F a i t h a n d F a n ta s y

in th e R e n a is s a n c e

Texts, I
a n d R e lig io m Practices

E d i te d b y

O lg a Z o r z i P u g lie s e and E t h a n M a t t K a y a le r

T o ro n to

C e n tr e f o r R e f o r m a t io n a n d R e n a is s a n c e S tu d ie s

2009
 T a LKING TO THE D E V IL IN THE EARLY
M o d e r n Po pu l a r Im a g in a t io n

To ma sz W iś l ic z

- Q u is est tu, m en d a x, pa ter mendacii? Q u id est nom en tuum ?

- J ’ai perdu m on nom dans la lesswe.

(Pere Pierre Barre interview ing the dem on w ho possessed Jea n n e

des A n g e s 1)

T h e m o s t f a m o u s c o n f e r e n c e s w i t h d e v ils in E u r o p e a n h is to r y t o o k p la c e
in L o u d u n , F ra n c e , in 1 6 3 2 —1 6 4 0 . M i c h e l d e C e rte a u a n a ly z e d th e s e
e v e n t s i n h i s e x c e l l e n t s t u d y L a possession de L o u d u n ( f lr s t p u b l i s h e d i n
1 9 7 0 ), e m p h a s iz in g t h e ir p o litic a l, c u ltu ra l, a n d r e lig io u s b a c k g ro u n d s . In
h is v ie w , L o u d u n w a s o n ly o n e e p is o d e i n t h e l o n g c h a in o f s im ila r d ia -
b o lic p e r f o r m a n c e s , w h ic h fo llo w e d th e in itia l s c h e m e , e la b o r a te d d u r in g
th e tria l o f G a u frid y in A ix - e n - P r o v e n c e in 1 6 0 9 —1 6 1 1 . T h i s p h e n o m -
e n o n — c o n tr a r y to th e w itc h - h u n t— to o k p la c e in u r b a n lo c a tio n s a n d
f o c u s s e d o n a f e w ‘s t a r s ’ ( o f t e n n u n s o r p r i e s t s ) ; i t i n t e r m i n g l e d p o l i t i c s
w i t h a p o lo g e tic s , a n d a p p e a le d to a w i d e a u d ie n c e b y m e a n s o f s e n s a tio n a l
e x o rc is m s , r a th e r th a n s p e c ta c u la r e x e c u tio n s . D e C e r te a u r e g a rd e d th e
w a v e o f d e m o n i e p o s s e s s io n i n s e v e n t e e n t h - c e n t u r y F r a n c e as t h e n e x t
s ta g e a f te r t h e p e r s e c u t i o n o f w i t c h e s a n d as t h e p r e c e d e n t le a d in g u p to
th e tria ls o f fe m a le p o is o n e r s .2
N e v e r b e f o r e a n d n e v e r a g a in th e r e a f te r w a s th e th e a tr e o f e x o r c is m
so s p le n d id a n d s o d r a m a tic . B u t t h e b a ttle a g a in s t t h e a r c h e n e m y w a s
f o u g h t n o t o n ly o n t h e s ta g e o f L o u d u n o r L o u v ie r s . H u n d r e d s o f e x o r -
c is ts t h r o u g h o u t t h e s e v e n t e e n t h a n d e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r i e s w e r e e x p e l l i n g
d e m o n s fro m t h e p o s s e s s e d a l m o s t o n a d a i l y b a s is . F e w o f th e m w e re
so r e f in e d a m y s tic as J e a n - J o s e p h S u r in , a n d f e w o f t h e p o s s e s s e d c o u l d
e q u a l th e L o u d u n U r s u lin e s in s p iritu a lity . N o n e th e le s s th e r e p r e s e n ta -

1 C i t e d f r o m C e r t e a u , L a possession, 8 8 —8 9 .
2 C e r t e a u , 1 8 —1 9 .
136 F aith a n d F antasy in the Renaissance

t i o n o f th e e v il s p ir it h i d i n g h im s e lf in th e b o d y o f th e p o s s e s s e d a n d
f o r c e d b y t h e e x o r c i s t t o r e v e a l h i s s e c r e t s p e r v a d e d t h e i m a g i n a t i o n o f a ll
r a n k s o f s o c ie ty . I n e a r ly m o d e r n C a t h o l ic E u r o p ę e x o r c is m s w e r e p e r -
f o r m e d r e g u la rly t h r o u g h o u t a d e n s e n e t w o r k o f p ilg r im a g e c e n tr e s a n d
h o ly s h rin e s , w h e r e th e sic k a n d th e in s a n e f o u n d r e lie f in th e litu r g ic a l
r i t e o f h e a l i n g . A s M o s h e S l u h o v s k y h a s p o i n t e d o u t , t h e t r i v i a l i t y o f th i s
e c c l e s i a s t i c a l m e d i c i n e a l m o s t l e d h i s t o r i a n s t o i g n o r e it.-’ I n d e e d , e x o r -
c is m a l a c tiv itie s in s a n c tu a r ie s w e r e r o u t i n i z e d a n d r e s tr a in e d f r o m 1614
o n w a rd b y th e rig o ro u s p re s c rip tio n o f th e R o m a n R ite . M o re o v e r, th e
o n l y r e c o r d s o f t h e m a r e h i g h l y s t a n d a r d i z e d r e g i s t e r s o f m i r a c l e s , f a r le s s
s p e c ta c u la r th a n th e p o le m ic a l w r itin g s re s u ltin g f r o m th e fa m o u s m ass
p o s s e s s io n s in F r a n c e o r f r o m th e ca ses o f a lle g e d ly f r a u d u le n t E n g lis h
d e m o n ia c s o f th a t tim e .
I n t h e e a rly m o d e r n P o lis h - L ith u a n ia n C o m m o n w e a l t h t o o e x o r -
c is in g th e p o s se ss e d b e c a m e a s ta n d a rd p r o c e d u r ę p e r f o r m e d p u b lic ly in
C a t h o l i c h e a l i n g s a n c t u a r i e s . I ts p o p u l a r i t y c o n c u r r e d w i t h t h e s t e a d y e x -
p a n s io n o f p ilg rim a g e d e v o tio n a m o n g th e c o m m o n p e o p le d u r in g th e
C o u n t e r R e f o r m a t i o n . T h is k i n d o f d e v o tio n c e n tr e d a r o u n d re lig io u s
m ira c u lo u s im a g e s , m a in ly re p r e s e n ta tio n s o f th e V ir g in M a ry . S h r in e s o f
l o c a l s a i n t s a n d o f r e li c s w e r e f a r le s s i m p o r t a n t f o r t h i s p h e n o m e n o n
t h a n i n o t h e r p a r t s o f C a t h o l i c E u r o p ę . T o d a t e t h e s c a lę o f t h i s p i l g r i m ­
a g e d e v o t i o n is o n l y p a r t i a l l y k n o w n . O n t h e b a s is o f p u b l i s h e d p i l g r i m
g u id e b o o k s A le k s a n d ra W itk o w s k a h a s f o u n d , f o r th e s e c o n d h a lf o f th e
s e v e n te e n th c e n tu ry , 1 3 5 M a r ia n s a n c tu a rie s o f s u p r a -lo c a l s ig n ific a n c e in
th e C o m m o n w e a lth , b u t th e n u m b e r a lm o s t tr ip le d d u r in g th e e ig h te e n th
c e n tu r y .4 I n s o m e re g io n s e v e ry th ir d p a ris h c h u r c h o w n e d a n im a g e re -
g a r d e d as m ir a c u lo u s — a t le a s t b y t h e lo c a l c o m m u n i ty .5 F e w s h r in e s e m -
p lo y e d a s k ilfu l e x o r c is t, o f c o u r s e . A l t h o u g h e v e r y p r i e s t c o u l d p e r f o r m
e x o r c is m s w h e n n e e d e d , t h e re g is te r s o f m ira c le s s h o w th a t s o m e p ilg r im
s a n c tu a rie s a ttr a c te d m o r e d e m o n ia c s th a n o th e r s . T o s o m e e x te n t it d e -
p e n d e d o n t h e ir fa m e , b e c a u s e th e fa ith fu l d is tin g u is h e d t h e s a n c tu a rie s b y
th e p a r tic u la r h e a lin g p o w e r a ttr ib u te d to th e m . C o n s e q u e n tly p ilg rim s
h e a d e d to th e s e s h r in e s , w h e r e t h e y h o p e d t o h a v e t h e i r p r o b le m s s o lv e d .
A t tim e s , h o w e v e r, th e y w e r e a ttr a c te d b y th e e x tr a o r d in a r y a c tiv ity o f a
lo c a l e x o r c is t as i n t h e c a s e o f R e v e r e n d J ę d r z e j R y b i c k i , w h o i n t h e 1 6 8 0 s
tra n s f o rm e d a p ro v in c ia l s h r in e d e v o te d to th e V ir g in M a r y in th e to w n o f
T o m a s z ó w L u b e ls k i i n t o t h e s u p r a - lo c a l c e n tr e o f d is p o s s e s s io n . A f te r h is

3 S l u h o v s k y , Belieue N o t E uery Spirit, 5 0 - 5 1 .

4 W i t k o w s k a , “ P ą t n i c z e o ś r o d k i ” , 2 0 4 —2 0 9 .
5 S z c z e b a k , “ Z a p o m n ia n e sa n k tu a ria ” , 4 6 6 .
 Ta l k in g t o t h e Dev il 137

d e a th , t h e d e m o n ia c s s t o p p e d c o m i n g a n d t h e s a n c tu a r y v is ib ly c h a n g e d
i n c h a r a c t e r , l o s i n g its p o p u l a r i t y a m o n g d e m o n i a c s . 6
T h e p r ie s ts , w h o p e r f o r m e d e x o r c is m s in t h e P o lis h a n d L ith u a n ia n
p ilg r im a g e c e n tr e s , w e r e o b lig e d to c o n f o r m to th e n o r m s o f th e R o m a n
R i t e . A l t h o u g h t h e P o l i s h C h u r c h o f f i c i a l l y a d o p t e d t h e R itu a le R o m a n u m
(w ith s o m e m in o r m o d ific a tio n s ) o n ly in 1 6 3 1 , th e p ra c tic e o f u n ify in g
a n d p u r i f y i n g r i t e s b e g a n s e v e r a l d o z e n y e a r s e a r l i e r , i n 1 5 7 7 , w h e n a ll
P o lis h d io c e s e s h a d m a n d a t e d th e u s a g e o f th e b o o k o f r itu a ls p r e p a r e d b y
M a rc in K ro m e r, B is h o p o f E r m la n d a n d a n e m in e n t T rid e n tin e re fo rm e r.
K r o m e r ’s A g e n d a sacramentalia w a s r e p l a c e d i n 1 5 9 1 b y t h e p r o v i n c i a l R itu s
Sacram entorum d r a f t e d b y H i e r n o n i m P o w o d o w sk i o n th e b asis o f th e
R o m a n r ite s .7 P o s t- T r id e n tin e u n if ic a tio n a n d s ta n d a r d iz a tio n o f ritu a ls
m e a n t s u b m ittin g th e p ra c tic e o f e x o rc is in g to p re c is e n o r m s a n d r e s tr ic -
tio n s , d e s ig n e d to re s tra in th e s u p e r s titio u s a n d n e c r o m a n tic in c lin a tio n s o f
th e e x o r c is ts .T h e R o m a n R i t e o f 1 6 1 4 a d v is e d th e m , a m o n g o th e r th in g s ,
t o c o n f in e th e i n t e r r o g a t io n o f t h e d e m o n to a f e w e s s e n tia l ą u e s tio n s .A s
a re s u lt lo n g a n d m u lti- th e m a tic c o n v e rs a tio n s w ith th e d e v il h a v e n o t
c o m e d o w n t o u s .T h e e x o r c is t w a s a llo w e d to g a t h e r o n l y s o m e e s s e n tia l
in f o r m a tio n a b o u t th e p o s s e s s in g d e m o n s : th e ir n u m b e r a n d n a m e s , th e
c a u s e a n d d u r a ti o n o f t h e p o s s e s s io n .8
M o r e o v e r , as m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , t h e o n ly r e c o r d s o f th is r o u t i n i z e d
e x o rc is m a l a c tiv ity in p ilg rim a g e c e n tre s a re th e re g is te r s o f m ira c le s ,
w h i c h c o n t a i n h i g h l y c o n v e n ti o n a li z e d d e s c r ip tio n s o f w o n d r o u s e v e n ts .
S i n c e t h e y s e r v e d as o f f i c i a l d o c u m e n t a t i o n f o r e c c l e s i a s t i c a l a p p r o b a t i o n
p ro c e sse s, th e re c o rd s im ita te d ju d ic ia l m in u te s o r w itn e s s e s ’ te s tim o n ie s
in c o u rt. O n th e o th e r h a n d th e s e re c o rd s c o n v e rte d to w r itte n f o r m
v a r io u s p e r s o n a l e x p e r ie n c e s th a t w e r e u s u a lly b u r d e n e d w i t h e m o tio n a l
in te n s ity . C o n s e ą u e n t l y t h e y h e lp t h e h is to r ia n in tr a c in g in d iv id u a l r e -
lig io s ity a n d life s to r ie s . T h e r e c o r d s e n d e a v o u r e d t o d e s c r ib e t h e s u p e r -
n a tu r a l e x p e r ie n c e s o f la y p e o p le , b u t a t t h e s a m e tim e t h e y s h a p e d th e
w a y p e o p le p e r c e iv e d a n d a c c o u n t e d f o r t h e i r r e lig io u s fe e lin g s , b e c a u s e
th e y w e re w id e ly c irc u la te d in th e f o r m o f in e x p e n s iv e d e v o tio n a l b o o k s
a n d h a n d w r itte n n e w s le tte rs , re a d a lo u d a n d r e c ite d f r o m th e p u lp it. A s
f o r t h e e x o r c is m s w e m a y a s s u m e t h a t t h e s to r ie s r e p o r t e d b y t h e re g is te r s
o f m ira c le s r e p r o d u c e a s ta n d a r d s e t o f r e p r e s e n ta tio n s , w h i c h c o n s is t o f

6 W i e l h o r s k i , Zrzodło, p a s s i m .
7 C h o d y ń s k i , “ R y t u a ł y p o l s k i e ” , 2 4 —2 5 .
8 S l u h o v s k y , Belieae N o t E uery Spirit, 9 0 .
138 F aith and F antasy in the Renaissance

a l o o s e l y c o n s t r u c t e d c u l t u r a l s c r i p t f a m i l i a r t o a ll t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s o f t h e
ritu a liz e d e x p u ls io n o f d e m o n s .9
M o s t c o n t e m p o r a r y a n a ly s e s o f e a r ly m o d e r n d e m o n i e p o s s e s s io n
f o c u s e d o n t h e p o s s e s s e d , t h e i r p s y c h o lo g y a n d s p iritu a lity , t h e i r i n t e r -
a c t i o n s w i t h t h e e x o r c i s t , a n d t h e i r s o c i a l a n d r e l i g i o u s i m p o r t a n c e . 10
M o d e r n h i s t o r i a n s t r e a t t h e e x o r c i s t s w i t h le s s i n t e r e s t , b u t t h e t h i r d p e r ­
s o n i n t h i s d r a m a — t h e d e m o n h i m s e l f — is a l m o s t c o m p l e t e l y i g n o r e d .
S u r e l y , i t is f e l t , t h e r e a r e b e t t e r s o u r c e s f o r e a r l y m o d e r n d e m o n o l o g y
th a n d e s c r ip tio n s o f e x o rc is m s . S c h o la rs m a in ta in th a t E u ro p e a n s o f th e
s ix te e n th a n d s e v e n te e n th c e n tu r ie s w e r e c o n v in c e d th a t th e d e v il a c -
c o m p a n i e d t h e m i n t h e i r e v e r y d a y l i f e a n d w h i s p e r e d i n t h e i r e a r s , 11 s o
th a t th e r e a re m a n y k in d s o f s o u r c e r e c o rd s a t o u r d is p o s a l r a n g in g f r o m
f o lk ta le s t o s o p h is tic a te d tre a tis e s . N o n e th e le s s , e x o r c is m w a s t h e o n ly
o c c a s io n w hen m e e tin g d e m o n s w as a u th o riz e d by th e C h u rch and
w h e n th e d e m o n , c o n ju r e d a n d c u r b e d b y th e e x o rc is t, w a s w illin g to
a n s w e r t h e ą u e s tio n s p o s e d b y m o r ta ls . T h u s , th e ca ses o f d is p o s s e s s io n ,
r e c o r d e d in r e g is te r s o f m ira c le s , c a n re v e a l to u s i m p o r t a n t fe a tu re s o f
e a r l y m o d e r n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e d e v i l . T h e p r e s e n t a n a ly s i s a i m s t o
p u r s u e th is f a n ta s y o f ta lk in g to t h e d e m o n s — a fa n ta s y p e r f o r m e d in re a l
li f e a t e a r l y m o d e r n m i r a c u l o u s s a n c t u a r i e s .
L e t u s s ta r t b y c o n s i d e r in g t h e sig n s o f t h e p h y s ic a l p r e s e n c e o f th e
e v il s p ir it i n t h e b o d y o f t h e p o s s e s s e d . T h e s p ir it h i m s e l f w a s in v is ib le , o f
c o u r s e , b u t h e t o o k c o n t r o l o f t h e b o d y o f h is v i c t i m , m a k i n g h i m o r h e r
b e h a v e in a d is tin c tiv e ly d e m o n ie w ay . H o w d id it lo o k ? F ir s t, t h e p o s ­
s e s s e d g a v e u p t h e i r b o d i l y c o n t r o l , 12 a n d b e g a n t o a c t i n a n u n p r e d i c t a b l e ,
m a p p ro p r ia te , a n d v io le n t m a n n e r : th e y ju m p e d , ro lle d , k ic k e d , w a v e d
t h e i r h a n d s , s la v e re d , a n d s c r e a m e d . N o t o n ly w a s th is e x t r e m e e x c it e m e n t
s o c i a l l y o f f e n s i v e , b u t i t a ls o o f t e n t o o k o n a b l a s p h e m o u s f o r m . A c e r t a i n
p o s s e s s e d y o u n g g i r l , t h e d a u g h t e r o f L v i v b u r g h e r s , “ w a s s e e n a ll m o -
le s te d b y th e e n e m y a n d s h e p r o v e d th a t m o le s ta tio n b y d a n c in g , la u g h in g ,
s p ittin g a t th e p ic tu r e o f th e H o ly M o th e r o f C z ę s to c h o w a , a n d te a r in g
a t h e r s c a p u l a r ” . 13 T h i s h a t r e d t o w a r d s r e l i g i o u s o b j e c t s w a s a c o m m o n

9 A l m o n d , D em onie Possession, 4 2 .
10 S e e , f o r e x a m p l e , C a c i o l a , Discerning Spirits; C r o u z e t , “ A W o m a n a n d t h e D e v i l ” ,
F e r b e r , D em onie Possession. F o r p o s s e s s i o n s i n n o n - C a t h o l i c s o c i e t i e s s e e C h a j e s , “ H e S a i d
S h e S a i d ” ; G a r r e t t , Spirit Possession; S a n d s , D em o n Possession.
11 F o r a n in - d e p t h v ie w i n t o e a rly m o d e r n d e m o n o lo g y p r o v id e d a d e c a d e a g o , se e
C l a r k , T h in k in g w ith D em ons.
12 C a c i o l a , Discerning Spirits, 8 2 ( ą u o t i n g M . D o u g l a s ) .
13 L N B O s s o l i n e u m M s . 1 7 2 1 / 1 1 , 2 2 .
 Ta l k in g t o t h e Dev il 13 9

f e a tu r e o f d e m o n i a c s ’ b e h a v io u r . I t s e r v e d as a s y m p t o m o f p o s s e s s io n ,
b u t a ls o m a r k e d t h e c o n s e c u t i v e s t a g e s o f e x p e l l i n g t h e d e m o n s . W h e n
th e p o s s e s s e d w e r e ta k e n b e f o r e a d e v o tio n a l o b je c t o f g r e a t s y m b o lic
im p o r ta n c e — fo r e x a m p le , a m ira c u lo u s im a g e — , th e y in te n s ifie d th e ir
d is r u p tiv e d e m e a n o u r b y v o m itin g , e r y in g , a tte m p tin g to h a r m th e m s e lv e s ,
a n d , o f c o u r s e , b y c u r s in g a n d u t t e r i n g b la s p h e m ie s . T h e s e a c tiv itie s w e r e
i n t e r p r e t e d as t h e s y m p to m s o f a p p r o a c h i n g d is p o s s e s s io n . T h e d e m o n
c o u ld n o t b e a r th e p r o x im ity o f h o lin e s s a n d re a c te d w ith g ro w in g a n g e r.
H e r a g e d , b u t a t t h e s a m e t i m e l o o k e d f o r a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o le a v e h is
v i c t i m ’s b o d y .
T h e e v il s p ir it n o t o n ly a c te d u s in g t h e b o d y o f t h e p o s s e s s e d , b u t h e
a l s o s p o k e u s i n g its m o u t h . T h e d e v i l ’s e n u n c i a t i o n w a s e a s y t o d i s c e r n : h e
s p o k e w i t h v is ib le u n w illin g n e s s , u t t e r i n g f r a g m e n ta r y s e n te n c e s , s h o u tin g ,
a n d ro a rin g . I f th e p o sse sse d w a s a w o m a n (a n d m o s t o f th e p o sse sse d
w e r e w o m e n ) , th e d e m o n o f te n u s e d a c o a rs e , m a s c u lin e v o ic e , as L y n d a l
R o p e r h a s p o i n t e d o u t i n h e r g e n d e r a n a ly s i s o f e a r l y m o d e r n p o s s e s s i o n
a n d w i t c h c r a f t . 14 T h e s p e a k i n g o f f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e s , a l t h o u g h r e g a r d e d
as a d e f in i t e s y m p to m o f d ia b o lic a l p o s s e s s io n , w a s n o t v e r y p o p u la r.
C o n v e r s a tio n w i t h a d e m o n w a s u s u a lly c a r r i e d o u t in P o lis h , e s p e c ia lly
a f te r c o n j u r a t i o n b y a n e x o r c is t, w h e n t h e e v il s p ir it w a s o b lig e d t o s p e a k
a n d t o s u b o r d in a te h im s e lf , f o r c e d as h e w a s t o d o so b y t h e p o w e r f u l
nam e o f G od.
S til l, t h e d e m o n ’s l a n g u a g e r e m a i n e d b l a s p h e m o u s . T h e re c o rd e d
s ta te m e n ts o f th e p o sse sse d su g g e st th e u se o f a n id io le c t, o r o f im p ro v is e d
a d h o c e x p r e s s io n s , d u r i n g p o s s e s s io n . T h e c o m p a r is o n o f s e v e ra l re c o r d s
s h o w s t h a t w e a r e d e a lin g w i t h a s p e c if ic t y p e o f p a r la n c e , a d ia b o lic j a r g o n
th a t d w e lt d e e p in th e m in d s o f e a rly m o d e r n p e o p le a n d w a s r e p r o d u c e d
in tim e s o f n e e d . I t h a d to b e b la s p h e m o u s , o f c o u r s e , b u t it c o n s is te d
m o s t l y o f m i n c e d o a t h s . I t is w o r t h n o t i n g t h a t t h e s a m e e x p r e s s i o n s w e r e
re c o r d e d in d e s c rip tio n s o f e x o rc is m s f r o m d is ta n t r e g io n s o f t h e P o lis h -
L ith u a n ia n C o m m o n w e a lth . F o r e x a m p le , w h e n th e d e m o n s p o k e th r o u g h
h is m e d i u m a b o u t t h e V i r g i n M a r y , h e n e v e r c a lle d h e r b y n a m e ; r a th e r ,
h e u s e d i n s t e a d t h e s u b s t a n t i v e a d j e c t i v e “ t h e b r o a d ” (szeroka i n P o l i s h ) . 15
N o w a d a y s it c o u ld s e e m o b s c u re , b u t in th e s e v e n te e n th c e n tu r y it c o u ld
b e a s s o c ia te d w i t h a n o w f o r g o t t e n e x p r e s s io n “ t o liv e b r o a d ly ” , w h i c h
m e a n t ‘t o p ro s titu te o n e s e l f ’. A n o t h e r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s u g g e s ts th a t th is
e x p r e s s i o n r e s u l t e d f r o m its p h o n e t i c r e s e m b l a n c e t o t h e w o r d s(z)yro ka ,

14 R o p e r , O edipus and the D euil, 1 9 1 .

'5 L N B O s s o l i n e u m M s . 1 7 2 1 / 1 1 ,3 1 ; B P T P N M s . 8 5 9 , f o l. 2 3 7 ; C D I A L , F o n d 8 1 1 , 1 ,1 ,
fo l. 4 4 .
140 F aith and F antasy in the Renaissance

i . e . “ t h e m a g p i e ” , a n i l l - f a m e d b i r d i n P o l i s h f o l k c u l t u r e . 16 H o w e v e r , t h e
p o s s e s s e d w e r e n o t a w a re o f t h e e ty m o lo g y o f th is e x p r e s s io n . B y a n a lo g y
w i t h th e d ia b o lic a l n a m e f o r V ir g in M a ry , “ th e b r o a d ” , th e y o c c a s io n a lly
r e f e r r e d t o J e s u s C h r i s t as “ t h e h i g h ” . 17 I n t h i s c a s e n o b l a s p h e m o u s c o n -
n o ta tio n s a re to b e f o u n d , b u t th e p la y o f v e rb a l ta b o o s a n d th e e m e r g e n c e
o f th e in n e r lo g ie o f d e m o n ie ja r g o n are e v id e n t.
I t is n o t i m p o r t a n t h e r e t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h i s s l a n g w a s c r e -
a t e d b y t h e p o s s e s s e d , t h e e x o r c i s t s , o r t h e s c r i b e s . I t is l i k e l y t h a t a ll
th r e e h a d a h a n d in it. T h e m a in p ro b le m is t h e m e c h a n is m o f th is
p r o c e s s . W e c a n a n a ly z e it u s in g a n e x a m p le f r o m th e re p o rt w r itte n
b y t h e e x o r c i s t h i m s e l f a b o u t a p o s s e s s i o n t h a t t o o k p l a c e i n L v iv . H e r e ,
d u rin g a n in te rv ie w w ith th e p o ssessed , th e d e m o n o ffe n d e d th e V irg in
M a r y b y t h e p h o n e t i c a s s o c i a t i o n o f h e r f e a s t w i t h t h e t a i ł . 18 H o w d i d
h e m a n a g e t o d o i t , i f t h e P o l i s h w o r d s św ięto ( f e a s t) a n d ogon ( ta i ł) h a v e
n o t h i n g i n c o m m o n ? T h e d e v il i n h is t h o r o u g h l y P o lis h s p e e c h u s e d a
L a t i n w o r d f o r f e a s t , fe s tu m , a n d c o n t e m p t u o u s l y c o n f l a t e d a n d d i s t o r t e d
i t w i t h t h e R u t h e n i a n w o r d k h v is t ( “ t a i ł ” ) . T h e p u r s u i t o f a n y h i n t o f
b l a s p h e m y i n t h e d e v i l ’s w o r d s a s s u m e d ą u i t e a s o p h i s t i c a t e d f o r m in
th e ju x ta p o s itio n o f th e tw o d iffe re n t la n g u a g e s , L a tin a n d R u th e n ia n .
T h e f o r m e r w a s w id e ly k n o w n i n P o la n d , b u t p e r c e iv e d as th e s e rio u s
l a n g u a g e o f r e l i g i o n a n d la w , a n d t h e l a t t e r w a s a l s o w e l l u n d e r s t o o d
b y t h e b u r g h e r s o f L v iv o f a ll e t h n i c o r i g i n s ( th e e x o r c i s t h i m s e l f w a s a
P o lo n iz e d A r m e n ia n ) , b u t w a s r e g a rd e d as th e in e le g a n t id io m o f p eas-
a n ts . S u c h p u n s , p la y s o n w o r d s , a n d t w i s t e d a n a lo g ie s i n d e m o n i e j a r g o n
r e m i n d u s o f s t u d e n t s ’ j o k e s o r f o l k r i d d l e s a n d i t is q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t
b o t h t h e s e t r a d i t i o n s s h a r e d i n s h a p i n g t h e d e v i l ’s p a r l a n c e i n t o t h e f o r m
r e c o r d e d in th e r e g is te r s o f m ira c le s .
I n c o n tr a s t to th e f a m o u s F r e n c h in te r r o g a tio n s o f d e m o n s , P o lis h
e x o r c is ts t o o k little c a re to d e t e r m in e t h e n a m e s o f t h e p o s s e s s in g s p irits ,
in s p ite o f th e fa c t th a t th is in f o r m a tio n c o u ld h e lp in e x p e llin g th e m .
P ro b a b ly n o fa n c y d e m o n o lo g ic a l n o m e n c la tu r e e x is te d in P o la n d — n o
Z a b u l o n s , I s a c a r o n s o r A s t a r o t h s . 19 A s t h e d e p o s i t i o n s o f a l l e g e d w i t c h -
es sh o w , t h e d e v ils ’ n a m e s in P o lis h f o lk c u ltu r e w e r e s im p le lik e th e

16 I o w e t h i s s u g g e s t i o n t o M a ł g o r z a t a P i l a s z e k , a h i s t o r i a n o f w i t c h c r a f t p e r s e c u t i o n
i n e a r l y m o d e r n P o l a n d a n d a u t h o r o f a n o u t s t a n d i n g b o o k t i t l e d Procesy o czary w Polsce.
17 B P T P N M s . 8 5 9 , f o l . 2 3 0 .
>8 L N B O s s o l i n e u m M s . 1 7 2 1 / 1 1 , 3 1 .
I 9 T h e s e w e r e t h e n a m e s o f t h e d e v ils w h o t o o k p a r t i n th e L o u d u n a f f a ir .T h e y c o m e
f r o m l a t e m e d i a e v a l grimoires a n d d e m o n o l o g i c a l t r e a t i s e s , b u t b e c a m e a p a r t o f d e m o n i e
fo lk lo re i n s e v e n te e n th - c e n tu r y F ra n c e .
 Ta l k in g t o t h e Dev il 141

m o s t p o p u la r n a m e s a m o n g p e a s a n ts : th e e q u iv a le n ts o f J o h n n y and
J im m y .T h e m o s t s o p h is tic a te d o f th e d e m o n s n a m e s w e re R o k i ta a n d
B o r u ta , b o t h d e r iv e d f r o m P o lis h w o r d s f o r v a r io u s k in d s o f th ic k e t a n d
b r u s h w o o d . 20
T h e g e n e r a ł t e n o r o f t h e e x o r c i s t ’s c o n v e r s a t i o n w i t h d e m o n s w a s a ls o
fa r f r o m t h e d ia b o lic a l p e r v e r s ity th a t c h a r a c te r iz e d th e L o u d u n a f fa ir.T h e
C h u r c h re fo rm e r s , w h o re fra in e d f r o m th e p ra c tic e o f e x o rc is m , fe a rin g
th a t i f in te r r o g a te d th e d e m o n s “ c o u ld in je c t m u c h p o is o n in to th e h e a rts
o f h i s l i s t e n e r s , ” 21 m i g h t h a v e f e l t s a t i s f a c t i o n , l i s t e n i n g t o t h e d e m o n s
c o n j u r e d b y P o lis h e x o r c is ts . O n e P o lis h e c c le s ia s tic a l w r i t e r , P a w e ł R u s z e l ,
w h i l e w a r n i n g h is r e a d e r s h o w e a s y i t w a s t o b e c o m e p o s s e s s e d , q u o t e d
th e s to r y o f a n u n , w h o h a d s w a llo w e d th e d e m o n w ith a le a f o f le ttu c e in
t h e c l o i s t e r ’s g a r d e n , o n l y b e c a u s e s h e h a d f o r g o t t e n t o m a k e t h e s i g n o f
t h e c r o s s b e f o r e e a t i n g . W h i l e b e i n g e x o r c i s e d , t h e d e m o n c r i e d : “ I t ’s n o t
m y f a u lt ! I w a s s e a t e d p e a c e f u l l y i n t h e l e t t u c e , a n d s h e c a m e a n d b i t m e ! ” 22
G e n e ra lly , d e m o n s w e r e v e r y fe a rfu l o f s a c re d s p a c e a n d h o ly o b je c ts .T h e y
o f te n a b a n d o n e d th e p o s s e s s e d a lre a d y o n th e w a y to a s a n c tu a ry a n d
e x p la in e d th a t th e y p r e f e r r e d to g o a w a y r a th e r th a n ris k m e e tin g w ith
s a c r a l p o w e r . 28 S o m e t i m e s a d e m o n s p o k e as a t r u e C h r i s t i a n p r e a c h e r .
In th e case o f a c e rta in o b d u r a te w o m a n , w h o , a lth o u g h p o sse sse d a n d
e x o r c is e d m a n y tim e s , d id n o t s to p c u r s in g h e rs e lf, th e a n n o y e d d e v il to ld
h e r to s to p it a t o n c e , b e c a u s e sh e w a s e n d a n g e rin g h e r o w n h e a lth a n d
p e r s o n a l s a l v a t i o n . 24
T h e m a in p u rp o s e o f c o n v e rs a tio n w ith th e d e m o n s d u r in g e x o r -
c is m w a s, h o w e v e r, th e a p o lo g y o f th e C h u r c h . E v e r y c o n ju r e d a n d e x -
p e lle d d e m o n s ig n ifie d th e t r i u m p h o f t h e R o m a n C h u r c h , a n d th is v ic -
t o r y w a s e x tr e m e ly v a lu a b le w h e n th e p o s s e s s e d p e r s o n w a s a P ro te s ta n t,
a n O r t h o d o x , o r a J e w . 2 "1 I n t h e m u l t i - d e n o m i n a t i o n a l P o l i s h - L i t h u a n i a n
C o m m o n w e a lth sic k p e o p le r e s o r te d to e c c le s ia s tic a l m e d i c i n e n o t r e -
s p e c tin g re lig io u s d is tin c tio n ; m o s t o f th e h e a le d b e c a m e c o n v e rts , b u t
s o m e r e m a in e d d is s e n te rs n o tw ith s ta n d in g th e ir p e r s o n a l e x p e r ie n c e o f
th e p o w e r o f C a th o lic e x o rc is m . N o n e th e le s s s u c h cases c o n tr ib u te d to
t h e s a n c t u a r y ’s r e p u t a t i o n a s w e l l .

20 S e e W y p o r s k a , “J e w i s h , N o b l e , G e r m a n , o r P e a s a n t ? ” , 1 4 2 —1 4 4 .
21 C i t e d i n F e r b e r , D em onie Possession, 1 9 .
22 R u s z e l , Skarb, 4 8 6 .
23 E . g . O r ł o w s k i , M ocna S tra ż, f o l . N ; K a ł o w s k i , Informacya, 8 8 , 9 0 .
24 W i e l h o r s k i , Z rzodło, 9 3 .

25 S e e W a l k e r , “ D e m o n i e P o s s e s s i o n ” , 2 3 7 - 2 4 8 .
142 F aith and F antasy in the Renaissance

T h e p o w e r e x e r c i s e d b y t h e C h u r c h o v e r e v i l s p i r i t s s e r v e d as t h e
c o r e o f t h e a p o lo g e tic u s e f u ln e s s o f t a lk in g t o t h e d e v il d u r i n g e x o r c is m .
D e m o n s — as s u p e r n a t u r a l b e in g s — h a d a c c e s s t o w h a t w a s h i d d e n f r o m o r
u n k n o w n to m e r e h u m a n b e in g s . T h e d e v il w a s a lia r a n d th e P r in c e o f
L ia rs , o f c o u r s e , b u t c o n j u r a t i o n m a d e h i m s u b je c t to t h e e x o r c is t s w ill. I f
th e e x o rc is t w a s a b le to e x p e l g r e a t s a ta n ic a r m ie s f r o m th e b o d y o f th e
p o sse sse d , w h y c o u ld h e n o t fo rc e th e d e v il to s p e a k th e tr u th ? T h e r e fo r e
th e d e v il w a s m a d e to s p e a k . S in c e th e C h u r c h fo r b a d e a n y f o r m o f n e c r o -
m a n c y , th e e x o r c is ts a s k e d h i m m a in ly a b o u t t h e c a u s e o f th e p o s s e s s io n
a n d th e c o n d itio n s fo r le a v in g th e b o d y . T h is in te r r o g a tio n w a s d e s ig n e d
to c o n f ir m t h e m ir a c u lo u s p o w e r o f t h e g iv e n s a n c tu a ry . T o s e e e x a c tly
h o w it w o r k e d o n e m a y e x a m in e t h e e x a m p le o f t h e re la tiv e ly e x te n s iv e
r e p o r t o n th e e x o rc is m p e r f o r m e d b e fo re th e h o ly im a g e o f th e V irg in
M a r y o f K i e v i n t h e A r m e n i a n C a t h o l i c c a t h e d r a l i n L v i v . 26
The e x o rc is m w as p e rfo rm e d b y R ev eren d G rz e g o rz K opczyk,
th e c u ra to r o f th e H o ly T rin ity B ro th e rh o o d , a n d R e v e r e n d G a b rie l
K a s p a ro w ic z , th e a p o s to lic p r o to n o ta r y , a n d w a s d e s c r ib e d b y th e la t-
te r. O n 22 S e p te m b e r 1 751, d u rin g an e x o rc is m in th e C h u rc h of
th e A s s u m p tio n fa m o u s f o r its w o n d r o u s c ru c ifix , a s p e c ta to r b u rs t
o u t la u g h in g . T h e a u t h o r o f th e r e p o r t r e c o r d e d o n ly h e r firs t n a m e ,
C a th e r in e , a n d g a v e n o fa m ily n a m e , p ro f e s s io n , o r s ta tu s f o r h e r . T h u s
w e m a y a ssu m e th a t sh e w as o n e o f th o s e b e g g a rs a n d v a g a b o n d s w h o
m ade th e ir liv in g fro m fre q u e n tin g th e m ira c u lo u s s a n c tu a rie s . T h e
e x o r c is t b r o u g h t h e r b e f o r e t h e im a g e o f t h e V i r g i n M a r y o f K ie v , w h e r e
th e d e m o n p o s s e s s in g h e r , w i t h o u t w a itin g fo r th e e x o r c is m , b e g a n to
s c r e a m .T h e n h e a d d re s s e d th e H o ly M o th e r s a y in g “ 0 , B ro a d o n e , y o u
t o r m e n t m e ! ” T h e p rie s ts in itia te d th e e x o rc is m a n d a sk e d th e d e m o n
w h e th e r th e im a g e , w h ic h e v o k e d s u c h a v io le n t re a c tio n , w as tru ły
w o n d r o u s .T h e d e v il c o n f ir m e d th a t it w a s, s c r e a m in g te r r ib ly .T h e n th e
e x o rc is ts a s k e d w h e r e G o d w is h e d t h e m to p la c e it. T h e q u e s tio n w a s
c r u c ia l, s iń c e th e c h u r c h w a s b e in g r e b u ilt a f te r th e fire a n d th e im a g e
o f t h e V i r g i n M a r y h u n g t e m p o r a r i l y i n t h e s a c ris ty . C o n j u r e d , t h e d e v il
re s p o n d e d : “ P la c e it b e tw e e n th e H ig h e s t a n d th e F r e a k ” . T h e H ig h e s t
m e a n t J e s u s i n t h e w o n d r o u s c r u c i f i x , a n d t h e F r e a k ( P o l i s h C u d a k )-— a s
t h e e x o r c i s t s g u e s s e d —w a s t h e i m a g e o f S a i n t G r e g o r y , m u c h w o r s h i p p e d
b y th e lo c a l A r m e n ia n c o m m u n ity . T h is a s to n is h e d th e p rie s ts , b e c a u s e
th e y w e r e c o n v in c e d th a t th e r e w a s n o sp a c e f o r a n o th e r im a g e th e re .
B u t t h e d e m o n in s is te d a n d e x p la in e d t h a t it s u f fic e d to p la c e a ta b le

26 L N B O s s o l i n e u m M s . 1 7 2 1 / 1 1 , 8 7 .
 Ta l k in g t o t h e Dev il 143

t h e r e a n d h a n g c u r ta in s so as to im p r o v is e a n a lta r f o r th e m ir a c u lo u s
im a g e o f th e V irg in M ary .
D u r in g th e n e x t th re e days th re e o th e r w o m e n w h o w e re b e in g
e x o r c is e d in th e C h u r c h o f th e A s s u m p tio n c o n f ir m e d th e m ira c u lo u s
c h a ra c te r o f th e im a g e a n d r e m in d e d th e p rie s ts o f th e ir d u ty to h o n o u r
t h e H e a v e n l y M o t h e r . A l l t h i s d e m o n i e t h e a t r e m a y b e v i e w e d as a n e x c e s -
s iv e f o r m o f t h e M a r i a n c u l t . T h e i n t e r r o g a t i o n o f t h e d e m o n s f o c u s s e d o n
t h e V i r g i n M a r y a n d h e r im a g e . T h e d e v ils ’ w o r d s u t t e r e d t h r o u g h th e p o s ­
s e s s e d w o m e n c o m p r i s e d a p u r e e u lo g y o f t h e M o t h e r o f G o d , a l t h o u g h it
w a s e x p re s s e d in s o m e w h a t b la s p h e m o u s la n g u a g e .T h e tru th fu ln e s s o f th e
d e m o n s w a s n o t q u e s t i o n e d . G a b r ie l K a s p a r o w ic z e x p l a i n e d h is d e c is io n
t o d e s c r i b e t h e e v e n t s i n t h e r e g i s t e r s o f m i r a c l e s b y s t a t i n g t h a t “ i t a ll c a m e
f r o m t h e P r i n c e o f L i a r s [ li te r a lly , F a t h e r o f M e n d a c i t y , Pater M en d a tii], b u t
G o d p e r m i t t i n g [D eoperm ittente] a n d f o r t h e g l o r y o f H i s M o t h e r ” .2 7 T h u s ,
th e d e v il b e c a m e a f a ith f u l e x e c u t o r o f G o d s w ill.
W e m a y a r g u e t h a t th is c a s e c a n a ls o p r o v e t h e h y p o th e s is t h a t
e a r ly m o d e r n p o s s e s s io n s f u n c t i o n e d as t h e m e a n s o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n
b e tw e e n th e in f e r io r iz e d w o r ld o f fe m a le p ie ty a n d th e m a s c u lin iz e d
o flic ia l re lig io n . I n th is v e r y p e rs u a s iv e w a y th e p o s s e s s e d w o m e n fro m
L v iv im p o s e d o n th e c le r g y th e c u lt th e y d e s ire d . O r , p e r h a p s t h e p rie s ts
u s e d th e m to in tr o d u c e a n e w f o r m o f w o r s h ip .T h e a c to r s p r o b a b ly m e t
i n t h e m i d d le o f t h e r o a d , b u t th is m e e t i n g w o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n p o s s ib le ,
u n le s s b o t h s id e s h a d t r a n s l a t e d t h e i r f a it h i n t o t h e f a n ta s y o f t a l k i n g to
dem ons.
To sum u p , th e e a rly m o d e r n re p r e s e n ta tio n o f th e d e v il ta lk in g
th r o u g h th e p o sse sse d d u r in g e x o rc is m w a s s h a p e d m a in ly b y th e r o u tin e
e x o r c is m a l a c tiv itie s p e r f o r m e d in p ilg r im a g e c e n tr e s a n d h o ly s h rin e s
o f C a th o lic E u r o p ę . I n th e P o lis h - L ith u a n ia n C o m m o n w e a lth th is k in d
o f d e v o t i o n c e n tr e d m a in ly o n t h e m ir a c u lo u s im a g e s o f t h e V ir g i n M a ry .
F ro m th e e x o rc is m s p e r f o r m e d th e r e th e f a ith fu l e x p e c te d r e lie f f r o m
t h e i r i l ln e s s e s , w h i c h w e r e p e r c e i v e d t o b e t h e r e s u l t o f d e m o n i e p o s ­
s e s s io n . T h e i n t e r r o g a t i o n o f th e d e v il f o llo w e d s ta n d a r d iz e d p r o c e d u r e s
im p o s e d b y th e R o m a n R i t e . T h e r e s p o n s e s o f t h e d e m o n w e r e a ls o
r e p e titio u s : t h e s y m p to m s o f h is p h y s ic a l p r e s e n c e i n t h e b o d y o f th e
p o sse sse d , th e d e m o n ie b e h a v io u r o f th e p o sse sse d a n d th e m a n n e r o f
s p e a k in g , w h ic h c o n s is te d o f u n r e f in e d b la s p h e m ie s , r e c u r r e d fre q u e n tly .
H o w e v e r, in m o s t ca ses th e s e b la s p h e m ie s f o r m e d a c o n v e n tio n a l p a r t
o f t h e t h e a t r i c a l a p o l o g y ( o r e u l o g y ) o f t h e C a t h o l i c C h u r c h , its t e a c h -

27 L N B O s s o l i n e u m M s . 1 7 2 1 / 1 1 , 9 1 .
144 F aith a n d F antasy in the Renaissance

i n g a b o u t h o l y i m a g e s , a n d t h e p a r t i c u l a r i m a g e as w e l l . E m p l o y i n g t h e
c o n v e rs a tio n w ith th e d e v il f o r th a t p u r p o s e s ig n ifie d th a t fa ith a n d fa n ­
ta s y c o i n c i d e d .

Po l is h A c a d e m y o f Sc ie n c e s

AN D UN IYER SITY OF WARSAW

W o r k s C it e d

M an uscript sources

L v iv .V . S t e f a n y k S c i e n t i f i c L i b r a r y . / L ’v i v s ’k a n a u k o v a b i b l i o t e k a i m e n i Y
S te fa n y k a ( L N B ) .
O s s o lin e u m M s . 1 7 2 1 / I I : G a b r ie l K a s p a ro w ic z ,“ S k a rb w s z e c h m o c n o ś c i
B o s k ie j n ie p rz e b ra n y . [C u d a MB w k a te d rz e o rm ia ń s k ie j we
L w o w ie 1 7 5 1 - 1 7 7 4 ] ” .
L v iv . C e n t r a l S t a t e H i s t o r i c a l A r c h i v e s o f U k r a i n ę i n L v iv . / T s e n t r a l n y i
d e r z h a v n y i is to r y c h n y i a r k h iv U k r a in y , L v iv (C D I A L ) .
F o n d 8 1 1 ,1 ,1 : M a g is tr a t m ia s ta G r o d z is k a W ie lk o p o ls k ie g o . K s ię g a
ł a w n i c z a w ó j t o w s k a 1 6 6 9 —1 6 7 0 .
P o z n a ń . L ib ra ry o f P o z n a ń S o c ie ty o f F rie n d s o f A rts a n d S c ie n c e s . /
B ib lio te k a P o z n a ń s k ie g o T o w a rz y s tw a P rz y ja c ió ł N a u k ( B P T P N ) .
M s . 8 5 9 : K s i ę g a w ó j t o w s k a m . K l e c z e w a z l a t 1 6 2 4 —1 7 3 8 .

Prin ted Sources

A l m o n d , P h i l i p C . D em onie Possession a n d Exorcism in E arly M o d ern E ngland:

C ontem porary T exts and their C u ltu ra l C ontexts. C a m b r i d g e : C a m b r i d g e
U n iv e r s ity P re s s , 2 0 0 4 .
C a c i o l a , N a n c y . D iscerning Spirits: D w in e and D em onie Possession in the
M id d le Ages. I t h a c a , N .Y .: C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 2 0 0 3 .
C e r t e a u , M i c h e l d e . L a possession de L o u d u n . 2 ml e d i t i o n . P a r i s : G a l l i m a r d ,
2005.
C h a j e s j e f f r e y F l o w a r d . “ H e S a i d S h e S a id : H e a r i n g t h e V o i c e s o f P n e u m a t i c
E a r l y M o d e r n J e w i s h W o m e n ” . N a sh im : A Jo u rn a l o f Jew ish W o m e n ’s
Studies & G en d er Issues 1 0 ( 2 0 0 6 ) : 9 9 —1 2 5 .
C h o d y ń s k i , S ta n is ła w . “ R y t u a ł y p o l s k i e ” [ P o l i s h r i t u a l s ] , i n E ncyklopedia
Kościelna, V o l. 2 4 . E d . M i c h a ł N o w o d w o r s k i . W a r s a w : F. C z e r w i ń s k i
1 9 0 0 .1 -3 8 .
 Ta l k in g t o t h e Dev il 145

C l a r k , S t u a r t . T h in k in g w ith D em ons. T h e Idea o fW itch cra ft in E arly M odern

Europę. O x f o r d : O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 9 7 .
C r o u z e t, D e n is . “ A W o m a n a n d th e D e v il: P o s s e s s io n a n d E x o r c is m in
S i x t e e n t h - C e n t u r y F r a n c e ” . C ha n g in g Identities in E arly M odern France.
E d . M ic h a e l W o lfe . D u r h a m - L o n d o n : D u k e U n i v e r s it y P re s s , 1 9 9 7 .
1 9 1 -2 1 5 .
F e r b e r , S a r a h . D em onie Possession a n d Exorcism in E arly M odern France.
L o n d o n -N e w Y o rk : R o u tle d g e , 2 0 0 4 .
G a r r e t t , C i a r k ę . S p irit Possession and P opular R elig io m From the Cam isards to
the Shakers. B a l t i m o r e , M d . : J o h n s H o p k i n s U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 8 7 .
K a ł o w s k i , M a r c i n . Inform acya o p o czą tka ch i d a lszy m progressie cudownego
mieysca Łagiewnickiego [ I n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e b e g i n n i n g a n d p r o g r e s s
o f m i r a c u l o u s s i t e i n Ł a g i e w n i k i ] . K a lis z : K o l l e g i u m S o c . J e s u , 1 7 2 3 .
[ O r ł o w s k i , I g n a c y ] , M ocna Straż K o ro n y P olskiey [ P o w e r f u l G u a r d o f t h e
C r o w n o f P o la n d ] . [W a rs a w : n . p ., 1 7 2 4 ].
P i l a s z e k , M a ł g o r z a t a . Procesy o czary w Polsce w wiekach X V —X V I I I [ W i t c h
tria ls i n P o la n d in 1 5 t h - 1 8 t h c e n tu r ie s ] . K r a k ó w : U n iv e r s ita s , 2 0 0 8 .
R o p e r , L y n d a l . O ed ip u s and the D evil: Witchcraft, S e x u a lity a n d R eligion in
E arly M odern Europę. L o n d o n a n d N e w Y o r k : R o u t l e d g e , 1 9 9 4 .
R u s z e l , P a w e ł . Skarb nigdy nie p rzebrany kościoła świętego [ I n n u m e r a b l e t r e a s -
u re o f th e s a in tly C h u r c h ] . B e r d y c z ó w : D r u k . K a r m e litó w B o sych,
1767.
S an d s, K a th le e n R . D em on Possession in E liza b e th a n E ngland. W e s t p o r t ,
C o n n .: P ra e g e r, 2 0 0 4 .
S lu h o v s k y , M o s h e . Belieuc N o t E very S p irit. Possession, M ysticism , and
D iscernm ent in E arly M odern C atholicism . C h i c a g o a n d L o n d o n : T h e
U n iv e r s ity o f C h ic a g o P re s s , 2 0 0 7 .
S z c z e b a k , W ła d y s ła w . “ Z a p o m n i a n e s a n k tu a ria w d ie c e z ji ta r n o w s k ie j”
[ F o r g o t t e n s a n c t u a r i e s o f t h e d i o c e s e o f T a r n ó w ] . Tarnowskie S tu d ia
Teologiczne 9 ( 1 9 8 3 ) : 3 8 0 - 4 7 5 .
W a lk e r, D a n ie l P ic k e r i n g . “ D e m o n i e P o s s e s s io n U s e d as P r o p a g a n d a in th e
L a t e r 1 6 t h C e n t u r y . ” Scienze, credenze occulte, Iwelli di cultura. C otw egno
In tern a zio n a le di S tu d i (Firence, 2 6 —3 0 giugno 1 9 8 0 ). F l o r e n c e : L .S .
O ls c h k i, 1 9 8 2 .2 3 7 - 2 4 8 .
[ W i e l h o r s k i ] , A n t o n i o d ś w . D u c h a . Z rzo d ło dla w szy stk ic h spragnionych
[ T h e f o u n t a i n f o r a ll a t h i r s t ] . L v iv : D r u k . S o c . J e s u , 1 7 4 6 .
W i t k o w s k a , A l e k s a n d r a . “ P ą t n i c z e o ś r o d k i m a r y j n e w X V I I w .” [ M a r i a n
p i l g r i m a g e c e n t r e s i n t h e 1 7 th c .] . Peregrinationes. P ie lg rzy m k i w k u ltu rze
daw nej Europy. E d . H a l i n a M a n i k o w s k a a n d H a n n a Z a r e m s k a . W a r s a w :
In s ty tu t H is to rii P A N , 1 9 9 5 .2 0 4 -2 0 9 .
146 F aith and F antasy in the Renaissance

W y p o r s k a , W a n d a , “J e w i s h , N o b l e , G e r m a n , o r P e a s a n t ? T h e D e v i l i n E a r l y
M o d e r n P o l a n d ” . C hristian D em onology and Popular M yth o lo g y (D em ons,
Spirits, W itches), V o l . 2 . E d . E v a P ó c s a n d G a b o r K la n i c z a y . B u d a p e s t
a n d N e w Y o r k : C e n t r a l E u r o p e a n U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 2 0 0 6 . 1 3 9 —1 5 1 .