"Balabac Bastion: Designing a Multi-Functional Naval Training Facility and

Forward Operating Base for Enhanced Defense and Deterrence in the

Disputed Spratly Islands"

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Architecture
Research Methods for Architecture 1

To be presented to

Ar. Gerelson Bernardino

Submitted By:
De Chavez, Michael Angelo, C.
ARCH4B

October 31, 2023

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The South China Sea has been a source of dispute, especially in recent years,
because of the accompanying strategic significance in military and trade, and rivalries from
resources for oil reserves, the region has been a hotspot for conflict in different regions.
As a crucible of complex geopolitics, the South China sea demands a multi-disciplinary
approach for security and deterrence. With this context, Balabac Bastion emerges not only
as a naval training center, it will also serve as a strategic approach against instability, and
potential threats, and a place for regional collaboration.

The title "Balabac Bastion: Designing a Multi-Functional Naval Training Facility and
Forward Operating Base for Enhanced Defense and Deterrence in the Disputed Spratly
Islands" symbolizes the role that the facility is not a mere training ground for naval
personnel, but a symbol of strength and a sentinel for deterrence in the region where
military preparedness often bridges in a fine line of peacekeeping and brinkmanship.

Throughout the study, we would delve into the backdrop of the South China Sea, the
rationale for the facility’s location, and the architectural aspect of its design. We would also
consider the multi-faceted aspects of deterrence and defense within the dynamic
geopolitical situations in those regions, recognizing that the establishment of Bastion goes
beyond bricks and mortar, embodying the aspirations of a nation, the quest for regional
stability, and the hopes for a future where security is sustained through preparedness
rather than conflict.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The Philippines has been long entangled with the complex web of Geopolitical
disputes in the South China sea. Territorial conflicts and maritime tension from the
vast expanse of the location, abundance of natural resources, crucial shipping routes,
and competing territorial claims by multiple regions. At the center of all these disputes
the Spratly Island, a chain of small land features and submerged reefs claimed by
multiple nations, caused diplomatic tension and, in some instances, escalated into
military standoffs. This is a crucial aspect of the South China sea dispute. The
frequent interaction between Philippine fishermen and Chinese naval vessels often led
to coast guard ships and naval vessels asserting China's territorial claims.
These encounters usually result in harassment, chasing, dangerous
maneuvers, or even confiscation of the catch and equipment of Philippine fishermen
by Chinese vessels, all justified by China’s Territorial claims. These encounters led to
diplomatic tension between the two countries.

The dynamic nature of these encounters underscores the pressing need for a
more robust deterrence and defense posture in the south China Sea. This is not only
to protect the rights and safety of the Philippine fisherman but also to safeguard
national sovereignty and interests.

THEORETICAL OR CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The thesis focuses on the necessity of establishing a naval training facility and
forward operating base in the Philippines due to continuous maritime conflicts,
territorial disputes, the strategic importance of the South China sea, and the limiting
factor of the existing naval infrastructure in the Philippines. The research process
involves document collection, literature review, site selection, goal setting,
interdisciplinary studies, and architectural design to address these challenges
comprehensively. The framework serves as a guide for exploring the complex task of
creating such a facility, with the aim of contributing to national security, regional
stability, and sustainability, covering both architectural and strategic aspects.
 CHAPTER II

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This thesis addresses the complex challenges faced by the Philippines in the
contentious South China Sea. One of the central issues is the recurring and often
adversarial interactions between Filipino fishermen and Chinese naval vessels in
disputed waters. This situation highlights various critical problems, including
sovereignty disputes, safety risks, diplomatic strains, national security concerns, and
the lack of naval training and deterrence facilities in the Philippines.
The following are the primary problems and issues that need to be addressed
and resolved:

• Site Selection and Suitability

• Architectural Design and Functionality

• Infrastructure and Technology Integration

• Security and Defense Considerations

• Compatibility with Local Community

• Safety Standards

• Land and Water Interface

• Infrastructure for Workforce

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Here are the goals and objectives in response to the specified
architectural challenges:
1. Site Selection and Suitability:
•Goal: Identify and secure an optimal location for the facility.
•Objectives:

• Conduct thorough site assessments to evaluate

 environmental conditions and topography.
• Ensure proximity to disputed waters without compromising
safety and security.
• Address spatial constraints and land availability.
2. Architectural Design and Functionality:
•Goal: Develop an efficient and multifunctional architectural design.
•Objectives:

• Create a design that accommodates training, operations, and

deterrence.
• Maximize space utilization for optimal functionality.
• Foster seamless transitions and operations within the facility.
3. Infrastructure and Technology Integration:
•Goal: Equip the facility with advanced infrastructure and technology.
•Objectives:

• Ensure the facility is equipped with state-of-the-art naval

technology.
• Incorporate infrastructure to support training, operations, and
data management.
• Plan for future technology integration to remain
technologically ready.
4. Security and Defense Considerations:
•Goal: Integrate security measures and defense capabilities.
•Objectives:

• Incorporate security features to safeguard the facility and its

personnel.
• Design architecture to support defense and deterrence
strategies.
• Implement secure access controls and surveillance systems.
5. Compatibility with Local Community:
•Goal: Ensure the facility is compatible with the local community.
•Objectives:
 • Address social and cultural considerations in the architectural
design.
• Minimize negative impacts on the local community and
ecosystems.
• Foster positive relations and cooperation with the community.
6. Safety Standards:
•Goal: Adhere to safety standards and regulations.
•Objectives:

• Implement safety protocols and measures to protect

personnel and equipment.
• Ensure compliance with safety regulations and standards.
• Provide training and resources for personnel to maintain
safety.
7. Land and Water Interface:
•Goal: Address architectural challenges posed by the land and water
interface.
•Objectives:

• Design infrastructure to facilitate seamless transitions

between land and water operations.
• Consider unique architectural features for coastal and marine
environments.
• Ensure the facility's functionality and safety in both contexts.
8. Infrastructure for Workforce:
•Goal: Provide necessary infrastructure for the facility's workforce.
•Objectives:

• Develop accommodation and dining facilities for personnel

working on-site.
• Create a comfortable and efficient working environment.
• Ensure the well-being and support of the workforce.
 CHAPTER III

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes studies and related research materials that indicate the
value of current research in reaching specific research objectives as well as in
providing a deeper comprehension and a broader perspective on previous
research on the subject.

The use of articles and other reading materials as references. Even references
from online sources and other research publications in the same topic are included.
In addition, it comprises supported regional and global research that serve as a
foundation.
Geopolitical Dynamic in South China Sea
The South China Sea is an arena of complex geopolitical intricacies and
heightened rivalry, encompassing significant implications for regional and global
security (Turker, 2023). This pivotal waterway not only holds vast fishery
resources but also contains substantial untapped reserves of oil and natural gas,
making it a crucial economic asset for the countries bordering it (Turker, 2023).
Moreover, the South China Sea serves as a vital conduit for global maritime trade,
facilitating over one-third of the world's maritime traffic and trade worth trillions of
dollars annually (Turker, 2023).

Historically, the South China Sea has been a source of longstanding territorial
disputes among regional powers, including China, the Philippines, Vietnam,
Malaysia, Brunei, and Taiwan (Turker, 2023). These disputes have interwoven
historical interpretations, national pride, and strategic advantages, resulting in a
complex tapestry of conflicts (Turker, 2023). The involvement of global powers,
notably the United States, adds further dimensions to these multifaceted issues.
Recent events, such as the confrontation between a Chinese coast guard vessel
and a Philippine ship in the South China Sea, highlight the region's underlying
tensions and instability (Turker, 2023). This incident revealed the use of maritime
militia, referred to as Beijing's "little blue men," blurring the lines between the
Chinese military and non-state actors (Turker, 2023).

The incident not only exacerbated the existing friction between China and the
Philippines but also unveiled potential trigger points in the region, emphasizing the
need for diplomacy, confidence-building measures, and regional cooperation to
prevent further hostilities (Turker, 2023).

Furthermore, the South China Sea presents a more volatile scenario compared
to other regional conflicts, such as the Taiwan issue (Turker, 2023). The South
China Sea's overlapping territorial claims, strategic interests, and the involvement
of external powers make it susceptible to accidental escalation or deliberate
provocation (Turker, 2023).

In light of the potential for conflict in the South China Sea, diplomatic
engagement, confidence-building measures, compliance with international norms,
and regional collaboration are essential to prevent escalation and maintain a
stable maritime environment (Turker, 2023).

The South China Sea's complex geopolitical terrain, intertwined with historical
tensions, territorial disputes, and the interests of regional stakeholders, raises
concerns about the possibility of limited military conflicts (Turker, 2023).
Recognizing the complexities and taking prudent and accountable actions are
crucial to prevent such conflicts and foster regional stability (Turker, 2023).
In conclusion, the South China Sea represents a critical geopolitical hotspot,
where multiple actors, strategic interests, and historical disputes converge.
Understanding this complex landscape and promoting cooperation and stability
are essential to navigate the multifaceted challenges of modern geopolitics in the
region (Turker, 2023).

The South China Sea is a region characterized by complex geopolitical

dynamics due to territorial disputes involving multiple nations, including China, the
Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Taiwan. These disputes have deep historical
roots and overlapping maritime jurisdictions, creating a highly intricate geopolitical
chessboard. Of particular concern are China's assertive military actions and
territorial claims, which have raised significant worries about regional stability and
security (Maritime Chessboard, 2023). This literature underscores the volatile
nature of the South China Sea and the need for effective security measures.

Sovereignty and Territorial Rights

One of the recurring challenges in the South China Sea involves the
interactions between Filipino fishermen and Chinese naval vessels within disputed
waters. These encounters give rise to questions about the exercise of sovereignty
and territorial rights. The contested nature of these waters complicates the
enforcement of Philippine sovereignty and maritime rights. As a result, there is a
compelling need for a dedicated naval base to assert and protect these rights
(Territorial Disputes, 2023). This literature highlights the critical aspect of territorial
sovereignty and the security of maritime rights.

Naval Architecture and Maritime Systems

When considering the development of a naval training facility and a forward
operating base, it's essential to focus on architectural and design elements.
Literature such as "Naval Architecture for Non-Naval Architects" and "Design and
Simulation of Maritime Systems" provides valuable insights into the architectural
aspects of such facilities (Benford, 2008; Serpe and De Benedetto, 2015). These
references emphasize the significance of architectural planning to ensure that
naval bases are efficient and capable of supporting maritime operations.

Role of the United States

The United States plays a pivotal role in the South China Sea, conducting
Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOPs) to challenge assertive territorial
claims and providing support to Southeast Asian partners. The U.S. defense
treaty with the Philippines further complicates the situation, underscoring the need
for deterrence mechanisms and dedicated facilities (Territorial Disputes, 2023).
This literature highlights the involvement of major global players and the
importance of ensuring regional security.

Regional Stability and Conflict Prevention

The South China Sea's tumultuous disputes have far-reaching implications for
regional stability. Diplomatic discussions, confidence-building measures, and
regional collaboration are recommended as essential strategies for conflict
prevention and for maintaining a stable maritime environment (Maritime
Chessboard, 2023). This literature underscores the need for peaceful coexistence
and conflict resolution in the region.

Readiness for Future Development in Naval Technology

Given the rapid evolution of naval technology, it is imperative to consider the
readiness for future advancements in the architectural design of the naval base.
Literature such as "Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering" emphasizes the
role of innovation and technology centers in ensuring that the facility remains
adaptable to technological progress (Wilson and Lamb, 2012). This literature
highlights the importance of staying technologically updated in the architectural
planning of naval facilities.

Sustainability and Environmental Impact

Modern naval bases are increasingly expected to address sustainability and
environmental impact in their architectural design. Balancing security needs with
environmental responsibility is now a critical aspect of facility planning (Sawyer,
Eickhoff-Shemek, and Gorman, 2018). This literature draws attention to the
growing importance of environmental considerations in the architectural design of
naval facilities.

In summary, this review of related literature provides a comprehensive

understanding of the multifaceted challenges and considerations in the South
China Sea. It highlights the geopolitical complexities, the imperative of
safeguarding sovereignty and security, architectural and design aspects, the role
of major stakeholders, strategies for conflict prevention, technological readiness,
and environmental responsibility. The proposed establishment of "Bastion" seeks
to address these multifaceted challenges and contribute to regional stability in this
complex geopolitical environment. This research aims to explore the architectural,
geopolitical, and strategic implications of Bastion, recognizing its urgent need in
addressing the heightened situation in the South China Sea.

CASE STUDY
Naval Operating Base Subic
Naval Operating Base Subic is a prominent naval facility located in the scenic
province of Zambales, Philippines. This facility boasts a rich history that dates
back to the American colonial era when it was initially established. Over the years,
it has grown to become one of the Philippines' key maritime assets, playing an
instrumental role in regional security, logistics, and diplomatic efforts. The base is
situated in the well-protected Subic Bay, offering a strategically significant location
that provides sheltered harbor access to the South China Sea.

Location
Naval Operating Base Subic is ideally situated on the western coast of Luzon,
the largest island in the Philippines. Its geographic location places it at the
intersection of key maritime routes, making it an indispensable asset for maritime
logistics, trade, and security. The base's proximity to major urban centers,
including Olongapo and Subic Bay Freeport Zone, ensures it is well-connected
and logistically convenient. The natural harbor of Subic Bay further enhances the
base's functionality, providing a secure anchorage for naval vessels.

Historical Significance
The history of Naval Operating Base Subic is intertwined with the rich tapestry
of Philippine-American relations. Originally established by the United States Navy,
the base served as a vital outpost during World War II. Following the Philippine-
American Naval Bases Agreement of 1947, the base transitioned into Philippine
ownership and was renamed Naval Operating Base Subic Bay. For decades, it
was a crucial support facility for the United States Navy during the Cold War. The
base played a pivotal role in the strategic and logistical operations of the United
States military in the Asia-Pacific region.

Key Functions
Naval Operating Base Subic serves as a multifunctional naval facility with
several vital functions. It is a crucial logistics center, providing maintenance,
repair, and storage facilities for naval vessels and equipment to ensure the
operational readiness of the Philippine Navy's fleet. Additionally, the base
functions as a training center, hosting exercises and educational programs for
naval personnel, aiming to enhance the capabilities of naval forces and foster
regional cooperation. Notably, Naval Operating Base Subic has also evolved into
a diplomatic hub, particularly for engaging with neighboring countries, including
China. The presence of diplomatic liaison offices facilitates dialogue, confidence-
building measures, and cooperative efforts on regional maritime issues,
underscoring the base's significance in promoting peace and stability in the South
China Sea.

The modernization of Naval Operating Base Subic offers valuable lessons for
the proposed "Bastion" facility in Balabac, Palawan, Philippines. These lessons
underscore the significance of a multifunctional approach, advanced infrastructure
and technology integration, diplomatic engagement, and environmental
responsibility in addressing the complex challenges of the South China Sea.
Incorporating these lessons into your thesis on "Bastion" can help strengthen the
strategic design and operational potential of the proposed facility, highlighting its
role in regional stability, security, and diplomacy within the complex geopolitical
landscape of the South China Sea.
 CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH METODOLOGY
This chapter describes and analyzes the process the researchers employed
to gather the necessary data. It offers details on the study's participants, major
objectives, data collection methods, and tools.

Research Design

This methodology outlines the systematic approach to collect and analyze data
from various sources to address the research questions and objectives. It
combines qualitative and quantitative methods to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the need for the proposed naval facility in the South China Sea,
focusing on the Philippines' perspective.

SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

Criteria Description
Geopolitical The site should be strategically positioned in
Considerations proximity to contested maritime territories and
critical waterways, aligning with national
defense and security interests.
Accessibility and It must provide easy accessibility to open sea
Proximity and international waters while remaining in
close proximity to existing naval infrastructure
for efficient logistical support.
Environmental The chosen location should have minimal
Suitability environmental impact on local ecosystems and
marine life, coupled with resilience to natural
disasters and adverse weather conditions.
Infrastructure and Availability of essential utilities, including water,
Utilities electricity, and robust communication
networks, should be ensured, along with
 accessibility to transportation networks for the
movement of personnel and materials.
Space and Adequate land area for the construction of
Topography naval facilities and training infrastructure is
essential, along with a favorable topography
that supports architectural development and
ship handling operations.
Security and Safety Security and safety considerations demand a
low risk of potential threats or security
breaches, ideally in close proximity to local law
enforcement and military support.
Readiness for Adaptability to evolving naval technologies and
Technological infrastructure should be a priority, with facilities
Advancements designed to accommodate future
advancements in technology.
Sustainability and Integration of sustainability practices, such as
Environmental renewable energy sources and effective waste
Responsibility management, should be emphasized, along
with compliance with environmental
regulations and international standards.
Legal and Regulatory The chosen location must adhere to national
Compliance and international maritime laws and regulations
while being supported by local and national
government policies and incentives to ensure
legal and regulatory compliance.
Table 1. Site selection Criteria
 Potential Site
Site A- Bagac, Bataan
This site's strategic importance is evident due to its proximity to the capital,
Manila, making it a vital hub for maritime defense and quick response to security
threats. Its access to the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean ensures efficient
naval operations and safeguarding of vital maritime routes. The bay provides
sheltered waters, facilitating safe anchorage and shiphandling training.
Furthermore, the existing infrastructure and transportation networks offer
convenience for logistical support. In terms of environmental considerations,
conducting an impact assessment is crucial to maintain the bay's ecological
balance. Engaging with local communities and addressing security requirements
will be integral to the base's successful establishment. Access to freshwater
sources is a vital criterion for long-term sustainability. Overall, these coordinates
exhibit strong potential for a naval training facility and forward operating base,
subject to comprehensive assessments and consultations with stakeholders.

Site B- Balabac, Palawan

Situated in the southwestern Philippines, the selected site holds promise for
the establishment of a naval training facility and forward operating base. It offers
strategic significance due to its proximity to the contested waters of the South
China Sea. With its location near Palawan, this site can serve as a critical point for
safeguarding maritime interests, patrolling territorial waters, and responding swiftly
to potential security threats. Access to the nearby Balabac Strait and the broader
Sulu Sea enhances its value for naval operations. The site criteria are met, as it
features ample space for infrastructure development and ship handling training.
Environmental considerations are vital, and thorough impact assessments will be
required to maintain ecological balance. Collaboration with local communities is
essential to address social and security requirements while fostering positive
relations. Availability of freshwater sources is a critical factor for sustainability.
Overall, the site exhibit strong potential for a naval facility, pending comprehensive
evaluations, and consultations with relevant stakeholders.
Site C- Lubang Occidental Mindoro
The proposed site for the naval training facility and forward operating base
in the Philippines meets essential site criteria. The location is characterized by its
strategic coastal position, offering direct access to the South China Sea, a region
of significant geopolitical importance. The area is well-suited for naval operations,
with ample space for ship handling activities, training facilities, and future
technological advancements in naval infrastructure. The proximity to maritime
trade routes and disputed territories allows for rapid response to security
challenges and the protection of territorial sovereignty. Moreover, the site's
accessibility to urban centers and logistical support enhances the feasibility of
construction and maintenance. Analyzing the vicinity reveals the presence of
existing infrastructure, potentially simplifying the development process. Airport
proximity ensures efficient transportation of personnel and resources. Overall, this
location aligns with the critical criteria necessary for establishing a multifunctional
naval facility that addresses the Philippines' security and territorial protection
needs in the South China Sea.
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