INTRODUCTION

Calculus: Is the branch of mathematics which deals with calculation of limit, Functions,
derivatives, integral and infinity series.
The word calculus derived from Latin word which means stone used by Romans
accounting smaller infinity numbers.
Calculus was discovered by two scientists, known as Gottfried Liebniz and Sir. Newton
in 17 th century.

BRANCHES OF CALCULUS
There are two main branches of calculus, namely
(i) Differential calculus
(ii) Integral calculus.

(I) DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS.

Differential calculus: Is the branch of calculus which involves the rate of change of
Function at any give point and gradient of a given curve.
Mathematically, the derivative of function f (x) is denoted by
′
d (f ( x ))/ dx∨f ( x )
Example: Suppose given function, F (x)=x 3 +1
then,
3
f (x)=x +1
′ 2
f (x)=3 x
Then assume that the slope of the function at a particular point of the curve is 2 then
¿
There for by using the concept of calculus, the gradient of the curve is equal to 12

(II) INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Integral calculus: Is the branch of calculus which involves the accumulation of quantities
and areas under the curve.
Mathematically, the integral of function F (x) is denoted by ∫ F (x)dx , where dx
represent infinity small change in x suppose given that ∫ 20 ( 4 x 2 +3 )
Then,
2

∫ ❑ ( 4 x 2+ 3 )
0

[ ]
3 2
4x
+3 ×
3 0
¿
APPLICATION OF CALCULUS IN LABORATORY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
To determine the rate of different chemical reaction:
The rate of chemical reaction is the change in concentration over the change in time.
Through the concept of calculus we can determine the rate of various chemical reaction
in the laboratory by means of differentiation and integration.
For example in the haber process in production of Ammonia
N 2 (g)+3 H 2 (g)⇌ 2 NH 3
we can use the concept of calculus to under stand the rate of decreases in rate of
hydrogen gas and Nitrogen gas to give the rate of formation in production of ammonia
From rate law,
d [ N2] d [ H2] d [ NH 3 ]
− =− =
dt 3 dt 2 dt
compere the rate of ammonia and the rate of hydrogen
d [ H2] d [ NH 3 ]
− ¿ , divide by 2 both side
3 dt 2 dt

( ) ( )
2
d [ N2 ] d [ NH 3 ]
2 − ¿
3 dt 2dt
d [ H2] d [ NH 3 ]
− 2/3 ¿
dt dt
Mathematically, As rate of hydrogen decrease by 2/3, the rate of ammonia increase, the
same the rate of nitrogen gas, when decreases ammonia is formed.
Also consider the example below,
In decomposition of N 2 O4 ⇌ 2 NO2
From rate law,
n
Rate =K[ reactant ¿wheren =1
1
R=K [ N 2 O4 ]
d [ N 2 O4 ]
− =K [ N2 O4 ]
dt
d [ N2 O4 ]
− =kdt
[ N 2 O4 ]
d [ N2 O4 ]
=− kdt
[ N 2 O4 ]
∴ The concept of calculus applied in introduce the integral sign above:
d [ N2 O 4 ]
∫ =∫ − kdt
[ N2O4]
[ N 2 O4 ] t
d [ N2 O4 ] t

∫ [N O ] =− k ∫ ❑ dt
2 4 0

[ N 2 O 4 ]0.[ N 2 O 4 ]0 [ N 2 O 4 ]0 [ N 2 O 4 ]0

ln ⁡[ N 2 O4 ]t − ln ⁡[ N 2 O4 ]0=− kt
ln ⁡[ N 2 O 4 ]t =ln ⁡[ N 2 O4 ]0 − kt

∴ The rate of decomposition of N 2 O4 is determined by

ln ⁡[ N 2 O4 ] t=ln ⁡[ N 2 O4 ]0 − kt .
Calculus applied in thermal dynamic process, Thermal dynamic process dealswith
possession or exchange of energy from one form to another example work to energy, also
Thermal dynamic process is the branch of physical science that deals with relation ship
between heat and other forms of energy. Example from mechanical energy to heat
energy. In themal dynamic, calculus is used in determination of isotherm and adiabatic
processes.

(i) In isotherm process, this is thermal dynamic process where by the temperature is kept
constant. In determination of work done of isotherm the concept of calculus is applied
such as differentiation and integration
Work done ¿ Force x distance, but Force ¿ Pressure x Area .
ℕ=P ⋅ A ⋅ L , where A ⋅ L=volume (V )
W =PV
When work done change: ΔW =Pdv
nRT
dw= pdv , where Pv=nRT ,bence P=
v
nRT
dw= ⋅dv
v
dv
dw=nRT ⋅ .
v
∴ The concept of calculus applied by introduce the integral sign above:
dW =nRT ⋅dy
∫ dw=nRT ∫ dv / v
W v2

∫ ❑dW =nRT ∫ ❑dv /v

0 v1
¿
Where v 2=v f and v 1=v i
W =nRT [ ln ⁡( v f /v i ) ]

The work done under isotherm w=nRT ln ⁡

[ ( )] vf
v1
exists due to aid of calculus.

(ii) In adiabatic process; is the thermal dynamic process where no heat exchange between
the system and surrounding. calculus is used in adiabatic process to determine the work
done under adiabatic process. consider, From the first law of thermal dynamic
Δθ= Δu+ dw .
Δθ=du+dw .
where under adiabatic process the change of heat (dθ)=0
0=du+ dw , but du=n c v dT
0=du+ dw
hence
dw=− du
dw=−n c v dT
dw=− n c v dT .
From mayor equation: R=c p − c v
makes cv as subject:
R c p cv
= −
cv cv cv
R cp cp
= − 1, but =γ
cv cv cv
R
=γ − 1.
cv
R
cv= put into equation(i)
γ −1
dw=− n c v dT .
nR
dw=− ⋅dT
γ−1
∴ The concept of calculus applied by introduce the integral sign above:
− nR
dW ¿ ⋅ dT .
γ−1
W T2
− nR
∫ ❑dW ¿∫ ❑
γ −1
⋅dT .
0 T1
W T2
− nR
∫ ❑dW ¿
γ−1 T
∫ ❑dT .
0 1

−nR
W ¿ [ T −T 1 ] .
γ −1 2
nR
W ¿
γ −1 1
[ T − T2]
DR
∴ The work done under adiabatic process W = [T − T 2 ] exists due to aid of
γ −1 1
calculus. calculus used in determination of rate of cooling of different liquids in the
laboratory. For example used in making comparison on rate of cooling between water and
kerosine, Rate of cooling is govern by the law of cooling. The rate of cooling state that.
"The rate of cooling of the body is directly proportional to the difference in the
temperature
Mathematically,
dθ
− α − ( θ0 −θ s )
dt
dθ
=− k ( Q0 − θs )
dt
dθ
=− kdt
θ0 − θs
∴ The concept of calculus applied in introduction of integral sign above:
θf t
dθ
∫ ❑ θ −θ =∫ ❑− kdt .
θi
0 s 0

∴ The rate of cooling of different liquid

[ ]
θ f −θ s
θi −θ s
−kt
=e exists due to did of calculus

calculus is used to determine the rate of fluid flow in a pipe. for the rate of flow of fluid
in a pipe, the calculus applied to show the rate at which a such fluid flow taken during it's
flow. For example the rate of flow θ is defined as the volume (v) flowing per unit time at
certain point.
Mathematically;
θ=v /t
where volume (v)=¿ Area of the pipe ( A). the distance of flow (x ).
θ=dv /dt
d
θ= (Area (A). distance (x).
dt
θ=d /dt ( A ⋅ x)but Areaof pipeis not change remainconstant .

Calculus used in rotation and dynamics to determine the moment of inertia of rigid body
example disc, cylinder, sphere and uniform rods.
for example; The moment of inertial of the disc exists due to the application of calculus.
consider the disc below,
From;
m=2 πr ⋅dr … ..(i).
2
M =π R … … (ii)
divide equation (i) by (ii).
m 2 πr ⋅dr
=
M π R2
m 2 r ⋅ dr
=
M R2
2 r ⋅ dr ⋅ M
m= … .(iii).
R2
by introduction of integral sign
then from moment of inertial dI =mr 2 the concept of calculus applied.
2 2
dI =mr put equation (III) into dI=m r .
2r ⋅ dr ⋅ M r 2
dI =
R2
3
2 M r ⋅dr
dI = .
R2
2 M r 3 dr
dI = ⋅ apply the integral sign.
R R
R
2M
∫ dI = 2 ∫
❑ r 3 ⋅ dr
R 0
2M 4
I= 4 r
n
 2
2MR
I= 2
.
R ×4
4
2M R
I= ⋅ 2.
4 R
M 4− 2
I= ⋅ R .
2
2
I =M /2⋅ R .
1 2
I= M R .
2
∴ The moment of inertial of disc is given by I =1/2 M R2 , govern under the. application
of calculus.
calculus is used to determine the rate of decay of radio active materials the radio active
materials are the materials which undergo spontaneous disintegration of a nucleus of pit's
unstable state by release energy inform of radiation.
Example of radio active materials are uranium (U) and thorium (Th).. The rate of decay
of radio active material is determined by the concept of calculus. Mathematically,
dN
− ∝N
dt
dN
− =KN .
dt
dN
=− KN
dt
dN
=− kdt
N
The for the concept of calculus applied by introduce the integral sign.
N t

∫ ❑ dN
N 0
=∫ ❑ −kdt
N 0

N t

∫ ❑ dN
N
=− K ∫ ❑dt
N 0 0
¿
[ ln ⁡N − ln ⁡N 0 ]=− k [t − 0]
ln ⁡NN ∣=− kt
N −kt
=e ,but k= λ
N0
− kt
N=N 0 e
− λt
N=N 0 e
Thero for the rate of decay of radio ontive materio N=¿ No e − λt is exst under the .
application of cal culus.
calculus applied in pharmacy, a concept of calculus used by the pharmasts to know the
correct treatment of pathogens by applying the actual concentration of drugs per unit time
to cure those pathogens,.
for example:; takes three eapsules twice a day. It means the drugs concentration overtime
must be tracked.
Example:, consider the graph below which show the concentration of drugs (c) against
time.

From the graph above show that as time goes theconcentration of dug (c) to cure the
existance certain kind of pathogens decrease hence there is tracked. time of using the
drugs closage.
calculus applied in ecological system, the concept of calculus applied by many ecologists
to study about dynamic population of different species. For example through calculus
they can predict the population change in microorganism such as bacteriali.e for
measuring the growth rate and hirth rate for such species.
For example consider the graph of bacterial growth curve as a certain time passing.
Growth rate

calculus is applied in electronics, the concept of calculus is applied in physics laboratory

to study the amplification of signals using differential and integral o-pamps;
consider, an intergral 0 -pump
let
Vis - in put voltage;
Vout - out put voltage
Rin in put resistance
C - capacitance
dt - change in time
V in − O ( O −V out )
=C1
R1 dt
V in − c 1 V out
=
R1 dt
−V 1 n ⋅ dt
=v out , hence the concopt of calculus applied by introduction of the integral
c1 R1
sign: to the leftside of v out
− v in t
v out = ∫ dd
c I R1 0 16
1
 −1 t
Vout ¿ ∫ v ⋅ dt .
C IRI 0 in
1
t
∴ The amount of out put voltage is givei by v out =− ∫ vin dt which exists under
n
calculus is applied in electricity, in physics laboratory the concept of calculus used to
determine the current flowing in a capacitor consider the equation below
q=cV
Then,
q=cv
but q=Idt
dt=CV
There for the concept of calculus apply by differentiate v with respect to t
Idt=cdv
dv
I =c
dt
dv
I =c ⋅
dt
where:, I - current
dv −change∈ voltage .
dt −change∈time
c- capacitance.
Conclusively; the concept of calculus is most applicable in discipline of laborotory
science and technology by different scientists For the purpose of getting the exactly and
accurate answer about what deal with. As long as the concopl of calculus is applied
disciplines suchas economics, engéneering, muscs and soon.
Page (6−6).
Prepared by Maombi. Batromeo elion.