We discover the

possibilities by doing, by
trying new activities...We
learn who we are in
practice, not in theory.”
- David Epstein
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Physics 3: Electricity and Magnetism

Electrical Circuits

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 Electrical Appliances transform electricity
into a form of energy for a specific purpose or
function.

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The oven toaster transforms electricity into
thermal energy to heat or cook food.
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 Electricity is a form of
energy called electrical
energy. This type of
energy relates to the
movement of electric
charge (or electrons) in a
conductor.
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PHYS 3

Introduction:

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- An atom containing an equal number of protons
and electrons is electrically neutral.
- When two materials are rubbed, the electrons of
one material transfer to the other material.
- When this happens, the two materials become
charged because of the unbalanced number of their
protons and electrons.
- The unbalanced number of protons and electrons
causes static electricity.
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- Static electricity is one form of electricity.
- The other form of electricity is current electricity.
- Current electricity involves the movement of
charges through materials.
- Current electricity is what makes home
appliances function.

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- Current electricity (or dyanamic electricity) flows
through a conducting path, called electric circuit,
from the source to the appliances, and back to the
source.

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Physics 3: Electricity and Magnetism

Electrical Circuits
Voltage Current Resistance
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 Voltage
• Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit's power source that
pushes charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop, enabling
them to do work such as illuminating a light.

• In brief, voltage = pressure, and it is measured in volts (V).

• The term recognizes Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827),
inventor of the voltaic pile—the forerunner of today's household battery.

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Current
• Current is a flow of electrical charge carriers, usually
electrons or electron-deficient atoms.
• The common symbol for current is the uppercase letter I.
• The standard unit is the ampere, symbolized by A.
• One ampere of current represents one coulomb of electrical
charge (6.24 x 1018 charge carriers) moving past a specific
point in one second.

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Resistance
• Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an
electrical circuit.

• Resistance is measured in ohms, symbolized by the Greek letter

omega (Ω).
• Ohms are named after Georg Simon Ohm (1784-1854), a German
physicist who studied the relationship between voltage, current and
resistance.
• He is credited for formulating Ohm's Law.

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Resistance
• All materials resist current flow to some degree.
• They fall into one of two broad categories:

• Conductors: Materials that offer very little resistance where

electrons can move easily.
• Examples: silver, copper, gold and aluminum.
• Insulators: Materials that present high resistance and
restrict the flow of electrons.
• Examples: Rubber, paper, glass, wood and plastic.
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• T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n cu r r e n t , v o l t a g e a n d
resistance is expressed by Ohm's Law.
• This states that the current flowing in a circuit is directly
proportional to the applied voltage and inversely
proportional to the resistance of the circuit, provided the
temperature remains constant. 19
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Physics 3: Electricity and Magnetism

Electrical Circuits

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Physics 3: Electricity and Magnetism

Electrical Circuits
• The electric circuits are closed-loop or paths, forming
a network of electrical components where electrons can
flow.
• This path is made using electrical wires and is powered
by a source, like a battery.
• The start of the point from where the electrons start
flowing is called the source, whereas the point where
electrons leave the electrical circuit is called the return.
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PHYS 3

Basic
Parts of
a Circuit
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What are the parts of an electric circuit?

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A circuit is composed of the source, the load, the
switch, and the connecting wires.

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-The source supplies the electrical energy.
- Generators and batteries are sources of electrical
energy.

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- The load converts electrical energy to other
forms of energy.
- Home appliances are examples of load.

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- The switch opens or closes the circuit.

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- The connecting wire serves as a passageway of
electrical energy.

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What is meant by current in electricity?

• Electric current refers to the flow of electricity in an electronic circuit,

and to the amount of electricity flowing through a circuit.
• It is measured in amperes (A).
• The larger the value in amperes, the more electricity is flowing in the
circuit.
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There are two kinds of current electricity.

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- Those circuits wherein the voltage of the source is
unchanging and all the currents flowing are
constant and move in one direction are called.
direct-current circuits (DC).

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However, those circuits wherein the voltage of the
source oscillates, ( it increases aand decreases
periodically as a function of time) are called
alternatng current circuit (AC).

The wall outlet in your home provide an oscillating

voltage source, and most of your appliances are
connected to AC circuits.

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 Bulb

Connecting
Switch Wire

Battery 37
Basic Components of a
Circuit and
Their Circuit Symbol

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 Name Circuit Circuit Symbol
Componet

Battery

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- A battery is a device that stores energy and then
discharges it by converting chemical energy into
electricity.
- Typical batteries most often produce electricity by
chemical means through the use of one or more
electrochemical cells.

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- Many different materials can and have been used
in batteries, but the common battery types are
alkaline, lithium-ion, lithium-polymer, and
nickel-metal hydride.
- Batteries can be connected to each other in a
series circuit or a parallel circuit.

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- There is a wide variety of batteries that are
available for purchase, and these different types of
batteries are used in different devices.
- Large batteries are used to start cars, while much
smaller batteries can power hearing aids.
- Overall, batteries are extremely important in
everyday life.

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https://www.webstaurantstore.com/guide/923/batteries-buying-guide.html

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AA Batteries
• Also known as “double A”,
AA batteries are by far the
most popular battery size.
Used in a multitude of
applications, these batteries
can be purchased almost
anywhere.

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AAA Batteries
• Also known a s “t r i p l e A ”,
AAA batteries are the second
most popular kind of battery.
They are used for small toys,
thermometers, and calculators.

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AAAA Batteries
• While “quadruple A”, or
AAAA, batteries are not as
common as their AA and AAA
counterparts, these thin
batteries pack a powerful
punch.

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C Batteries
• These heavy-duty batteries are
mainly used for toys,
flashlights, and portable radios.

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D Batteries
• Used for devices that require
an extended period of power
time, these batteries work best
in large flashlights, stereos,
and hands-free soap or paper
towel dispensers.

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9V Batteries
• Generally known for its
rectangular shape, the 9-Volt
battery is used in devices that
require high voltage and lots of
power.

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CR123A Batteries
• Packed with power, this
battery is frequently used for
tactical equipment, wireless
security, and home automation.

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23A Batteries
• This small battery is commonly
used in small devices such as
garage door openers,
specialized medical devices,
watches, or remotes.

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CR2032 Batteries
• This small round battery offers
a lot of power in a compact
size, making it unique
compared to most other
batteries.

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Difference Between
Primary Cell and
Secondary Cell

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Primary cell

• Primary cells have high density and get discharged

slowly.
• Since there is no fluid inside these cells they are also
known as dry cells.
• The internal resistance is high and the chemical reaction is
irreversible.
• Its initial cost is cheap and also primary cells are easy to
use.

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Secondary cell

• Secondary cells have low energy density and are made

of molten salts and wet cells.
• The internal resistance is low and the chemical reaction is
reversible.
• Its initial cost is high and is a little complicated to use when
compared to the primary cell.

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• Battery or cells are referred to as the parallel combination
of electrochemical cells.

• The major difference between a primary cell and the

secondary cell is that primary cells are the ones that
cannot be charged but secondary cells are the ones that
are rechargeable.

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Name Circuit Circuit Symbol
Componet

Bulb

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What is Electronic Bulb?

• The electronic bulb is the simplest electrical lamp that

was invented for illumination more than a century ago. It
was the small and simplest light that brightened the dark
space.

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What is Electronic Bulb?

• The electronic bulb is also known as an incandescent

lamp, incandescent light globe or incandescent light
bulb.
• Bulb comes in different sizes and light output and operates
with a voltage range from 1.5 Volts to about 300 Volts.
• Now let us study the parts and structure of the bulb in
detail.

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Structure Of The Electronic Bulb

• An electronic bulb is a small and simple light source that

uses a wire filament to glow on the application of electricity.

• The structure of incandescent light bulbs is shown in the

figure below.

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The light bulb consists of
three key parts

• The filament
• The glass bulb
• The base of the light bulb

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• The filament, which is a coiled thin wire, is made of
tungsten.

• Tungsten is chosen as filament since it has a high melting

point, which avoids the melting of the filament at high
temperatures.

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• The filament is enclosed in a globe-shaped glass mount
and is connected with copper and lead wires connected to
the lamp’s base.
• The wires and the filament are enclosed in a glass bulb,
which is filled with an inert gas like argon.
• Since argon is an inactive gas, it protects the filament from
burning as well as increases the lifetime of the filament.
• Thin glass is used to manufacture the bulb, preventing the
air from reaching the filament to protect it from burning.

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• When electric power is passed through the bulb, it reaches
the filament through copper and lead wires.

• The base holds the bulb upright and connects to the

electric circuit.

• Copper and lead wires let the electricity pass from the
base to the tungsten filament.

• It causes the filament to emit light and glow.

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• There are two types of bulb bases:

q Spiral base
q Two side nails base

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The spiral base bulb features a piece
of lead that directly connects the lamp
to the electric circuit.

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It has nails in the base and contains
two pieces of lead that connect the
lamp to the electric circuit.

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Uses Of Electronic Bulb

Ø It is used in portable lighting such as table lamps

Ø It is used in vehicle lights and car headlights.
Ø It is used in household and commercial lighting
Ø It is used in decorative and advertising lighting

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 Name Circuit Circuit Symbol
Componet

Switch

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What are Electric Switches?

• An electric switch is a device – usually

electromechanical – used to open and close an
electric circuit.
• This disables and enables the flow of electric
current, respectively.

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• Switches are synonymous with the interruption,
or some form of manipulation, of the flow of
electric current or, more elementarily, the flow of
electrons.

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• The appreciation of the underlying principle
behind a switch comes along with electricity and
the use of conducting material for electric
current to flow.
• A discontinuity in the conductor implies the
current does not flow.
• Switches are as old as the discovery of the first
practical application of electricity and the
construction of the first electrical circuit.
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• As inferred, a switch effectively puts an air gap
between some parts of the circuit.

• The air gap has different electrical properties to

the conducting material building the circuit and
will stop the current flow if it is big enough.

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• That is the fundamental purpose of a switch i.e.
to alter the electrical properties of some part of a
circuit to alter the flow of electrons in that circuit.

• By contrast, the operation of some switches

never involves physical movement.

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Operation of Electric Switches

• Switches provide a means to control the

electrical current supply to electric loads.

• A crucial aspect of a swtitch is the ability to

conduct and break and electric current as
desired by the operator.

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• For many electric switches, breaking the circuit
involves putting an air gap between two contacts.
• The contacts must be opened fast enough to
ensure the desired operation.

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Circuit ON/OFF Operation

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The contacts are separated When the switch is
while the switch is not pressed, the contacts
pressed, so the circuit is come into contact,
not connected and the
closing the circuit and
lamp is not lit.
lighting the lamp.

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Switch Types
&
Classifications
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Types of Switches

• There are many different types of switches.

• Based on their size, robustness, environmental
resistance and other characteristics, they are
divided into switches for industrial equipment
and switches for consumer and commercial
devices.

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Switch Classifications

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Contact Form

SPST-NO
(Single Pole Single Throw
Normally Open)
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 The contacts are separated When the switch is pressed, the
while the switch is not pressed, contacts come into contact,
so the circuit is not connected closing the circuit and lighting
and the lamp is not lit. the lamp.

• Use NO contacts when you want the load to operate when the switch is operated.

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Contact Form

SPST-NC
(Single Pole Single Throw
Normally Closed)
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While the switch is not pressed, the circuit is connected
and the lamp is lit.
When the switch is pressed, the contacts separate,
opening the circuit and causing the lamp to go out.

Use NC contacts when you want the load to stop operating

when the switch is operated.
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Contact Form

SPDT
(Single Pole Double
Throw)
Changeover contacts have the functions of the both NO and NC contacts.
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Use changeover contacts
when you want to switch
two circuits when the
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switch is operated.
 Switches in Electrical Circuits:
Pole & Throw
“Pole” indicates the number of circuits that one switch can control for
one operation of the switch. “Throw” indicates the number of contact
points.
• NO and NC contacts are single throw.
• Changeover contacts are double throw.
If one switch can control one circuit for one operation, it is a single-pole
switch.
If it can control two or three circuits for one operation, it is a double-pole
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or a triple-pole switch.
 Switches in Electrical Circuits:
Pole & Throw
“Pole” indicates the number of circuits that one switch can control for
one operation of the switch. “Throw” indicates the number of contact
points.
• NO and NC contacts are single throw.
• Changeover contacts are double throw.

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 Switches in Electrical Circuits:
Pole & Throw
• If one switch can control one circuit for one operation, it is a single-
pole switch.
• If it can control two or three circuits for one operation, it is a double-
pole or a triple-pole switch.

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Manual Switch
Operation
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There are two operation patterns for Manual
Switches:
Momentary Operation and Alternate Operation

• For a momentary operation, the switch stays ON

only while it is being pressed.
• For alternate operation, the ON state is held
after the switch is released. The switch turns
OFF when the switch is pressed again.
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Momentary Operation
• The switch is ON only while it is pressed.
• The switch turns OFF when it is released.
• For example, in crane games, the crane moves
only while the switch is being pressed.

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Alternate Operation
• After you press the switch, the ON state is held even
when the switch is released.
• To turn OFF the switch, you must press it again.
• For example, the power switch on a TV uses alternate
operation.

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 Name Circuit Circuit Symbol
Componet

Connecting
Wire

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Electrical Cable
and
Electrical Wire
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• Electrical cable and wires are considered as a
same thing.
• In fact they are quite different.
• A wire is made of a single electrical conductor
while a cable is a group or bundle of multiple
wires inside a common sheathing.
• Both of them are used for carrying electrical
current.

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The colors of wires you’re most likely to find in your home are:

Black or red = HOT: Hot wires carry electrical current from the electrical
panel to a switch, receptacle, light fixture, appliance or other piece of
equipment.
White = NEUTRAL: Neutral wires carry the electrical current back to the
panel, completing the circuit.
Bare or green = GROUND: In the event of a ground fault, the ground wire
provides a low-resistance and effective path for the fault current to return
to the electrical panel. This trips the circuit breaker or blows the fuse,
cutting off the flow of electricity to help prevent electrical shock or fire
hazards.
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Electrical Wiring Symbols,
Meanings and Drawings

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