
points primarily horizontally, perhaps a little bit upward and the direction of the stroke is
straight down.
Block
The block or short is a simple shot, barely worthy of being called a “stroke,” but
nonetheless can be devastating against an attacking opponent. A block is executed by
simple putting the bat in front of the ball- the ball rebounds back toward the opponent
with nearly as much energy as it came in with.
Push-Block
High level players may use what is called push block or block, adding speed to
the ball (with a small topspin movement). When playing in the Penhold Grip, Many
players use push blocks when being pressured on the backhand. Chinese pen-hold
players refer it as push-block as they literally “push” their backhand forward, instead of
simply blocking it.
Side Drive
This Spin is alternately used as a defensive and offensive maneuver. The premise
of this move is to put a spin on the ball either to the right or the left of the bat. The
execution of this move is similar to a slice, but to the right or left instead of down.

Lob
The defensive lob is possibly the most visually-impressive shot in the sport of
table tennis, and it is deceptive in its simplicity. To execute a lob, a defensive player first
back of the table 8-10 feet (2.5 to 3m, advanced players sometimes go 20 feet or 6m or
more); then the stroke itself consists of simply lifting the ball to an enormous height
before it falls back to the opponent’s side of the table.
Stop
Stop (or drop shot) is a high level stroke, used as another variation for close to
table strokes (like harai and slice). You have to position the body close to the ball and
just let the ball touch the bat (without any hand movement) in a way that the ball stays

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ASSESSMENT

Learning Activity 2.1: (Service)

close to net with almost no speed and spin and touches the other side of the table more
than twice
Direction: if the
After opponent
watching thedoesn’t reachdoit.the service using any table at home or any
video clip,
available that you can use to play. Take a video of yourself while doing the service at
least 1 to 2 minutes. Send the video clip to your subject teacher through email or
messenger. This will be assessed using the rubric below.
See the link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NfmPcpi4sfc

Learning Activity 2.2: (Footwork)

Direction: See the link below: After watching the video clip, do the service using any
table at home or any available that you can use to play. Take a video of yourself while
doing the footworks atleast 1 to 2 minutes. Send the video clip to your subject teacher
through email or messenger. This will be assessed by the rubric below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0v5SvlD1oQ

Learning Activity 2.3: (Grip)

Direction: See the link below: Do the service using any table, after watching the video
clip at home or any available that you can use to play. Take a video of yourself while
doing the grip at least 1 to 2 minutes. Send the video clip to your subject teacher through
email or messenger. This will be assessed by the rubric below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Zq-OHCNx7o
5 4 3 2

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Body Excellent Good Fair Poor total
Control/Footwork points
body in low body in weight on hands were
athletic low heels, apart, body
stance, athletic elbows were in upright
weight on stance, bent, ball position,
balls of weight on was did not
feet, knees balls of playable for call, lift,
bent, called feet, knees teammates, ball was
mine, hands bent, called some
together, mine, hands control
ball together, of
ball ball
went
towards
went
target,
control of towards
the ball, target,
pass had a control of
purpose the ball
Strokes Excellent Good Fair Poor total
points
body in body in made a hands were
athletic athletic triangle, hit apart, body
position, position, ball off of not in
made a made a palms (not athletic
triangle for triangle for fingers), position,
hands, hands, some lift, no
called control control of
called of
mine, ball
mine, ball
weight on
weight on
balls of
balls of
feet, good
feet, good
follow
follow
through,
through,
control of control of
ball to ball to
target, pass target
could
spiked, pass
had a
purpose

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Service Excellent Good Fair Poor total
points
serve was serve was serve was Ball not
over the net over the over and in over and in
and in net and in or close. or close, no
bounds, bounds, Had some control of
arm arm control of ball, ball hit
correct, correct, ball, arm off of wrist
weight weight was too low, or
transfer, transfer, not fingers
control of control of proper
the ball, the ball weight
ball was transfer
placed in a
difficult
area to
return
Body Excellent Good Fair Poor total
Control/Footwork points
body in low body in weight on hands were
athletic low heels, apart, body
stance, athletic elbows were in upright
weight on stance, bent, ball position,
balls of weight on was did not
feet, knees balls of playable for call, lift,
bent, called feet, knees teammates, ball was
mine, hands bent, called some
together, mine, hands control
ball together, of
ball ball
went
towards went
target, towards
control of target,
the ball, control of
pass had a the ball
purpose

T O T A L

LESSON 3

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 Arnis

Arnis was developed by the indigenous populations of the Philippines, who used
an assorted range of weaponry for combat and self-defense. Encompassing both simple
impact and edged weapons, arnis traditionally involved rattan, swords, daggers and
spears.
In 1521, equipped with nothing more than bladed weapons and their fearsome
arnis abilities, Filipino islanders defeated Ferdinand Magellan’s armored, musket-bearing
Spanish conquistador forces when they tried to invade.
When the Spanish eventually returned and successfully conquered parts of the
Philippines, the traditions of arnis were preserved, despite its prohibition, in the forms of

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ritual dance, performance and mock battles. While earlier Filipino martial arts were
influenced by Spanish colonization, the modern forms have been affected by the
country’s contact with both the United States and Japan after gaining independence in
1898. Just over a century later, in 2009, the government of the Philippines declared arnis
to be the martial art and national sport of the Philippines.
Arnis is the system of Filipino martial arts founded by the late Remy Presas as a
self-defense system . His goal was to create an injury-free training method as well as an
effective self-defense system in order to preserve the older Arnis systems . The term
Modern Arnis was used by Remy Presas’ younger brother Ernesto Presas to describe his
style of Filipino martial arts ; since 1999 Ernesto Presas called his system Kombatan . It
is derived principally from the traditional Presas family style of the Bolo(Machete) and
the stick-dueling art of Balintawak Eskrima , with influences from other Filipino and
Japanese martial arts . Arnis -

Arnis is a Philippines’ national martial art or sport , After President Gloria

Macapagal-Arroyo signed the Reoublict Act. No. 9850 in 2009. The act mandates the
Department of Education to include the sport as a Physical Education course . Arnis will
be included among the priority sports in Palarong Pambansa(National Games) beginning
2010.

TOPIC 2: EQUIPMENT

Weapon
• The padded stick shall be the official weapon of the player.
• The specification of which shall be in accordance with the i-ARNIS standard.
• No other similar material will be allowed to be used in any local, national or
international competition.
• Each padded stick shall be properly foam-cushioned and shall have a maximum
grip diameter of not more than 3.81cm.(1 ½ inch) and length of 76.20cm (30
inches for men and women).The length of padded stick shall be 27 inches for
boys and girls.
• Both padded stick shall be color-coded, one red and the other blue. Head
Protector

• Refers to a pair of protective head gear to include an impact worthy face mask,
the specifications of which shall be in accordance with the i-ARNIS standard.
• Both headgears must be color-coded, one red the other blue, to match the padded
stick of the player. Body Protector

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 • Refers to a pair of protective body protector, properly cushioned, the
specifications of which shall be in accordance with the i-ARNIS standard.
• Male and female player must both wear body protector and groin protector.
• Body protector and groin protectors specifications shall be in accordance with the
i-ARNIS standard.
• Both body protectors and groin protectors shall be color coded to match the color
of the player.
• Forearm and shin guards are compulsory.
• The specifications shall be in accordance with i-ANIS standard. Both shin &
forearm guards must be color of the player. Scoreboards

• A pair of scoreboard, either manually or electronically operated, the

specifications of which shall be in accordance with the i-ARNIS standard.
• Two score boards per contest area shall be placed at diagonally opposite at
diagonally opposite corners outside the playing area, inside the competition area
within the free zone, right where the judges are positioned. Flags

• Two sets of red and blue flags, the size of which is 30 cm by 25 cm, are used by
the judges in declaring decisions or asking for consultations.
• One yellow flag, size 30 cm by 25 cm.
• For timer’s use to signal the start and the end of each round and to declare a
timeout and resumption of the game.
Other Equipment
• Stopwatch is use to keep the two-minutes per round.
• This include interruptions such as injury, changing of broken stick.
• A gong and mallet or other similar audible substitutes such as whistle, bell or
buzzer shall be provided for the timer to indicate the start and end of the round.
• A table shall be provided for the TIMER and RECORDER which shall be
situated one (1) meter in front of the playing area so that time signals are audible
enough to both players and referee.

TOPIC 3: FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS IN ARNIS

The stick is the principal weapon in learning arnis. It is made of rattan stick
approximately 28-30 inches long and a diameter of around 1 inch.
GRIP
• 2 inches from the line
• No extension downward
• 6 inches from the base or butt

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 • Middle grip
• 4-6 inches from the tip or “susi” or “daga” or knife

Mechanics in the Correct Way of Gripping the Weapon

✓ Hold your cane stick with your two hands it at the ends.
✓ Bring the cane upward in front of you
✓ Release your right hand and transfer it to the left side of your hand holding the
cane.
✓ Palm facing towards you, roll your fingers and press them on the first and middle
fingers, holding it firmly but not too tight.
✓ When the wrist becomes flexible it adds speed and power then follow and try to
strike your stick.
Length of the Weapon
The length of the stick, or cane depends on the height and build of the practitioner. He
should measure the length of the arnis weapon depending upon the length of his arm.
Step 1
• Extend your right arm straight downward and straighten your forefinger.
• Measure your stick from the tip of your finger up to the shoulder. Step 2

• Extend your right arm to the right side of the body at shoulder level then measure
your cane.
Step 3
• Some measure from 24 to 26 inches.
• Others’ from 28 to 30 inches, and others have a measurement of 90 centimeters or
1 meter.
Stance and Posture
Arnis is a martial art of self-defense. Prowess and stability are essential to succeed
against the opponents. Before fighting, one should learn the proper stance and posture to
enable one to master other skills.
A. Straddle Stance
• Perform by sliding the left foot sideward.
• The toe should point forward.
B. Forward Stance
• Perform by sliding the foot forward.
• The toes should point forward.
• The front leg should be bent while the leg at the back should be straight.

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 • It can be performed either by using the left foot in the left forward stance
or by the right foot in the right forward stance.

C. Back Leading Stance

• Put one leg forward and let the toe of your forward foot touch the ground
at the same time pivot at the back.
• It can be performed using either the left or the right.
D. Forward Leaning Stance-Side Direction
• Perform by sliding the foot to the side bended knee, toes should point
sideward.
• The other leg must be straight, similar to forward stance but the direction
is different.
E. Forward Leaning Stance-Facing the Back
• Perform as in forward stance but the direction of the body is at the back.
• However, the eyes are focused at the opponent.
F. Cross Stance
• Perform by positioning the other leg forward.
Salutation or Saludo
Both fingers, as a courtesy and a sign of a true gentleman, give salutation. There are
mechanics followed in executing the saludo.
• Hold the Stick down the open leg facing each other.
• Close the leg by moving the left leg close to the right in 45 degrees angle.
• Lift the stick to the chest wherein the butt is resting on the chest. The top
of the stick is pointing up.
• Take a bow with the opponents or sparring mate, then go back to the
original position.

TOPIC 4: 12 STRIKING POINTS

1. Left side of the head attack.

A diagonal downward forehand swing to the left temple. From the position, the
warrior will hold the stick with one hand at 1 o’clock moving his stick in slashing
motion while his free hand on his chest.
2. Right side of the head attack.

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 A diagonal downward backhand swing striking to the right temple. Assuming a
fighting stance like the left temple strike, the warrior this time held his stick at 11
o'clock with his free hand kept on his chest.

3. Left side of the body or torso, to the left arm or elbow.

The 3rd striking technique allows the practitioner to extend his weapon hand
making it easier for him to strike any part of the opponent between its shoulder
and hips. The stick will be draw in a diagonal forehand slashing swing making it
easier to deliver a damage.

4. Right side of the body or torso, to the left arm or elbow.

Same as the 3rd strike but this time the practitioner will extend the weapon hand
to strike any part of the body between the shoulder and the hips in a backhand
slashing swing located on the right side

5. Thrust to the stomach.

In this strike, the practitioner will thrust the weapon hand to the stomach and is
followed by an upward motion that will cut through his opponent's body.

6. Right lower leg.

Again, like the 8th strike, the main target here is the right lower leg which
immobilize the opponent. By doing this, the palm should face downward.

7. Left lower leg.

In this technique, the practitioner will deliver a powerful strike to the opponents
lower leg, mainly the knee, the angle or the ankel which throws off the opponents
balance and immobilize him. By doing this, the warrior is supposed to lower his
body(extending the weapon arm). Holding his palm upward and hit any part of
the opponents lower leg.

8. Right chest stab.

In this stance, the practitioner will practice the scooping action. The weapon hand
is then extended forward with the palm facing outward. To deliver the strike
properly, the elbow should be kept up puncturing the opponents right lung.

9. Left chest stab.

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 In this strike, the weapon hand is then extended to the front with the palm facing
outward and the elbow kept up where this strike can cause damage to the rib
cage.

10. Right eye poke.

Same as the 10th strike technique. To execute it properly the practitioner will
have to hold his elbow down poking the right eye of the opponent.

11. Left eye poke.

The target here is the left eye socket. In order to execute it properly, the
practitioner should assume fighting stance then extend the weapon hand forward
with the palm facing outward with its elbow kept down.

12. Strike to the crown/top of head.

The last strike will be a straight downward overhead swing directed towards the

crown of the head which could throw off the opponents mobility and balance.
Link: https://youtu.be/_p-FnGX4dPU

ASSESSMENT
Learning
Note: WatchActivity
the link 3.1:
on Youtube, take a screenshot and send it to your subject teacher.

Direction: Explain the following question.

1. How does martials arts (Arnis) change your life style?
2. What happened to your body if the strike is wrong?

Learning Activity 3.2:

Direction: Make a video on how to show the proper handling of the stick in Arnis.

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 Learning Activity 3.3:

Direction: Make a short video doing the twelve strikes. Send it to your subject teacher
through email or messenger.

REFERENCES

https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?code=ZX4794W&sp=yes&
http://badmintontips.blogspot.com/2006/05/preface.html
https://www.britannica.com/sports/badminton

Jones, B. (2007). Badminton

Tulio, D. (2008) Physical Education 3 for College. National Bookstore.
Tulio et al., (2005). PE 3 Individual and Dual Sports. Katha Publishing

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