Module 3 - Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System

Refrigeration and Airconditioning
Module 3- Vapour Absorption Refrigeration

System
by
Dr. Mukesh Sharma
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Birla institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System
2 Introduction
➢ VARS belong to the class of vapour cycles similar to vapour compression refrigeration systems.
➢ Unlike vapour compression refrigeration systems, the required input to absorption systems is in the form of
heat.
➢ Hence these systems are also called as heat operated or thermal energy driven systems.
➢ Since conventional absorption systems use liquids for absorption of refrigerant, these are also sometimes called
as wet absorption systems.
➢ Similar to vapour compression refrigeration systems, vapour absorption refrigeration systems have also been
commercialized and are widely used in various refrigeration and air conditioning applications.
➢ Since these systems run on low-grade thermal energy, they are preferred when low-grade energy such as
waste heat or solar energy is available.
➢ Since conventional absorption systems use natural refrigerants such as water or ammonia they are environment
friendly.
Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma
3 Introduction
Faraday’s Experiment In 1824 Faraday conducted an experiment for liquification of
gases.
𝑵𝑯𝟑
𝑵𝑯𝟑
Absorbed
by AgCl Vaccum
Liquid 𝑵𝑯𝟑
AgCl
Powder Heat Water

4 Comparison –VCRS & VARS
𝑄𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑇𝑔
𝑞𝑐 𝑄𝑐 𝑎𝑡 𝑇𝑜
3
Generator
Condenser 2 Condenser
𝑊𝑝
C 𝑊𝑖𝑛
Evaporator 1 Evaporator
Absorber
𝑞𝑒 𝑞𝑒
𝑄𝑎 𝑎𝑡 𝑇𝑜
VCRS
VARS

➢ The COPs for compression and absorption systems are given by:
𝑸𝒆
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝑽𝑪𝑹𝑺 =
𝑾𝒄
𝑸𝒆 𝑸𝒆
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝑽𝑨𝑹𝑺 = ≈
𝑸𝒈 + 𝑾 𝒑 𝑸𝒈
➢ Thus, absorption systems are advantageous where a large quantity of low-grade thermal energy is available
freely at required temperature.
➢ However, it will be seen that for the refrigeration and heat rejection temperatures, the COP of vapour
compression refrigeration system will be much higher than the COP of an absorption system as a high grade
mechanical energy is used in the former, while a low-grade thermal energy is used in the latter.
➢ However, comparing these systems based on COPs is not fully justified, as mechanical energy is more
expensive than thermal energy.

➢ In case of a single stage compression refrigeration system operating between constant evaporator and
condenser temperatures, the maximum possible COP is given by Carnot COP:
𝑻𝒆
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝑪𝒂𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒕 =
𝑻𝒄 − 𝑻𝒆
𝑸𝒆 𝑸𝒆
𝑪𝑶𝑷𝑽𝑨𝑹𝑺 = ≈
𝑸𝒈 + 𝑾 𝒑 𝑸𝒈
➢ If it is assumed that heat rejection at the absorber and condenser takes place at same external heat sink
temperature 𝑻𝒐 , then a vapour absorption refrigeration system operates between three temperature levels, 𝑻𝒈 ,
𝑻𝒐 and 𝑻𝒆 .
➢ The maximum possible COP of a refrigeration system operating between three temperature levels can be
obtained by applying first and second laws of thermodynamics to the system.

➢ The various energy transfers and the corresponding

temperatures in an absorption refrigeration system.
➢ From first law of thermodynamics,
𝑻𝒈 𝑾𝒑
𝑄𝑒 + 𝑄𝑔 − 𝑄𝑎+𝑐 + 𝑾𝒑 = 𝟎
𝑄𝑔 where 𝑄𝑒 is the heat transferred to the absorption system at
evaporator temperature 𝑇𝑒 , 𝑄𝑔 is the heat transferred to the
System
generator of the absorption system at temperature 𝑇𝑔 , 𝑄𝑎+𝑐 is
𝑄𝑎 + 𝑄𝑐
the heat transferred from the absorber and condenser of the
𝑄𝑒 absorption system at temperature 𝑇𝑜 and 𝑾𝒑 is the work input
𝑻𝒆 𝑻𝒐
to the solution pump

➢ From second law of thermodynamics,

∆𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 ≥ 0
where ∆𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 is the total entropy change which is equal to the sum of entropy change of the system ∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠 and
entropy change of the surroundings ∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 . Since the refrigeration system operates in a closed cycle, the entropy
change of the working fluid of the system undergoing the cycle is zero, i.e., ∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 0.
The entropy change of the surroundings is given by:
𝑄𝑒 𝑄𝑔 𝑄𝑎+𝑐
∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 = − − + ≥0
𝑇𝑒 𝑇𝑔 𝑇𝑜
Substituting the expression for first law of thermodynamics in the above equation
𝑇𝑔 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑒
𝑄𝑔 ≥ 𝑄𝑒 − 𝑾𝒑
𝑇𝑔 𝑇𝑒

➢ Neglecting solution pump work, Wp; the COP of VARS is given by:,
𝑄𝑒 𝑇𝑒 𝑇𝑔 − 𝑇𝑜
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆 = ≤
𝑄𝑔 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑒 𝑇𝑔
An ideal vapour absorption refrigeration system is totally reversible (i.e., both internally and externally reversible).
For a completely reversible system the total entropy change (system+surroundings) is zero according to second
law, hence for an ideal VARS
∆𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∆𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠 + ∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 = 0
∆𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 0, ∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟,𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 0
𝑄𝑒 𝑄𝑔 𝑄𝑎+𝑐
∆𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 = − − + =0
𝑇𝑒 𝑇𝑔 𝑇𝑜

➢ Hence combining first and second laws and neglecting pump work, the maximum possible COP of an ideal
VARS system is given by:
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆 = =
Thus, the ideal COP is only a function of operating temperatures similar to Carnot system. It can be seen from
the above expression that the ideal COP of VARS system is equal to the product of efficiency of a Carnot heat
engine operating between 𝑇𝑔 and 𝑇𝑜 and COP of a Carnot refrigeration system operating between 𝑇𝑜 and 𝑇𝑒 , i.e.,
𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆 = = = 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝜂𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡

𝑇𝑔
𝑄𝑔
E 𝑾𝑬
𝑄𝑎
𝑇𝑜
𝑄𝑐 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝐴𝑅𝑆 = 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝜂𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡
𝑾𝑬 R
𝑄𝑒
𝑇𝑒

12
➢ The most commonly used refrigerant-absorbent pairs are:
1. Water-Lithium bromide (𝐻2 𝑂 − 𝐿𝑖𝐵𝑟)

It is used for large capacity air conditioning system applications (generally above 0𝑜 𝐶 )
2. Ammonia –Water (𝑁𝐻3 − 𝐻2 𝑂)
It may be used for large as well as for small capacity (pumpless) refrigeration applications.
➢ Efforts are also being made to develop other refrigerant- absorbent combinations.

13 Water- Lithium Bromide VARS
Steady flow analysis of Water-Lithium Bromide Systems
𝟏
𝑄𝑐 A steady flow analysis of the system is
𝑪 𝑮 carried out with the following assumptions:
𝑄𝑔 i. Steady state and steady flow
ii. Changes in potential and kinetic
𝟖 energies across each component are
𝟐 𝟕 negligible
iii. No pressure drops due to friction
iv. Only pure refrigerant boils in the
𝟗
generator
𝟑
𝟏𝟎 The nomenclature followed is:
𝟒 𝑚= mass flow rate of refrigerant, kg/s
𝑄𝑎 𝟔
𝑨 𝑚𝑆𝑆 = mass flow rate of strong solution (rich
𝑄𝑒 𝑬
in LiBr), kg/s
𝑚𝑊𝑆 = mass flow rate of weak solution
𝟓 (weak in LiBr), kg/s

14 Ammonia- Water VARS
𝑄𝑐 𝑪 𝑄𝑔
Rectifier 𝑮
✓ Ammonia is a refrigerant and water is
absorbent
✓ Both have strong affinity to each other
✓ Two are mutually soluble for a wide range of
operating conditions
✓ Both are highly stable and compatible with
𝑄𝑎 𝑨
most of the material found in the 𝑬
𝑄𝑒
refrigeration system.

15 Electrolux / Domestic VARS
✓ Electrolux refrigeration is also called as Three-fluid

Refrigeration or Munters-Platen System. 𝑵𝑯𝟑 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒓
✓ Ammonia, Water, and Hydrogen are the fluids used. 𝑄𝑐 Condenser
✓ Ammonia acts as a refrigerant, water is absorber,
Hydrogen is used as a driving fluid.
Points to be noted:
✓ Unlike conventional systems the total pressure is
constant throughout the system.
Bubble
𝑾𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
✓ Therefore, mechanical pump and expansion devices are 𝑄
𝑒 Evaporator pump
not required in this system.
✓ The entire cycle is done entirely by the gravity flow of the
refrigerant.
✓ Hydrogen gas-only rotates from the absorber to the 𝑵𝑯𝟑 & 𝑯𝟐 𝑯𝟐
evaporator and back.
✓ This type of machine efficiency is not important because
𝑄𝑎 Absorber
the energy input is small. Generator
𝑵𝑯𝟑 +Water
(Strong Solution) 𝑄𝑔
Principle. 𝑄𝑐
𝑵𝑯𝟑 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒓
The principle involved makes use of the properties of gas- 𝑄𝑐 Condenser
vapor mixtures. If a liquid is exposed to an inert atmosphere, it
will evaporate until the atmosphere is saturated with the vapor
of the liquid. This evaporation requires heat which is taken
Bubble
from the surroundings in which the evaporation takes place. A
𝑄𝑒 Evaporator pump
cooling effect is thus produced. The partial pressures of the
refrigerant vapor (in this case ammonia) must be low in the
𝑵𝑯𝟑 & 𝑯𝟐 𝑯𝟐
evaporator, and higher in the condenser. The total pressure
throughout the circuit must be constant so that the only
𝑄𝑎 Absorber
movement of the working fluid is by convection currents. The Generator
𝑵𝑯𝟑 +Water
partial pressure of ammonia is kept low in requisite parts of the (Strong Solution) 𝑄𝑔
circuit by concentrating hydrogen in those parts..
Working.
The ammonia liquid leaving the condenser enters the evaporator and 𝑵𝑯𝟑 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒓
𝑄𝑐 Condenser
evaporates into the hydrogen at the low temperature corresponding
to its low partial pressure. The mixture of ammonia and hydrogen
passes to the absorber into which is also admitted water from the
separator. The water absorbs the ammonia and the hydrogen returns Bubble
to the evaporator. In the absorber the ammonia therefore passes
𝑄𝑒 Evaporator pump
from the ammonia circuit into water circuit as ammonia in water

solution. This strong solution passes to the generator where it is 𝑵𝑯𝟑 & 𝑯𝟐 𝑯𝟐
heated and the vapor given off rises to the separator. The water with
𝑄𝑎 Absorber
the vapor is separated out and a weak solution of ammonia is passed Generator
𝑵𝑯𝟑 +Water
back to the absorber, thus completing the water circuit. The ammonia 𝑄𝑔
(Strong Solution)
vapor rises from the separator to the condenser where it is
condensed and then returned to the evaporator.
18 Steam- Jet Refrigeration system
Boiler
Steam from boiler Liquid water to boiler
Steam Ejector
Warm Water
Condenser
Evaporator
Cooling Water
Flash Chamber
Cold Water
Water Make-up Pump
➢ Steam jet ejector usage high pressure steam to generate vacuum in flash chamber.
➢ Due to vacuum generation in flash chamber water evaporates and provides cooling effect.
➢ Water evaporation also takes away water from the chamber therefore water needs to be
makeup to keep refrigeration system working.
➢ Steam of ejector is cooled at condenser and generally sent to boiler as boiler feed water.
➢ Steam jet refrigeration is widely used in paper mills, breweries, food processing plants, gas
plants etc.
➢ Because of water is used as refrigerant, it cannot be used for applications below 0°C

Advantages
➢ It is flexible in operation; cooling capacity can be easily and quickly changed.

➢ It has no moving parts as such it is vibration free.
➢ It can be installed out of doors.
➢ The weight of the system per ton of refrigerating capacity is less.
➢ The system is very reliable and maintenance cost is less.
➢ The system is particularly adapted to the processing of cold water used in rubber mills,, distilleries, paper mills,
food processing plants, etc.
➢ This system is particularly used in air-conditioning installations, because of the complete safety of water as
refrigerant and ability to adjust quickly to load variations and no hazard from the leakage of the refrigerant

Disadvantages
➢ The use of direct evaporation to produce chilled water is usually limited as tremendous volume of
vapor is to be handled.
➢ About twice as much heat must be removed in the condenser of steam jet per ton of refrigeration
compared with the vapor compression system.
➢ The system is useful for comfort air-conditioning, but it is not practically feasible for water temperature
below 4℃

22 Vortex Tube Refrigeration system

➢ It is one of the non-conventional type refrigerating systems to produce refrigeration.
Compressed Air
Hot Tube
Cold Air
Hot Air
Diaphragm Chamber
Valve
➢ It consists of nozzle, diaphragm, valve, hot-air side, cold-air side.

➢ The nozzles are of converging or diverging or converging-diverging type as per the design.
➢ An efficient nozzle is designed to have higher velocity, greater mass flow and minimum inlet losses.
➢ Chamber is a portion of nozzle that facilities the tangential entry of high velocity air stream into hot side.
➢ Generally, the chambers are not of circular form, but they are gradually converted into spiral form.
➢ Hot side is cylindrical in cross section and is of different lengths as per design.
➢ Valve obstructs the flow of air through hot side and it also controls the quantity of hot air through vortex tube.
➢ Diaphragm is a cylindrical piece of small thickness and having a small hole of specific diameter at the center.
➢ Air stream traveling through the core of the hot side is emitted through the diaphragm hole.
➢ Cold side is a cylindrical portion through which cold air is passed.

Working
➢ Compressed air is passed through the nozzle as shown in figure above. Here, air expands and acquires high
velocity due to particular shape of the nozzle.
➢ A vortex flow is created in the chamber and air travels in spiral like motion along the periphery of the hot side.
This flow is restricted by the valve.
➢ When the pressure of the air near valve is made more than outside by partly closing the valve, a reversed axial
flow through the core of the hot side starts from high-pressure region to low-pressure region.
➢ During this process, heat transfer takes place between reversed stream and forward stream.
➢ Therefore, air stream through the core gets cooled below the inlet temperature of the air in the vortex tube,
while air stream in forward direction gets heated up.
➢ The cold stream is escaped through the diaphragm hole into the cold side, while hot stream is passed through
the opening of the valve.
➢ By controlling the opening of the valve, the quantity of the cold air and its temperature can be varied.
Advantages
➢ It uses air as refrigerant, so there is no leakage problem.

➢ Vortex tube is simple in design, and it avoids control systems.
➢ There are no moving parts in vortex tube.
➢ It is light in weight and requires less space.
➢ Initial cost is low, and its working expenses are also less, where compressed air is readily available.
➢ Maintenance is simple and no skilled labors are required.
Disadvantages
➢ Its low COP, limited capacity and only small portion of the compressed air appearing as
➢ the cold air limits its wide use in practice.

27 Thermo-Electric Refrigeration system
✓ It is described as a solid-state method of heat transfer

generated primarily through the use of dissimilar
semiconductor materials.
✓ In thermoelectric refrigeration the refrigerant in both
liquid and vapour form is replaced by two dissimilar
conductors.
✓ The cold junction (Evaporator) becomes cold through
absorption of energy by the electrons as they pass from
one semiconductor to another, instead of energy
absorption by the refrigerant as it changes from liquid to
vapour.

28 Thermo-Electric Refrigeration system
✓ The compressor is replaced by a DC power source

which pumps the electrons from one semiconductor to
another.
✓ A heat sink replaces the conventional condenser fins,
discharging the accumulated heat energy from the
system.
✓ The difference between the two refrigeration methods,
then, is that a thermoelectric cooling system refrigerated
without the use of mechanical devices and without a
refrigerant.

29 Pulse tube Refrigeration system
➢ The idea of a pulse tube was first proposed by Inlet
Gifford and Longsworth in 1961. Valve
Air
➢ The effects of sudden expansion and release of Compressor
refrigerant gas are employed to get a Air In

refrigeration effect. Gas + Air out Pulse
Tube
➢ The use of pulse tube has been propelled by Exhaust
Valve
many requirements of modern-day applications
such as adequate refrigeration at specified
Coolant
temperature with low power input, long lifetime, out Gas In
reliable and maintenance-free operation with
minimum vibration and noise, compactness, Coolant Gas
in Source
and lightweight
Coolant
Tank
Inlet
Valve ➢ The apparatus consists of a high-pressure gas source,
Air
Compressor which supplies gas at a temperature equal to the ambient
temperature to the base of the pulse tube.
Air In
Gas + Air out Pulse ➢ Now compressed air is supplied from the air compressor.
Tube ➢ The compressed air enters the vortex tube through a
Exhaust
Valve valve.
➢ Further, compressed gas is allowed to enter the pulse
Coolant tube.
out Gas In ➢ Now, the compressed gas acts on an imaginary piston i.e.
the separating air column.
Coolant Gas ➢ Thus, the gas inside the pulse tube gets compressed
in Source
resulting in an increase in the temperature in the pulse
Coolant
Tank tube from top to bottom.
Inlet
➢ The maximum temperature is at the base. Valve
Air
➢ A coolant is circulated to remove heat from the Compressor
gas, which is now compressed at the base.
Air In
➢ The coolant rejects heat absorbed to a coolant Gas + Air out Pulse
tank and is pumped back to the pulse tube. Tube
Exhaust
➢ Due to cooling by the coolant, gas temperature Valve
reduces.
➢ Now, the supply of high-pressure gas is stopped Coolant
out Gas In
and the inlet valve is closed.
➢ The exhaust valve now opens and gas is
Coolant Gas
exhausted lowering temperature inside the tube. in Source
Coolant
Tank
➢ The air leaving the pulse tube also becomes cooler. Inlet
Valve
➢ It is possible to use this cool air to cool down hot Air
Compressor
compressed air entering the pulse tube with the
help of a heat exchanger. Air In
Gas + Air out Pulse
➢ This further lowers the temperature of the pulse Tube
Exhaust
tube. Valve
➢ Temperature as low as 190°K is achieved by the
pulse tube. Coolant
➢ Thus, a pulse tube is a preferred choice if cooling is out Gas In
to be done in areas with low power generation

capacities. Coolant Gas
in Source
➢ This lowered temperature causes the refrigerating
Coolant
effect. Tank
Inlet
➢ Advantages of Pulse Tube Valve
Air
✓ Less moving parts, so no maintenance and fewer
Compressor
losses
✓ Low power consumption Air In
Gas + Air out Pulse
✓ Multi staging is possible. Tube
Exhaust
✓ Longer life Valve
✓ No lubrication required
✓ Can be used instead of cryogenic cycles Coolant
out Gas In
➢ Disadvantages of Pulse Tube
✓ Poor coefficient of performance (COP) Coolant Gas
✓ COP depends on the length of the tube in Source
✓ Tubes costly to manufacture. Coolant
Tank
34 Magnetic Refrigeration system
➢ Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling technology based on the magnetocaloric effect.
➢ This technique can be used to attain extremely low temperatures (well below 1 kelvin), as well as
the ranges used in common refrigerators, depending on the design of the system.
➢ The Magneto caloric effect (MCE, from magnet and calorie) is a magneto-thermodynamic
phenomenon in which a reversible change in temperature of a suitable material is caused by
exposing the material to a changing magnetic field.
➢ This is also known as adiabatic demagnetization

Construction and Working
Component required are:
➢ Magnets: -
Magnets are the main functioning element of the magnetic refrigeration. Magnets
provide the magnetic field to the material so that they can loose or gain the heat to the surrounding
and from the space to be cooled respectively.
➢ Hot Heat Exchanger: -
The hot heat exchanger absorbs the heat from the material used and gives off to the
surrounding. It makes the transfer of heat much effective.

➢ Cold Heat Exchanger:-

The cold heat exchanger absorbs the heat from the space to be cooled and gives it to
the magnetic material. It helps to make the absorption of heat effective.
➢ Drive: -
Drive provides the right rotation to the heat to rightly handle it. Due to this heat flows
in the right desired direction.
➢ Magneto caloric Wheel: -
It forms the structure of the whole device. It joins both the two magnets to work
properly.

➢ When the magnetic material is placed in the

magnetic field, the
➢ thermometer attached to it shows a high
temperature as the temperature of it increases.
➢ But on the other side when the magnetic
material is removed from the magnetic field, the
thermometer shows low temperature as its
temperature decreases..

Processes in Magnetic Refrigeration
➢ The process is performed as a refrigeration

cycle, analogous to the Carnot cycle, and can
be described at a starting point whereby the
chosen working substance is introduced into a
magnetic field (i.e. the magnetic flux density is
increased).
➢ The working material is the refrigerant and starts
in thermal equilibrium with the refrigerated
environment.

Adiabatic magnetization:
➢ The substance is placed in an insulated environment.
➢ The increasing external magnetic field (+H) causes the magnetic dipoles of the atoms to align, thereby
decreasing the material's magnetic entropy and heat capacity.
➢ Since overall energy is not lost (yet) and therefore total entropy is not reduced (according to
thermodynamic laws), the net result is that the item heats up (𝑇 + Δ𝑇𝑎𝑑 ).
Isomagnetic enthalpic transfer:
➢ This added heat can then be removed by a fluid like water or helium for example (-Q).
➢ The magnetic field is held constant to prevent the dipoles from reabsorbing the heat.
➢ Once sufficiently cooled, the magnetocaloric material and the coolant are separated (H=0).

Adiabatic demagnetization:
➢ The substance is returned to another adiabatic (insulated) condition, so the total entropy remains constant.
➢ However, this time the magnetic field is decreased, the thermal energy causes the domains to overcome
the field, and thus the sample cools (i.e. an adiabatic temperature change).
➢ Energy (and entropy) transfers from thermal entropy to magnetic entropy (disorder of the magnetic dipoles).
Isomagnetic entropic transfer:
➢ The magnetic field is held constant to prevent the material from heating back up.
➢ The material is placed in thermal contact with the environment being refrigerated.
➢ Because the working material is cooler than the refrigerated environment (by design), heat energy migrates
into the working material (+Q).
➢ Once the refrigerant and refrigerated environment is in thermal equilibrium, the cycle begins a new one.

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Refrigeration and Airconditioning

Module 3- Vapour Absorption Refrigeration

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

➢ The various energy transfers and the corresponding

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

➢ From second law of thermodynamics,

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

➢ The most commonly used refrigerant-absorbent pairs are:

1. Water-Lithium bromide (𝐻2 𝑂 − 𝐿𝑖𝐵𝑟)

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

✓ Electrolux refrigeration is also called as Three-fluid

from the ammonia circuit into water circuit as ammonia in water

Steam from boiler Liquid water to boiler

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

➢ It is flexible in operation; cooling capacity can be easily and quickly changed.

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

➢ It is one of the non-conventional type refrigerating systems to produce refrigeration.

➢ It consists of nozzle, diaphragm, valve, hot-air side, cold-air side.

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

➢ It uses air as refrigerant, so there is no leakage problem.

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

✓ It is described as a solid-state method of heat transfer

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

✓ The compressor is replaced by a DC power source

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

refrigerant gas are employed to get a Air In

to be done in areas with low power generation

➢ Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling technology based on the magnetocaloric effect.

phenomenon in which a reversible change in temperature of a suitable material is caused by

exposing the material to a changing magnetic field.

➢ This is also known as adiabatic demagnetization

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

Component required are:

and from the space to be cooled respectively.

➢ Hot Heat Exchanger: -

surrounding. It makes the transfer of heat much effective.

➢ Cold Heat Exchanger:-

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

➢ When the magnetic material is placed in the

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

➢ The process is performed as a refrigeration

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

Refrigeration & Air-conditioning Dr. Mukesh Sharma

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