The Higher Institute of Engineering Electrical Power and Machines

El-Shorouk City Department

Power system analysis (1)

Chapter 1
Network Equations and Solutions

Lecture No. 3
Loop Analysis Technique (Loop current Equations)

By
Dr. Mohamed A. Tawfiek
and
Dr. Ahmed Sayed

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Loop Analysis Technique
It used to obtain the current flows through any line of power system, and it based on
K.V.L (σ 𝑉 = 0).

Method in Steps of Loop Analysis Technique

Consider a power system contains of 4-individual loops, so, the loop current equations
can be obtained as follows:

• Number of equations = Number of individual loops.

• For each loop, apply K.V.L where σ 𝑉 = 0.

Thus, the loop current equations can be written as follows:

𝑍 11 𝐼1 + 𝑍 12 𝐼2 + 𝑍 13 𝐼3 + 𝑍 14 𝐼4 = ෍ 𝑒𝑚𝑓′𝑠𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝−1

𝑍 21 𝐼1 + 𝑍 22 𝐼2 + 𝑍 23 𝐼3 + 𝑍 24 𝐼4 = ෍ 𝑒𝑚𝑓′𝑠𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝−2

𝑍 31 𝐼1 + 𝑍 32 𝐼2 + 𝑍 33 𝐼3 + 𝑍 34 𝐼4 = ෍ 𝑒𝑚𝑓′𝑠𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝−3

𝑍 41 𝐼1 + 𝑍 42 𝐼2 + 𝑍 43 𝐼3 + 𝑍 44 𝐼4 = ෍ 𝑒𝑚𝑓′𝑠𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝−4

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Where:
• 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 , 𝐼3 and 𝐼4 are the unknown loop currents.
• σ 𝑒𝑚𝑓′𝑠𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝−𝑖 : is the sum of all emf’s in loop-𝑖 considering the increasing
and decreasing of emf’s in that loop.
• 𝑍 𝑖𝑖 is the self-impedance in loop𝑖 which is equal to the sum of all
impedances in loop-𝑖.
• 𝑍 𝑖𝑗 is the mutual-impedance between loop-𝑖 and loop-𝑗. The sign of 𝑍 𝑖𝑗
either positive or negative according to the direction of current flows in the
impedance follows.
▪ Negative when the two currents
𝐼 𝑖 and 𝐼 𝑗 are in the opposite
directions.

▪ Positive when the two currents

𝐼 𝑖 and 𝐼 𝑗 are in the same
directions.

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Loop Current Equation in Matrix Form can be Written As:

෍ 𝑒𝑚𝑓′𝑠𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝−1

𝑍 11 𝑍 12 𝑍 13 𝑍 14 𝐼1 ෍ 𝑒𝑚𝑓′𝑠𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝−2
𝑍 21 𝑍 22 𝑍 23 𝑍 24 𝐼2
=
𝑍 31 𝑍 32 𝑍 33 𝑍 34 𝐼3
𝑍 41 𝑍 42 𝑍 43 𝑍 44 𝐼4 ෍ 𝑒𝑚𝑓′𝑠𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝−3

෍ 𝑒𝑚𝑓′𝑠𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝−4

In a simple form:

𝑍 𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝐼 𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 = ෍ 𝑒𝑚𝑓′𝑠𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝

Note that:

𝑍 𝑖𝑗 = 𝑍 𝑗𝑖

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Example:
For the power system shown in next figure,
write only the loop current equations.

PU impedance diagram

Solution
Firstly, we will consider currents
flow in individual loops as shown
in the next figure.

PU impedance diagram after

considering the loop currents

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Solution
Secondly, we will write the loop current equations.
Thus, the loop current equations in Matrix form can
be written as:

𝑍 𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝐼 𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 = ෍ 𝑒𝑚𝑓′𝑠𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝

PU impedance diagram after
෍ 𝑒𝑚𝑓′𝑠𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝−1
considering the loop currents

𝑍 11 𝑍 12 𝑍 13 𝑍 14 𝐼1 ෍ 𝑒𝑚𝑓′𝑠𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝−2
𝑍 21 𝑍 22 𝑍 23 𝑍 24 𝐼2
=
𝑍 31 𝑍 32 𝑍 33 𝑍 34 𝐼3
𝑍 41 𝑍 42 𝑍 43 𝑍 44 𝐼4 ෍ 𝑒𝑚𝑓′𝑠𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝−3

෍ 𝑒𝑚𝑓′𝑠𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝−4

+𝑗0.7 −𝑗0.1 0 −𝑗0.3 𝐼1 0

−𝑗0.1 +𝑗0.7 −𝑗0.3 0 𝐼2 0
= −1.5 උ150 + 1.5 උ−370
0 −𝑗0.3 +𝑗2.25 −𝑗1 𝐼3
−𝑗0.3 0 −𝑗1 +𝑗2.4 𝐼4 −1.5 උ−370 + 1.5 උ00

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Very important note about the obtained [𝐙 𝐋𝐨𝐨𝐩 Loop ]:

• 𝑍 𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 is symmetrical and square matrix.

• The diagonal elements of 𝑍 𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 are positive values and the values
and these elements always positive values.
• The off-diagonal elements of 𝑍 𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 here in this example are negative
due to our consideration that the directions of all loop currents are
clockwise.

If we consider that some of loop currents are clockwise and the other
currents are anti-clockwise, the off-diagonal elements will be positive and
negative values.

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Thank You