Journal Pre-proof

New insights on ground control in intelligent mining with Internet of

Things

Yang Hao, Yu Wu, P.G. Ranjith, Kai Zhang, Houquan Zhang,

Yanlong Chen, Ming Li, Pan Li

PII: S0140-3664(19)31500-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2019.12.032
Reference: COMCOM 6089

To appear in: Computer Communications

Received date : 24 October 2019

Revised date : 5 December 2019
Accepted date : 19 December 2019

Please cite this article as: Y. Hao, Y. Wu, P.G. Ranjith et al., New insights on ground control in
intelligent mining with Internet of Things, Computer Communications (2019), doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2019.12.032.

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the
addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive
version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it
is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article.
Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the
content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

© 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.

 Journal Pre-proof

1 New insights on Ground Control in Intelligent Mining with

2 Internet of Things
3 Yang Hao1,2,3, Yu Wu1,2*, P.G. Ranjith3*, Kai Zhang1,2, Houquan Zhang1,2, Yanlong Chen1,2, Ming Li1,2, Pan Li1,2
4 1 State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and
5 Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.
6 2 School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116,

7 China

of
8 3 Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Victoria 3800, Australia

9 * Corresponding author: Yu Wu, PhD; Tel. +86−13852082572; E-mail: wuyu@cumt.edu.cn;

10 abstract:

pro
11 The conception of Smart city has been gaining momentum in recent years. Coal mines as a part of city should be

12 characterized with smart or intelligent features. Production and safety are two major themes in coal mining. With

13 the development of automation, Internet of Things (IoT), big data, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing in

14 Fourth Industrial Revolution, Intelligence Mining has been put forward by Chinese Academy of Engineering to

15 achieve the goal of unmanned workface production. However, safety is not highlighted in the novel idea. In this
re-
16 paper, ground control in intelligent mining with IoT is studied. An architecture of ground control with IoT is

17 proposed. The previous research on theoretical modelling and on-site monitoring methods are reviewed. Then the

18 IoT based ground control method is proposed. An on-going dynamic platform on ground control are proposed

19 based on our research of nondestructive testing (NDT) on rock bolt anchorage quality assessment. The research
P
20 progress is introduced with equipment introduction, principles, and an on-site experiment. Future developments on

21 combination of NDT and IoT of ground control is discussed. The ideas, frameworks, and results in this paper can

22 make efforts on safety control and spark new ideas in the much-anticipated Intelligence Mining.
al

23 key words:

24 Ground control, Intelligence Mining, Mine safety; Internet of Things

urn

25 1. Introduction

26 Smart city has been a hot topic in recent years due to high speed on urbanization construction. It is great

27 significance of mitigation on resources waste, environment pollution, etc. The main domains in smart city can be
Jo

28 classified as smart economy, smart environment, smart governance, smart living, smart mobility, and smart people

29 [1]. Coal plays a critical role on power production in the domain of smart environment. The coal production is an

30 extension research on smart city construction. Most Chinese coal mines have been entering stage of deep mining

31 and high productivity and efficiency (HPE) mining. The geological conditions of rocks in deep mining are often

32 characterized with high field stress, high temperature, and high water pressure [2]. When roadways are

33 dynamically disturbed by coal extraction, roadway rocks are more prone to be failure. Many hazards, such as water
 Journal Pre-proof

34 inrush, coal bump, rock/coal bursts, large deformation of roadways, are frequently reported from on-site projects

35 [3-5]. Roadway spans in HEP mining are generally larger than them in common roadways due to big coal

36 machines employed. The large cross section roadways of width over 10 m and height over 3.5 m are commonly

37 excavated in western Chinese coal mines [6]. As a consequence, roadway failures, typically represented by rib

38 spalling and floor heaven, become more easily than those in the common cross section roadways. Therefore,

39 hazards prediction and control methods are fatal to ensure safety and efficiency of both Deep and HEP mining.

of
40 With inspiration by Fourth Industry Revolution of Intelligent Manufacturing [7], Chinese Academy of Engineering

41 (CAE) launched a series of policies to encourage scientists to develop Intelligent Mining to increase the mining

42 productivity, accuracy, and safety while decreasing cost. As a long-term framework proposed by Xie et al. [8], the

pro
43 China Coal Industry 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 were put forward [9]. The stages 3.0 strives to fulfill “reduced staff, ultra-low

44 ecological damage and emission level near to natural gas” from now to 2025. The stages 4.0 plans to achieve the

45 goals of “near-unmanned mining and near-zero emission” in 2035, and the stages 5.0 should achieve the objective

46 of “no coal above ground, no staff underground, zero emission and zero damage”. The ultimate goal of coal mining

47 must transform from pollution industry into entire clean energy. The sustainable mining, green mining is proposed

48
re-
by Qian et al. [10]. They pointed out coal mining must extract coal economically, efficiently and with a high

49 recovery rate while ensuring safety and environmental capacity. From their aspects, investments on environmental

50 science and technology should be highly concerned. Yuan et al. came up with the Precision Coal Mining.

51 Integration on Internet and intelligent automation are highlighted from their proposals [11]. Wang et al. firstly

52 suggested the term of “intelligence coal mining” [9]. The principle [12], key techniques and research progress [13]
P
53 are reported in references, respectively. Table 1 summarizes the contribution of the three research group on coal

54 mining. Other groups make effects on their specialization. Li and Zhan reviewed the Unmanned Equipment in

55 underground mining [14]. Zhang et al. summarized the theories and techniques of extraction, separation, and
al

56 backfilling with automation in deep underground situation [15]. Yu et al. proposed the theory and framework of

57 intelligentized fully-mechanized caving mining in extremely thick coal seam [16]. Ge et al. thinks the coal works

58 can be replaced by the smart robot to decrease the rate of coal worker death, in which they pointed out the 3D
urn

59 mining model with virtual reality (VR) can increase the coal workface accuracy [17]. However, from the insights

60 of famous Chinese coal mining scientists, there are few sections that focus on hazards prediction and control. It is

61 easily recognized safety is essential of coal mining. If the safety is not ensured with coal production, the efficiency

62 and cost will be negatively influenced in large extension. Based on deaths statistics of Chinese coal mines in 2018,

63 (shown in Fig. 1, data from Liu and Zeng), roof fall is the most prominent geotechnical hazards. The second part is

64 transportation accidents, which is largely caused by error of human operation and management. The mine
Jo

65 explosion composed of firedamp explosion is the third part with about 19%. The percentage of water inrushes [18]

66 are about 5%. Although specific types of other hazards with about 9%.are not clear, it can be evaluated by

67 non-linear severe hazards, such as gas and coal bursts. In summary, roof fall as the maximum percentage of deaths

68 in Chinese coal mining should be highly investigated. The roof stability is concerned with Ground control, which

69 is defined and pointed by Peng [19]. Therefore, ground control in coal industry from stage 3.0 to 5.0 should be
 Journal Pre-proof

70 addressed with interacted of other disciplinary.

71 Table 1 Typical scientific insights for Chinese coal mining

Idea Methodology Novelty highlights Reference

Coal production with environmental, [20]

Sustainable coal mining Framework
safety, and mechanized capacity

of
Unmanned coal mining, [8, 21, 22]

Coal production like oil and gas

Framework
Key techniques: deep rock mechanics,

pro
scientific
Fluidization mining in-situ visualized coal production,
conception
Xie et al. multi-coupled field modelling, physical,
techniques
chemical, biological mechanism of coal

fluidized transformation;

Technical system of in-situ rock [23]

Deep rock mechanics &

re-
Research mechanical tests

mining theory progress Deep rock mechanics and mining method

Experiential study of 3D virtualized mining

Framework, [11]
Yuan Precision coal mining Intelligent automation, cloud computing
P
conception,

Precise risk accurate Data acquisition and sensing of multiphase [24]

Yuan et identification & Conception multi-field coupling

al. monitoring early warning Key techniques Early warning system platform
al

on dynamic hazards construction

Definition: a new mining technology with [9, 12, 25]

self-learning，prediction，decision，control
urn

Framework
key techniques: digital mine, networking,
Key techniques
cloud computing, big data, artificial

intelligence and modern mining technology

Wang et
Intelligent mining The data compatibility acquired by [13]
al.
different sensors and communication
Jo

Research protocol

progress Intelligence automation on machine and

surrounding rock mass interaction

Self-decision on
 Journal Pre-proof

Ejection

Roof fall Coal machine operation Flow channel

Transportation Water inrush

Water inrush
Roof fall Gas Choke
Others Blasting

of
19%
9%
23%
7%

pro
5%
Dynamic load
2%
Methane 1%
34%
Ignition

Mine explosion
72
re- Rock burst

73 Fig. 1 The percentage of deaths from hazards in coal mines of 2018, China

74 Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence, big data and cloud computing is the key techniques of Fourth

75 Industry Revolution [7, 26]. The application on IoT in smart city [27], home applications [28], and other industries

76 [29] indicates that IoT has potential to achieve unmanned production and safety mining. IoT is a computing
P
77 concept to a global network infrastructure composed of numerous connected devices that rely on sensory and

78 actuator, communication, and information processing technologies [29], which is corresponding to perception layer,

79 network layer, and management layer. The things in IoT are known as smart objects, which can able to sensed and
al

80 managed remotely across the network layer. As reported, real-time monitoring by IoT has been applied to some

81 case studies in coal mines, especially innovative on wireless sensor network (WSN) which is applied by deploying

82 sensor nodes in appropriate location of coal mines to collect environmental data and to detect the occurrences of
urn

83 possible hazards like fires, explosions and roof failures [30]. An IoT System for underground mine air quality

84 pollutant prediction based on AMZ were proposed by Jo etc. That system was comprised of sensor modules,

85 communication protocols, and a base station, running AML Studio [31]. A fiber bragg grating-based condition

86 monitoring and early damage detection system for the structural safety of underground coal mines using the IoT

87 was also proposed by Jo et al. to develop a comprehensive mine structural safety system [32]. A dynamic

88 information platform was established for underground coal mine based on IoT technology, including data
Jo

89 acquisition, transmission, analyzation and application systems [33]. Other application, such as the automation in

90 U.S. longwall coal mining, was reviewed by Peng et al., especially focused on the application of sensor and

91 network, and the application of IoT has been predicted as a large percentage in the future [34]. However, the

92 application on IoT of ground control are seldom reported.

93 In order to give new insights on future developments of unmanned and safety mining, in this paper, ground control
 Journal Pre-proof

94 in Intelligence Mining with IoT are reviewed and discussed. The logical frame is as follows: In section 2, literature

95 reviews focused on ground control are studied, including the classification, mechanism, and on-site monitoring.

96 Then architecture of ground control in Intelligence Mining with IoT is proposed. The limitation of current

97 researches and future trends of ground control with IoT are also discussed. In section 3, an on-gong dynamic

98 platform on ground stability assessments and control are proposed. The discussion and conclusion are presented to

99 give both prospects and application potential to the Intelligence Mining with IoT addressing ground control.

of
100 2. Architecture of Ground Control in Intelligence Mining
101 with IoT

pro
102 2.1. Review on Ground Control in coal mines

103 Ground control concerns stress evolution [35, 36], roof fall [37-39], rib spalling [40], floor heaven [41], pillar

104 stability [42-44], excavation face deformation [45-47], rock bolt supporting quality [41, 48], fracture distribution

105
re-
in rock mass around roadway [49]. The situation of roadways could be worse with interaction on discontinues (e.g.

106 faults [50], loose ground) or affected by underground water [5, 51, 52]. Above mentioned characteristics are

107 directional and visualized to reflect ground stability and instruct coal production and safety control. Therefore, it is

108 of considerable significance to study the instability mechanism, monitoring system, and integrating them to

109 develop real-time warning system.

P
110 Traditionally, ground stability analysis focused on mechanical, mathematical, and numerical modelling with

111 classical mechanics (typically represented by Newtonian mechanics, solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, et al.),

112 mathematics, and computer science. The analytical and numerical modellings are rigorous to describe physical
al

113 bodies as mechanical objects, and then be formed as equations in commercial mathematical and numerical

114 software. The results can provide parameter analysis on engineering projects under same geological conditions and

115 state-of-art. Limitation of traditional methods is that they cannot entirely reflect the physical objects. For example,
urn

116 surrounding rocks are often companied with many micro-macro cracks or factures. However, cracks sometimes

117 have been ignored due to geometric difference on scaling aspect. Rocks generally considered as homogenous,

118 isotropic, and continues objects [40]. If one of the above parameters are considered, mathematical equations could

119 be complex and most of them cannot be directly solved to get analytical solution. Although numerical results could

120 be obtained using mathematical solution (such as iteration until to a minimal threshold [53, 54], Finite-element and

121 finite difference, discrete element [55]), accuracy are largely dependent on iteration step, block size. In addition,
Jo

122 calculating steps might be time-consuming, which limits efficiency. In order to take all the parameters of rocks into

123 account, Artificial Intelligent (AI) algorithms have been applied in ground control. Zhou et al. predicting pillar

124 stability for underground mine using Fisher Discriminant Analysis (FDA) and support vector machines (SVM)

125 methods [42]. Mahdevari et al. applied SVM and artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict ground condition of a

126 tunneling project with the squeezing phenomenon [45]. Ghasemi, E. et al. used the fuzzy logic to predict safe pillar
 Journal Pre-proof

127 sizing in room and pillar coal mines, including pillar length and width using depth of cover, mining height, panel

128 width, roof strength rating and loading conditions [43]. Rezaei, M. et al. utilized Mamdani fuzzy model to predict

129 Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of rock surrounding access tunnels in longwall coal mining [56].

130 Ebrahimabadi et al. assessed roadheaders’ performance in coal extraction using ANN approach [46]. Maji, V. B.

131 and Theja, G. V. considered uncertainties in the geotechnical parameters to predict the performance of Tunnel

132 boring machine (TBM) with tunnel excavations [57]. Fattahi et al. investigated feasibility of Monte Carlo

of
133 simulation for predicting deformation modulus of rock mass [58]. The AI algorithms have higher accuracy, faster

134 calculation speed, and thus have potential to give feedback datasets in time.

135 On-site monitoring system is very important to reflect the roadway conditions. Traditional methods contain roof

pro
136 separation, range of excavation damage zone (EDZ) detected by drilling camera system [38] and borehole imaging

137 [49], deformation between roof and floor, left and right rib side, destructive testing on rock bolt supporting quality.

138 However, feedback by traditional methods are static, which is delay on evolution of ground movement. It is well

139 known that process of roof deformation and breakage prior to and during a roof failure in a specific mining

140 conditions is related to time [36]. Therefore, modelling of ground control related to time is of great significance. In

141
re-
addition, amount of borehole is limited, thus lack of enough datasets to reflect the condition of whole roadways. A

142 real-time roof monitoring system were developed by CSIRO in collaboration with Japan Coal Energy Centre

143 (JCOAL) to help understand the complex roof rock response to mining and also provide mine operators with early

144 warning of imminent roof falls[37]. The system contains an extensometer, a stressmeter and a seismic monitoring

145 system. The extensometers, stressmeters and seismic sensors are installed in the roadway roofs ahead of the coal
P
146 workface. The data acquisition component collects the roof deformation, stress and seismic data in real-time and

147 transmits the data to the surface through a communication cable (e.g. optical fiber cable). The data are then

148 analyzed and displayed automatically in real-time on a mine site computer. The monitoring data can also be sent in
al

149 real-time, via internet, to other off-site research centers worldwide for analysis. The limitation on that real-time

150 monitoring of roof fall might be the expensive cost and easily damaged extensometers. Therefore, just a case study

151 reported from the above reference. A review on ground characterization using instrument drills for underground
urn

152 engineering was conducted by Kahraman et al. [48], from which the conclusion highlights the AI system could

153 provide efficient and fast, real-time analysis of data to eliminate the need for storage, handling, and processing of

154 huge amounts of data. Umar Ibrahim Minhas et al. proposed a WSN to locate miners, detect roof falls [59]. The

155 WSN based system includes RF propagation modeling, energy-efficient communication protocol and a local and

156 global event detection mechanism [59]. The on-site experiments indicated the proposed system’s response and

157 robustness, which providing a comprehensive control and monitoring mechanism and tracked location of miners
Jo

158 and events required for rescue operations. The limitation of the proposed system is scalability when deploying in

159 large area, on-chip memory for data buffering.

 Journal Pre-proof

160 2.2. Ground Control in Intelligence Mining by IoT

161 As mentioned above, ground control should be addressed at high accuracy, real-time of monitoring and

162 decision-making, which in well corresponding to advantages of IoT. There are plenty of researches on Intelligence

163 Mining in terms of real-time data acquisition from sensor nodes, AI modelling on prediction modelling. However,

164 integration the data acquisition and AI modeling is still lack of fruitful results, which is a foundation on decision

of
165 making. Thus, in this section, the architecture of ground control in Intelligent Mining with IoT in are proposed and

166 then the principles and links of each layer are analyzed.

pro
167 2.2.1. Architecture and principles

168 The architectures of ground control with IoT are proposed in Fig. 2, including perceive, communication, service,

169 and interact layers. Each layer is illustrated as follows: (i) Perceive layer relies on different tags or sensors installed

170 in underground facilities, medium, machines (e.g. surrounding rock mass, rock bolts, hydraulic machines). This

171
re-
layer is designed to collect datasets for roadway deformation by extensometers, stress variation by stressmeters,

172 rock bolt supporting condition, hydraulic supporting condition etc. Those datasets are essential for the latter three

173 layers. (ii) The responsibility on communication layer is to transmit information between each connected things.

174 The techniques in this layer composed of wireless and wired modes. The wireless networks, such as WSN, ZigBee,
P
175 WIFI, and Bluetooth are gradually taking place the wired modes (e.g. optical fiber and cables) due to safe

176 transmission, high efficiency, and invulnerability (iii) Service layer relies on the middleware technology that

177 provides functionalities to seamlessly integrate services and applications in IoT. This layer undertakes information

178 exchange and storage, data extraction and management, search engines, and communication among connected
al

179 things. Big data from all sensor nodes respectively should be calculated by AI modelling in cloud computing

180 platform. The theoretical results help interact layer to make decision. (iv) Interact layer aims at increasing

181 interaction efficiency among connected things. In this layer, an intelligent system of ground control would be built
urn

182 to achieve the real-time monitoring precisely.

Perceive layer Extensometers Stressmeters Drilling camera system Rock bolt support condition Hydraulic support condition

Communication layer WSN ZigBee Bluetooth RFID 6LoWPAN WIFI

Self-learning
Cloud computing
Management layer Interaction
Jo

Dataset AI modelling

determination
Interact layer Intelligent mining system on ground control

183
184 Fig. 2 The framework of ground control with IoT in underground coal mines
 Journal Pre-proof

185 2.2.2. Limitation and future development of each layer

186 The harsh environments of underground coal mines (e.g. poor working conditions with water and coal dust,

187 wireless transmission attenuation, and electrical explosion-proof of all equipment [60]) make the application of

188 data acquisition, transmission, analysis differ from those on surface. Therefore, limitation on current techniques

189 should be pointed out and future development should be studied.

of
190  Perceive layer

191 The basic requirements of the perceive layer are data acquisition and with reliability, high accuracy and efficiency.

192 The harsh challenging of traditional sensors for underground engineering is low accuracy, low quantity, and

pro
193 vulnerable due to uncertainty of environment. For example, stressmeter, cables, and fibers installed in boreholes

194 are easily damaged with rock movement. The datasets from limited number of borehole cannot represent the whole

195 roadway information. The seismic datasets by geophone could be interfered by sound waves, and vibration from

196 machine operation.

197 The advanced biological and chemical chip sensors have potential to overcome the feedback above in some

198
re-
extension. Organic semiconductor materials in nanoscale have the ability to recognize parameters of electricity,

199 magnetic, and light variation. Therefore, they have the application potential in sensing water content variation on

200 electricity, magnetic of rocks, light variation by roadway deformation. Organic semiconductor materials in

201 nanoscale also have high strength and high accuracy. Chip chemical sensors are sensitive to temperature, pH, and
P
202 explosion. Thus, they could be used to sense temperature, humidity, and mine explosion.

203  Communication layer

204 Fiber and cables are usually responded to communication transmission. However, in the situation on ground

205 movement and rock falls happened frequently, it is difficult to install the fibers and cables. Moreover, if the buried
al

206 fiber and cables suffer from severe shear rock movement, they could be easily damaged. Thus, The

207 Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tags or using IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks

208 (6LoWPAN) protocol have been used as standard communication protocols to connect the physical and virtual
urn

209 objects in underground coal mines [30]. Other communication codes, such as Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Bluetooth are also

210 employed in underground coal mines. WSN technique as an advanced digital monitoring method in underground

211 coal mines has been widely explored in the areas of gas, mine personnel and equipment monitoring [30]. The

212 problems of WSN contains the energy depletion, multipath fading of radio signal. The range of WSN is 100 m to

213 300 m for industrial application. One sharp problem occurred in Chinese coal mines is the data silo. This
Jo

214 phenomenon is due to lack of a standard data form and communication protocol from each equipment. The

215 protocol code contains protocol code among each coal machines and data format. Therefore, the huge data cannot

216 be emerged efficiently. A universal unique identifier (UUID) should be designed to each objects to easily

217 recognized and retrieved, which can improve the efficiency in terms of communication and analysis, which is

218 foundation on real-time monitoring.

219  Service layer

 Journal Pre-proof

220 For service layer, data extraction and management is essential, which means the transition on raw data into useful

221 information. The genetic algorithms, evolutionary algorithms, and neural networks should be applied [61]. As

222 discussed in section 2.1, AI modeling are applied in prediction modelling on complex strata ground movement. In

223 these studies, training and performance of the models are greatly dependent on on-site datasets, data extraction,

224 and training parameters. The on-site datasets are also dependent on perceive layer, data extraction relies on data

225 preprocessing algorithms, and training also relies on the results of analytical, numerical, and empirical modeling.

of
226 Therefore, in the further, the algorithms integrated by analytical, numerical, empirical, and AI modeling should be

227 selected with users’ demands. The cloud computing should be applied in this layer to increase the calculation speed

228 as well.

pro
229  Interact layer

230 The ultimate goal of interact layer is to develop an intelligent mining system on ground control, in which the

231 monitoring system can be visualized to show roadway supporting in time, and based on the feedback analysis,

232 supporting measurement can be determined.

3. A potential dynamic platform with IoT on Ground

233
re-
234 Control

235 As discussed in section 2, the framework of ground control in intelligent mining with IoT has been divided into

236 four layers. In this section, an ongoing nondestructive testing of rock bolt supporting quality combined with IoT is
P
237 proposed to reflect the ground stability. The principle of each layer in the dynamic platform is illustrated. The

238 feasibility and future developments of it are also discussed.

3.1. Research progress

al

239

240 Rock bolts are widely used to reinforce loosen rocks around roadways in underground coal mines. The real-time
urn

241 monitoring of rock bolt condition can give feedback on ground control. A nondestructive equipment [62]

242 developed by our group has been applied in many on-site experiments. Zhang et al. using nondestructive methods

243 to investigate axial load variation verses the mining steps, and provides a pre-warning case [63]. Later, they

244 conducted on-site experiments to access pillar stability and mining influencing area by variation on axial load [64].

245 Chen et al. studied the mining pressure field ahead of coal face by axial load variation [65]. All the results indicate

246 the nondestructive testing on rock bolt supporting quality can give feedback on ground stability with high accuracy,
Jo

247 large quantity, and real-time monitoring.

248 The physical image of equipment is shown in Fig. 3(a). The geometric parameters of the equipment are 200 mm in

249 length, 100 mm in width, and 50 mm in depth. The total weight is 450 grams. It is an easily portable device to

250 detect axial force, anchorage length, corrosion condition, and defects or void parts in anchorage randomly. The

251 accessories shown in Fig. 3(b) contain excitation and wires to detect anchorage length and defects or void parts),
 Journal Pre-proof

252 hammer impact and casing to detect axial forces and corrosion condition. Fig. 3(c) shows the testing procedures of

253 axial force and anchorage length and void. As shown, it can be seen the procedures are easily, just two workers

254 needed.

of
pro
(a) Front/back view of main part

re-
Excitation Wire connection to excitation Hammer Casing connected to rock bolt

(b) Accessories
P
al
urn

(c) On-site experiment procedure

Jo

255
256 Fig. 3 Nondestructive testing equipment and testing method

257 Fig. 4 shows the flow chart of identification process and key techniques on anchorage length and axial force. The

258 raw data is obtained by excitation in the proximal end of rock bolt or use hammer impact on the casing connected

259 to the rock bolt. When raw data collected in nondestructive equipment, the wavelet transform and spectrum
 Journal Pre-proof

260 analysis are employed to data extraction, and after analysis on useful data, the results of typical NDT curves of

261 anchorage length and axial force are shown in Fig. 5(a) and (b). The anchorage length is obtained by

262 decomposition of raw vibration data by wavelet transform. The axial force is analyzed by spectrum to get vibration

263 frequency and then transit to axial load by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).

Testing system of software

of
Data excitation Excitation Data excitation

Data acquisition Raw data Data acquisition

pro
Wavelet transform Data extraction Spectrum analysis

Anchorage length Data analysis Axial force

Application

Real-time results shown

in on-site screen
re- Whole roadway
stability assessment on
computer in surface
264

265 Fig. 4 Flow chart of nondestructive testing equipment and testing method

100 0.52
X:1559
0.40
Amplitude [mv]

Acceleration

0
P (m*s-2)

0.29
-100 Δt=700
0.17

0.06
-200
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
125 500 875 1.25k 1.63k Frequency (Hz)
Time [us]

266 (a) anchorage curve (b) load curve

al

267 Fig. 5 Typical NDT curves of (a) anchorage length and (b) axial force

268 The anchorage quality of whole roadway can be assessed by statistics of axial force variations and establishing a

269 software platform in computer. As shown in Fig. 6, a software was established to assess the rock bolt anchorage
urn

270 quality of whole roadway. The procedure of anchorage quality is as follows: one rock bolt anchorage quality can

271 be measured by the curve of anchorage length and axial force.

Jo
 Journal Pre-proof

Anchorage quality assessment system of roadway

Start

Introduction

Software startup

of
All of the data of rock bolt Curves of anchorage length Curves of axial force

pro
Anchorage quality : perfect

Amount of rock bolt :120

Condition of axial force: normal
Anchorage quality : perfect
Axial force: good Anchorage length: normal
Condition of axial force: normal
Anchorage length: good
Anchorage length: normal

Anchorage quality of whole roadway Anchorage quality of one rock bolt

272
273 Fig. 6 Anchorage quality assessment system of whole roadway

274 Based on statistics on anchorage quality of whole rock bolts, the roadway supporting quality can be estimated.
re-
275 Here is an on-site experiment of axial load variation versus mining-influenced area. As shown in Fig. 7, an on-site

276 experiment was conducted to test axial load variation of rock bolts in front of opening cut-off with distance about

277 100 m. There are 68 number of rock bolts tested on axial load. With the statistics on those axial load, the

278 mining-influenced zone can be determined.

P
锚索
Roof bolts

Open-off cut 锚杆

钢带
m
al

Sidewall bolts
=3.5

顶板
监测点
右帮
0¡ ãH

监测点
1321（3）切眼

3500
21 ¡ Ï3

1321（3）
SF2
urn

5500

Roof bolts 39
运顺 1 3 5 7 9 11 37 3513 15
17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33
2 4 6 8 10 12 38 14 42 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
36 16
Sidewall bolts
Jo

60.3 Testing bolts（No.）

20
279
280 Fig. 7 Diagram on testing a program axial load variation of rock bolts from on-site experiment

281 As shown in Fig. 8, with the statistics on axial loads, mining-influenced zone can be determined. The mining

282 influence range is illustrated by the axial load variation with the advanced distance in 38.4 m. The axial load

283 fluctuates greatly ahead of coal working face with lowest value of 35kN and highest value of 66 kN. The
 Journal Pre-proof

284 amplitude of variation reaches to 45%. This indicates that axial loads are not stable. The axial load is relatively

285 stable in the area outside 20 m (except for hidden faults). The differences on axial load is only up to 3 kN with the

286 maximum amplitude of 7%, and the average amplitude is about 3%. Therefore, the mining-influenced zone is

287 about 20 m. The advantage of nondestructive inspection on rock bolt axial load to reflect mining-influenced zone

288 is easy operation, high accuracy, and large datasets provide compared with the traditional stress measuring method.

289 There is large improvement on combination with the advantages of IoT, in which other issues of ground could

of
290 could be reflected on both spatial and time scale. In next section, future development of NDT with IoT is

291 discussed.

Mining –disturbed zone Relatively stable zone

pro
Hidden fault zone
Advanced
decrease
distance
A x ia l lo a d / k N

re- increase

Advanced distance,38.4m

20m
O pen-offcut
（-20m ）

Location of roof bolts (distance from the No.1 bolt)

292
P
293 Fig. 8 Mining-disturbed zone reflected by axial load variation of rock bolts

294 3.2. Future development

al

295 The future developments of the dynamic platform on ground prediction and control integrated on NDT and IoT

296 shown in Fig. 9 are depicted, the requirements, trends are illustrated as follows:
urn

297  Perceive layer

298 The portable NDT equipment, accessories can be used as sensor node. In this layer, large quantities datasets

299 collected by NDT equipment should be transformed to communication layer. The wireless sensor nodes can be

300 applied to replace piezoelectric accelerometer. The low-power, more reliable, wireless nodes should be developed

301 as well.

302  Communication layer

Jo

303 Ubiquitous WNS should be applied in NDT equipment and data station bases. NDT equipment should have the

304 ability to launch data to data bases and also receive the information from base station. Note that, mobile station

305 bases are recommended to decrease the cost and increase the flexibility of data transform requirements due to the

306 collapse on roadways after coal extraction. Station bases on surface of shaft should deliver data between service

307 center on the surface and mobile station bases in underground. The energy efficiency, and security also need to be
 Journal Pre-proof

308 increase to ensure communication.

309  Service layer

310 The powerful algorithms should be applied in this layer to pre-processing of raw data collected by NDT equipment,

311 statistic the whole datasets of axial load and anchorage lengths of rock bolts, and build the relationship between

312 ground control issues and supporting quality using AI modelling. The results of AI modelling should be made a

313 feedback to the application layer for ground stability enforcement.

of
314  Interact layer

315 In this layer, the supporting quality, ground stability assessment should be visualized in PC screen in service center

316 on surface. Based on the results, the managers should make decision on handling on rock bolt supporting or other

pro
317 methods to mitigate the potential instability.

318 By integration the proposed future developments, dynamic platform on ground control integrated on NDT and IoT

319 can be used to achieve the ground control accuracy, in-time, also decrease the instability potential.

Ground level

Engineering office
Service centre
re- Signal reciever

Base station

Shaft

Goaf
P
Work face

Sensor node

Mobile station base

al

Datasets

(a) Anchorage length

(a) Anchorage length (b) Axial force
(a) St ress evolution
Ok

Go od
AI algorithm s Cl oud computing
B ad
Ex ce ll en t

(b) Axial force

Information (b) St ati stics on supporting quality
urn

Supporting quality Ground stability

Ground s tabi lity

Service layer Interact layer

Jo

320 Comunication layer Sensor layer

321 Fig. 9 a dynamic platform on ground control combined with NDT and IoT
 Journal Pre-proof

322 4. Discussion and conclusion

323 With the development on Fourth Industries Revolution, coal mining must be integrated with IoT, big data, cloud

324 computing, AI techniques to achieve the unmanned mining. The application on Intelligence Mining has made good

325 progress in coal production, while safety is not addressed. This paper highlights ground control of Intelligence

326 Mining with IoT.

of
327  The research progress related to ground control has been reviewed on theoretical modelling, on-site

328 monitoring methods. Traditional modelling (mechanical, mathematical, and numerical modelling) have some

329 limitations on data processing and managements due to low scalability, calculation speed. AI modelling has

pro
330 expertise on non-linear problems. They are featured with high accuracy, spatial and temporal scale. It is

331 possible to achieve the high efficiency and accuracy combined with cloud computing, in which traditional

332 modelling cannot be solved efficiently. Monitoring methods should be developed at large monitoring ranges,

333 real-time, high accuracy, and in turn decision making.

334  The architecture of ground control by IoT has been proposed, which contains perceive, communication,

335 service, and interact layer. The perceive layer are required with reliability, high accuracy and efficiency
re-
336 sensor nodes. The advanced biological and chemical chip sensors have potential to overcome the feedback

337 above in some extension. WSN technique in underground coal mines has potential to achieve transmission

338 with high accuracy and reliability. Moreover, standards communication protocol should be corresponded to

339 eliminate the information silo. The principles of service layer are information exchange and storage, data
P
340 extraction and management, search objects, and communication among connected things. Therefore,

341 emerging of mechanical, mathematical, and numerical modelling with AI modelling can be powerful to

342 achieve that goals. The interact layer in coal mining should be formed as a multiple visualized warning

343 platform, in which the safety hazards could be predicted and managed by human.
al

344  An on-going dynamic ground control platform combined with NDT and IoT are introduced. The NDT

345 equipment are sensor nodes in perceive layer. The WSN techniques should be applied in communication
urn

346 layer. The connection between ground control issues and large quantity information of rock bolt supporting

347 quality should be studied. The supporting quality of rock bolts, ground stability assessment should be

348 visualized in PC screen in service center on surface, and then give decision on ground control.

349 This research could give ground control some new insights emerging the key concepts on Fourth Industry

350 Evolution. It can also spark new ideas in the much-anticipated Intelligence Mining highlighting safety.
Jo

351 Acknowledge:

352 This research is supported by Outstanding Innovation Scholarship for Doctoral Candidate of “Double First Rate”

353 Construction Disciplines of CUMT.

 Journal Pre-proof

354 References

355 [1] A. Camero and E. Alba, "Smart City and information technology: A review," Cities, vol. 93, pp. 84-94,

356 2019.

357 [2] D. Ma, H. Duan, X. Li, Z. Li, Z. Zhou, and T. Li, "Effects of seepage-induced erosion on nonlinear

358 hydraulic properties of broken red sandstones," Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Article

of
359 vol. 91, 2019, Art. no. 102993.

360 [3] Y. Shang, Z. Yang, Q. Zeng, Y. Sun, Y. Shi, and G. Yuan, "Retrospective analysis of TBM accidents from

361 its poor flexibility to complicated geological conditions," Yanshilixue Yu Gongcheng Xuebao/Chinese

pro
362 Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, Article vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 2404-2411, 2007.

363 [4] X. Huang, Q. Liu, K. Shi, Y. Pan, and J. Liu, "Application and prospect of hard rock TBM for deep

364 roadway construction in coal mines," Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 73, pp.

365 105-126, 2018.

366 [5] D. Ma et al., "Effects of height/diameter ratio on failure and damage properties of granite under coupled

367 bending and splitting deformation," Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Article vol. 220, 2019, Art. no.
re-
368 106640.

369 [6] W. Qi, J. Zhang, N. Zhou, Z. Wu, and J. Zhang, "Mechanism by Which Backfill Body Reduces Amount

370 of Energy Released in Deep Coal Mining," Shock and Vibration, Article vol. 2019, 2019, Art. no.

371 8253269.
P
372 [7] R. Y. Zhong, X. Xu, E. Klotz, and S. T. Newman, "Intelligent Manufacturing in the Context of Industry

373 4.0: A Review," Engineering, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 616-630, 2017.

374 [8] X. Heping, G. Feng, and J. Yang, "Theoretical and technological conception of the fluidization mining

375 for deep coal resources," Journal of China Coal Society, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 547-556, 2017.
al

376 [9] G. Wang, Y. Xu, and H. Ren, "Intelligent and ecological coal mining as well as clean utilization

377 technology in China: Review and prospects," International Journal of Mining Science and Technology,
urn

378 vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 161-169, 2019.

379 [10] M. Qian, J. Xu, and J. Wang, "Further on the sustainable mining of coal," Journal of China Coal Society,

380 vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 1-13, 2018.

381 [11] L. Yuan, "Scientific conception of precision coal mining," Journal of China Coal Society, vol. 42, no. 1,

382 pp. 1-6, 2017.

383 [12] G. Wang, F. Liu, Y. Pang, H. Ren, and Y. Ma, "Coal mine intellectualization: The core technology of
Jo

384 high quality development," Meitan Xuebao/Journal of the China Coal Society, vol. 44, no. 2, pp.

385 349-357, 2019.

386 [13] G. Wang, G. Zhao, and H. Ren, "Analysis on key technologies of intelligent coal mine and intelligent

387 mining," Meitan Xuebao/Journal of the China Coal Society, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 34-41, 2019.

388 [14] J.-g. Li and K. Zhan, "Intelligent Mining Technology for an Underground Metal Mine Based on
 Journal Pre-proof

389 Unmanned Equipment," Engineering, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 381-391, 2018.

390 [15] J. Zhang, Q. Zhang, F. Ju, N. Zhou, M. Li, and Q. Sun, "Theory and technique of greening mining

391 integrating mining, separating and backfilling in deep coal resources," Meitan Xuebao/Journal of the

392 China Coal Society, Article vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 377-389, 2018.

393 [16] B. Yu et al., "Theory and its key technology framework of intelligentized fully-mechanized caving

394 mining in extremely thick coal seam," Meitan Xuebao/Journal of the China Coal Society, vol. 44, no. 1,

of
395 pp. 42-53, 2019.

396 [17] L. Yunwang, G. Shirong, Z. Hua, F. Haifang, and G. Jinke, "Mobile platform of rocker-type coal mine

397 rescue robot," Mining Science and Technology (China), vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 466-471, 2010.

pro
398 [18] D. Ma, J. Wang, and Z. Li, "Effect of particle erosion on mining-induced water inrush hazard of karst

399 collapse pillar," Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Article vol. 26, no. 19, pp. 19719-19728,

400 2019.

401 [19] S. S. Peng, "Topical areas of research needs in ground control – A state of the art review on coal mine

402 ground control," International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1-6,

403 2015/01/01/ 2015.

re-
404 [20] X. Heping, Q. Minggao, P. Suping, H. Xingsan, C. Yuqi, and Z. Hongwei, "Sustainable capacity of coal

405 mining and its strategic plan," Engineering Sciences, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 44-50, 2011.

406 [21] H. Xie et al., "Theories and technologies for in-situ fluidized mining of deep underground coal

407 resources," Meitan Xuebao/Journal of the China Coal Society, Article vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 1210-1219,
P
408 2018.

409 [22] H. Xie, Y. Ju, S. Ren, F. Gao, J. Liu, and Y. Zhu, "Theoretical and technological exploration of deep in

410 situ fluidized coal mining," Frontiers in Energy, Article 2019.

al

411 [23] H. Xie, "Research review of the state key research development program of China: Deep rock mechanics

412 and mining theory," Meitan Xuebao/Journal of the China Coal Society, Review vol. 44, no. 5, pp.

413 1283-1305, 2019.

urn

414 [24] L. Yuan et al., "Research progress of precise risk accurate identification and monitoring early warning on

415 typical dynamic disasters in coal mine," Meitan Xuebao/Journal of the China Coal Society, Review vol.

416 43, no. 2, pp. 306-318, 2018.

417 [25] G. Wang et al., "2025 scenarios and development path of intelligent coal mine

418 2025," Meitan Xuebao/Journal of the China Coal Society, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 295-305, 2018.

419 [26] X. Li, D. Li, J. Wan, A. V. Vasilakos, C.-F. Lai, and S. Wang, "A review of industrial wireless networks
Jo

420 in the context of Industry 4.0," Wireless Networks, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 23-41, 2015.

421 [27] J. Jin, J. Gubbi, S. Marusic, and M. Palaniswami, "An Information Framework for Creating a Smart City

422 Through Internet of Things," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 112-121, 2014.

423 [28] D. Bandyopadhyay and J. Sen, "Internet of Things: Applications and Challenges in Technology and

424 Standardization," Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 49-69, 2011.
 Journal Pre-proof

425 [29] L. D. Xu, W. He, and S. Li, "Internet of Things in Industries: A Survey," IEEE Transactions on Industrial

426 Informatics, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 2233-2243, 2014.

427 [30] L. Muduli, D. P. Mishra, and P. K. Jana, "Application of wireless sensor network for environmental

428 monitoring in underground coal mines: A systematic review," Journal of Network and Computer

429 Applications, vol. 106, pp. 48-67, 2018.

430 [31] B. Jo and R. M. A. Khan, "An Internet of Things System for Underground Mine Air Quality Pollutant

of
431 Prediction Based on Azure Machine Learning," Sensors (Basel), vol. 18, no. 4, Mar 21 2018.

432 [32] B. W. Jo, R. M. A. Khan, Y. S. Lee, J. H. Jo, and N. Saleem, "A Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Condition

433 Monitoring and Early Damage Detection System for the Structural Safety of Underground Coal Mines

pro
434 Using the Internet of Things," Journal of Sensors, vol. 2018, pp. 1-16, 2018.

435 [33] Y. Wu, M. Chen, K. Wang, and G. Fu, "A dynamic information platform for underground coal mine

436 safety based on internet of things," Safety Science, vol. 113, pp. 9-18, 2019.

437 [34] S. S. Peng, F. Du, J. Cheng, and Y. Li, "Automation in U.S. longwall coal mining: A state-of-the-art

438 review," International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 151-159, 2019.

439 [35]
re-
W.-l. Shen, J.-b. Bai, X.-y. Wang, and Y. Yu, "Response and control technology for entry loaded by

440 mining abutment stress of a thick hard roof," International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining

441 Sciences, vol. 90, pp. 26-34, 2016.

442 [36] S. K. Jena, R. D. Lokhande, M. Pradhan, and N. Kumar, "Development of a model to estimate strata

443 behavior during bord and pillar extraction in underground coal mining," Arabian Journal of Geosciences,
P
444 vol. 12, no. 7, 2019.

445 [37] B. Shen, A. King, and H. Guo, "Displacement, stress and seismicity in roadway roofs during

446 mining-induced failure," International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 45, no. 5,
al

447 pp. 672-688, 2008.

448 [38] Y. L. Tan, F. H. Yu, and L. Chen, "A new approach for predicting bedding separation of roof strata in

449 underground coalmines," International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 61, pp.
urn

450 183-188, 2013.

451 [39] H. Kang, J. Lou, F. Gao, J. Yang, and J. Li, "A physical and numerical investigation of sudden massive

452 roof collapse during longwall coal retreat mining," International Journal of Coal Geology, vol. 188, pp.

453 25-36, 2018.

454 [40] W. Pan, B. Zuo, and Y. Yang, "Mechanism and prevention measure of rib spalling in 6.5 meter high

455 caving face in thick coal seam with undulated floor," in Proceedings of the 36th International
Jo

456 Conference on Ground Control in Mining, ICGCM 2017, 2017, pp. 273-281.

457 [41] Y. Hao, Y. Wu, P. Li, J. Tao, Y. Teng, and G. Hao, "Non-destructive inspection on anchorage defect of

458 hollow grouted rock bolt using wavelet transform analysis," (in English), Eurasip Journal on Image and

459 Video Processing, Article p. 12, Dec 2018, Art. no. 146.

460 [42] Z. Jian, X.-B. Li, X.-z. SHI, W. Wei, and B.-b. WU, "Predicting pillar stability for underground mine
 Journal Pre-proof

461 using Fisher discriminant analysis and SVM methods," Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of

462 China, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 2734-2743, 2011.

463 [43] E. Ghasemi, M. Ataei, and K. Shahriar, "An intelligent approach to predict pillar sizing in designing

464 room and pillar coal mines," International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Article vol.

465 65, pp. 86-95, 2014.

466 [44] M. Shabanimashcool and C. C. Li, "A numerical study of stress changes in barrier pillars and a border

of
467 area in a longwall coal mine," International Journal of Coal Geology, vol. 106, pp. 39-47, 2013.

468 [45] S. Mahdevari, S. R. Torabi, and M. Monjezi, "Application of artificial intelligence algorithms in

469 predicting tunnel convergence to avoid TBM jamming phenomenon," International Journal of Rock

pro
470 Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 55, pp. 33-44, 2012.

471 [46] A. Ebrahimabadi, M. Azimipour, and A. Bahreini, "Prediction of roadheaders' performance using

472 artificial neural network approaches (MLP and KOSFM)," Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical

473 Engineering, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 573-583, 2015.

474 [47] X. Wu, Y. Jiang, Z. Guan, and B. Gong, "Influence of confining pressure-dependent Young’s modulus on

475
re-
the convergence of underground excavation," Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 83,

476 pp. 135-144, 2019.

477 [48] S. Kahraman, J. Rostami, and A. Naeimipour, "Review of Ground Characterization by Using

478 Instrumented Drills for Underground Mining and Construction," Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering,

479 Review vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 585-602, 2016.

P
480 [49] Z. Ma, Y. Jiang, W. Du, Y. Zuo, and D. Kong, "Fracture evolution law and control technology of

481 roadways with extra thick soft roof," Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 84, pp. 331-345, 2018.

482 [50] K. Zhao, W. Chen, D. Yang, W. Zhao, S. Wang, and W. Song, "Mechanical tests and engineering
al

483 applicability of fibre plastic concrete used in tunnel design in active fault zones," Tunnelling and

484 Underground Space Technology, vol. 88, pp. 200-208, 2019.

485 [51] M. S. Abdollahi, M. Najafi, A. Y. Bafghi, and M. F. Marji, "A 3D numerical model to determine suitable
urn

486 reinforcement strategies for passing TBM through a fault zone, a case study: Safaroud water

487 transmission tunnel, Iran," Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 88, pp. 186-199, 2019.

488 [52] M. Alp and A. Apaydin, "Assessment of the factors affecting the advance rate of the Tunnel Gerede, the

489 longest and one of the most problematic water transmission tunnels of Turkey," Tunnelling and

490 Underground Space Technology, vol. 89, pp. 157-169, 2019.

491 [53] Y. L. Chen, Y. Hao, Y. Wu, K. Zhang, and G. M. Zhang, "The Load Capacity Model and Experimental
Jo

492 Tests of a New Yielding Steel Prop," Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2017, Art. no. 1372815.

493 [54] Y. Hao, Y. Wu, L. Chen, and Y. Teng, "An innovative yielding prop with high stable load capacity and

494 long shrinkage distance in coal mine," Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, vol. 26, no. 18,

495 pp. 1568-1579, Sep 2019.

496 [55] J. Coggan, F. Gao, D. Stead, and D. Elmo, "Numerical modelling of the effects of weak immediate roof
 Journal Pre-proof

497 lithology on coal mine roadway stability," International Journal of Coal Geology, vol. 90-91, pp.

498 100-109, 2012.

499 [56] M. Rezaei, A. Majdi, and M. Monjezi, "An intelligent approach to predict unconfined compressive

500 strength of rock surrounding access tunnels in longwall coal mining," Neural Computing and

501 Applications, Article vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 233-241, 2014.

502 [57] V. B. Maji and G. V. Theja, "Performance prediction of rock tbms considering uncertainties in the

of
503 geotechnical parameters," in 13th ISRM International Congress of Rock Mechanics, 2015, vol. 2015-

504 MAY.

505 [58] H. Fattahi, Z. Varmazyari, and N. Babanouri, "Feasibility of Monte Carlo simulation for predicting

pro
506 deformation modulus of rock mass," Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 89, pp.

507 151-156, 2019.

508 [59] U. I. Minhas, I. H. Naqvi, S. Qaisar, K. Ali, S. Shahid, and M. A. Aslam, "A WSN for Monitoring and

509 Event Reporting in Underground Mine Environments," IEEE Systems Journal, Article vol. 12, no. 1, pp.

510 485-496, 2018.

511 [60]
re-
W. Qiuping, Z. Shunbing, and D. Chunquan, "Study On Key Technologies Of Internet Of Things

512 Perceiving Mine," Procedia Engineering, vol. 26, pp. 2326-2333, 2011.

513 [61] R. Zhao, R. Yan, Z. Chen, K. Mao, P. Wang, and R. X. Gao, "Deep learning and its applications to

514 machine health monitoring," Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 115, pp. 213-237, 2019.

515 [62] Y. Wu, Y. Hao, J. Tao, Y. Teng, and X. Dong, "Non-destructive testing on anchorage quality of hollow
P
516 grouted rock bolt for application in tunneling, lessons learned from their uses in coal mines," Tunnelling

517 and Underground Space Technology, vol. 93, p. 103094, 2019/11/01/ 2019.

518 [63] H. Zhang, X. Miao, G. Zhang, Y. Wu, and Y. Chen, "Non-destructive testing and pre-warning analysis on
al

519 the quality of bolt support in deep roadways of mining districts," (in English), International Journal of

520 Mining Science and Technology, Article vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 989-998, 2017.

521 [64] H. Q. Zhang, H. Shi, M. Li, Y. Wu, Y. L. Chen, and G. M. Zhang, "Stability analysis of section coal pillar
urn

522 at a fully-mechanized working face based on axial bolt load tests," (in Chinese), Meitan Xuebao/Journal

523 of the China Coal Society, Article vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 429-435, 2017.

524 [65] Y. L. Chen, H. Q. Zhang, Y. Wu, G. M. Zhang, and L. Q. Zhang, "Field measurement study of the

525 relation between mining pressure and axial boltload," (in Chinese), Meitan Xuebao/Journal of the China

526 Coal Society, Article vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1106-1110, 2016.

527
Jo
 Journal Pre-proof

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

528
529

of
pro
P re-
al
urn
Jo
 Journal Pre-proof

530 Author Contributions: For this paper, Yang Hao and Yu Wu came up with the idea and wrote the paper; Rangith

531 P.G. reviewed the article structure and proposed many useful recommendations; Kai Zhang, Houquan Zhang,

532 Yanlong Chen, Ming Li, and Pan Li conducted the on-site experiments.

533

of
pro
P re-
al
urn
Jo