Cooling-3

Teja, ECE, MIT

Abstract—A report to explain the following:

1. non-dimensional numbers

2. summary of chapter 1 incropera

3. Lathe- Working and machining methods

4. CNC Machining, Types of CNC Machines, working,

etc.

5. AWJM

6. EDM Drilling

7. Wire EDM

8. 3D printing- Types, the process of starting the

print, filaments, etc.

I. CHAPTER 1 SUMMARY

XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE

II. NON-DIMENSIONAL NUMBERS

The ratios of two numbers with the same

dimensions are known as non-dimensional
numbers. Dimensions are therefore cancelled.
Numerical ratios of two quantities with the
same physical dimensions are known as non-
dimensional numbers. Since these numbers'
related measurement units are.
When the ratio is calculated, they cancel out
and provide a dimensionless number.

A. Reyolds Number
The ratio of two forces that affect how fluid flows
in the boundary layer is known as the Reynolds
number. The inertia force and the viscous force
are these two forces:

B. Nusselts Number
When dealing with convection, the Nusselt
number, which is the dimensionless heat transfer
coefficient, is present. As a result, it offers a
measurement of surface convective heat transfer.
Its formula is given by the following: hL/k, where
h is the heat transfer coefficient, L is a
characteristic length, and k is the thermal
conductivity.

C. Prandtl Number
The Prandtl number, which groups the fluid's
qualities, is another dimensionless number that
experts in heat transfer have created. It is the
proportion of heat diffusivity to momentum
diffusivity (kinematic viscosity). The thickness of
the thermal and velocity boundary layers may be
relevant.

D. Grashof number
The proportion of buoyant forces to viscous forces
is known as the Grashof number.

E. Rayleighs Number
The Rayleigh number is the product of Grashof
and Prandtl numbers.
III. Lathe • Taper turning by tailstock set over
A lathe is a piece of machinery used to cut method.
and shape a variety of materials, including E. Thread Cutting
plastic, metal, and wood. It works by spinning Thread cutting is an operation of
a cutting tool that is fixed in place by a tool producing a helical groove.
holder against a revolving workpiece. The of specific shape say V or square on a
required form is then created by using the cylindrical surface.
cutting tool to remove material from the The operation involves feeding the tool
workpiece. longitudinally when.
A. Turning the job is revolved between the centres or
Metal removal from a cylindrical work is by a chuck.
referred to as either a straight or simple • In thread cutting the longitudinal feed
turn. should be equal to
The carriage and cross slide are utilised the pitch of the thread to be cut per
to carry out the simple turning operation. revolution of the
Between the two centres that cause the workpiece. In other words, the tool must
workpiece to rotate, the workpiece is travel by a distance.
supported. equal to the pitch of the thread per
B. Step Turning revolution of the
Step turning is an operation of producing workpiece.
multiple steps of different diameters on F. Knurling
the same cylindrical specimen. The work Knurling is a slow speed operation of
is held in between the lathe centers and generating a serrated.
the depth of cut to obtain the step on the surface on a cylindrical workpiece or it is
cylinder is provided by cross slide the process of
movement and feed by the carriage embossing a diamond shaped impression
movement. pattern on the surface
C. Facing of a cylindrical workpiece using a special
Facing is an operation of producing a flat knurling tool.
surface on the • The purpose of knurling is to provide
ends of the work piece perpendicular to an effective gripping
the axis. This surface on a workpiece to prevent it from
can also be used to reduce the length of slipping when operated.
the work piece. or held by hand.
to conform to the required length. G. Chamfering
• To perform the operation the tool tip is Chamfering is an operation of bevelling
set at the same the extreme ends.
height as that of the work piece axis and of a workpiece. This is done to remove
is fed. the burrs, to protect.
gradually by moving the cross slide in a the ends of the workpiece from getting
direction. damaged and to
perpendicular to the axis of the work have a better look.
piece generally • The operation may be performed after
from the centre progressing towards the knurling, turning,
outer edge of thread cutting etc. It is an essential
the workpiece. operation after thread.
D. Taper Turning cutting so that the nut may pass freely on
Taper turning is an operation of the threaded.
producing a conical surface. workpiece.
on a cylindrical specimen. It is achieved
by gradually.
reducing the diameter from a cylindrical
surface.
• The operation can be carried out either
by rotating the job
normally and feeding the tool at some
angle or by rotating
the job at an offset angle and feeding the
tool normally. The IV. CNC Machines
widely used methods of taper turning are.
• Taper turning by swivelling the Computerised machines are used in the
compound rest and production process known as CNC
 (Computer Numerical Control)
machining to produce accurate parts and
components. High levels of precision and
accuracy are possible in the production
process thanks to CNC machines, which
employ programmed instructions to
control the movement of cutting tools
and other gear.
There are several kinds of CNC
machines, such as:
CNC milling machines: These
instruments remove material from a
workpiece by spinning cutting blades.
They are often employed in the creation
of intricate parts for the medical,
automotive, and aerospace sectors.
CNC turning machines: These tools
rotate a workpiece while a cutting tool
removes material to produce cylindrical
pieces. They are frequently employed in
the creation of valves, shafts, and other
cylindrical parts.
Using CNC routers, you can cut and
shape materials like foam, plastic, and
wood. They are frequently employed in
the creation of furniture, signage, and
other ornamental things.
CNC plasma cutters: These devices cut
through metal and other materials using
plasma. They are frequently employed in
the creation of unique metal components
and parts.
CNC laser cutters: Using laser
technology, these devices can cut and
engrave a range of materials, including
metal, plastic, and wood. They are
frequently employed in the creation of
jewellery, signage, and other ornamental
products.
Computer-aided design (CAD) software
is used to produce a digital model of the
required part or component as part of the
CNC machines' operating system. The
movement of the cutting tool or other
machinery is then controlled by a set of
instructions created from this model. The
CNC machine receives these instructions
and utilises them to produce the
component.
V. AWJM
Abrasive Water Jet Machining is known as
AWJM. It is an unconventional method of
machining that can cut and shape a variety of
materials by using a high-pressure jet of water
combined with abrasive particles. To boost
the water stream's cutting power and enable it
to cut through tougher materials, abrasive
particles are added to it.
Usually, garnet, aluminium oxide, or silicon
carbide are the materials utilised to make the
abrasive particles employed in AWJM.
Before passing through the nozzle, these
particles are combined with the water stream
in a mixing chamber. Depending on the
material being cut and the required surface
quality, different abrasive particles of
different sizes and types might be utilised.
One of AWJM's key benefits is its capacity to
cut a variety of materials without generating
heat, which may distort or harm the material.
It may also be used to cut complicated forms
with extreme precision and accuracy while
producing very little waste material.
VI. EDM drilling
An electrically charged electrode is used in
the unconventional machining technique of
EDM (Electrical Discharge Machining)
drilling to erode or drill through a workpiece.
To drill tiny, deep holes in tough materials
like metal, ceramic, and composites, EDM
drilling is frequently utilised.
An electrical discharge between the electrode
and the workpiece is produced during EDM
drilling by using an electrode consisting of a
conductive substance, such as copper or
graphite. A spark produced by this discharge
erodes the material and makes a hole in the
workpiece.
The electrode is usually placed extremely
near to the workpiece and is fashioned like
the intended hole. The eroded material is
flushed away using a dielectric fluid, such
deionized water, to keep the electrode from
 overheating.
VII. Wire EDM
A workpiece is cut and shaped using an
electrically charged wire in the non-
traditional machining technique known as
wire EDM (Electrical Discharge Machining).
To produce accurate and complicated
components from tough and challenging-to-
machine materials including metal, titanium,
and carbide, wire EDM is frequently
employed.
A fine, electrically charged wire is employed
as the cutting tool in wire EDM. A computer-
controlled system is used to place the wire
extremely near to the workpiece and guide it
along a predetermined path. Between the wire
and the workpiece, an electrical discharge
occurs that erodes the substance and leaves a
cut.
During the machining process, the wire,
which is normally formed of a thin, high-
strength metal like tungsten or brass, is
continuously passed into the workpiece.
VIII. 3D Printing
Using successive layers of material, 3D
printing, commonly referred to as additive
manufacturing, creates three-dimensional
items. There are several 3D printing
technologies out there, such as:
The most widely used 3D printing process is
called fused deposition modelling (FDM),
and it makes use of thermoplastic filament as
its primary raw material. To produce the
thing, the filament is passed through a heated
nozzle that melts the material and deposits it
layer by layer.
Using a liquid resin that is cured by a laser or
other light source, stereolithography (SLA)
creates the item. By shaping the resin to take
the required shape, the item is constructed
layer by layer.
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS): This
technique fuses powdered materials, usually
plastic or metal, using a laser.
Depending on the printer's configuration and
the software being used, several steps are
required to begin a 3D print. In general, the
procedure entails utilising CAD (Computer-
Aided Design) software to create a 3D model
of the desired product, layering the model
using slicing software, and delivering the
sliced file to the 3D printer.
The raw material, whether it be a
thermoplastic filament or a powdered
substance, is then heated and is then
deposited or fused layer by layer to make the
thing. To ensure accuracy and precision in the
finished item, the printer follows the route
laid forth by the sliced file.
ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) and
PLA (polylactic acid) are the two filaments
that are most frequently used in FDM 3D
printing. PETG (polyethylene terephthalate
glycol), Nylon, TPU (thermoplastic
polyurethane), and others are examples of
other filaments. Strength, flexibility,
durability, and heat resistance are just a few
of the distinctive qualities that each filament
possesses.