International Research Journal of Social Sciences______________________________________

Sciences___________________________________ ISSN 2319–3565

Vol. 9(3), 1-7, July (2020) Int. Res. J. Social Sci.

Case Study
Impact of drought on human attitudes; terror management
anagement theory on
studying drought
Zohreh Mehravipour and Nafise Shemirani
Affiliation required Iran
mehravipour_zohreh@yahoo.com
Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me
Received th July 2019, revised th December 2019, accepted th February 2020
20
Abstract
Drought is a significant stress on rural farmers in Varzneh since late 2013. Meanwhile, there are much known about the
impact of drought on individual mental health, but less research available on the psychosocial effects.effects In this study, we
hypothesize that due to Anxiety buffer disruption theory
theory (ABDT) proposes in the consciousness level of human thought
when individuals are subjected to trauma, given stress
stress is striving to be debilitating unless it is buffered.
buf To explain more
when there is a life-threatening
threatening drought in rural areas in the case study
stud here Vrazneh –we we expect to face social violence
viol
protest when the post traumatic stress’s in mild level.
le Three studies try to understand the effects of providing
prov mortality-
related signs based on the level of the Post Trauma
Traumatic
tic Street Disorder PTSD trending when people take the risk. Three
hypotheses derived from ABST including:
luding: "Drought signs” have the potential to increase mortality
mort salience in farmers who
already have no other income except farming, Anxiety buffer system in people with the PTSD afflicted affli is not functioning
adequately unless the mildd PTSD afflicted
afflicted. farmers, or the ones with mild PTSD affliction, are exposed to take the social
risk in the drought zone.

Keywords: Anxiety buffer disruption theory (ABDT), violent street

st protests, drought, life-threatening
threatening event.
event

Introduction In this study we tried to figure out: i. RQ 1: To what

Iran has been experienced prolonged drought over theth last 30
years, according to the FAO. Varzaneh located in IsfahanIs
province that was affected by the most severe form of the
drought was chosen. One of the obvious signs of farmers' anger
about the lack of water management in the area was set up some
protest campaign around the area.
According to the previous studies about the relationship
relatio
between natural disasters and mental health we have expected
an increase
ase in mental health issues due to drought and beyobeyond
that, more violent social protests across the Middle Middl East,
specifically Iran1. Drought is the first threat to agriculture in
Iran especially in central Iran, but in near future some other
natural disasters
ers like floods, droughts, cyclones and earthquakes
will have a greater impact on agriculture. Drought has far-
reaching effects on health, especially among vulnerable vulner
populations, such as farmers. Although the consequences
conseque of
mental health due to drought being eing a public health concern,
what a drought can do to the community is not well understood2.
Drought is associated with depression and anxiety through t
environmental and economic conditions. Therefore, we w would
assist public health officials and policymake
policymakers in understanding
the psychological consequences of the drought3. There are more
than three decades that experts have been researching
researchi post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to natural disasters
dis from
the Hurricane Hugo, 1989 to the most recent events4-5.
w extent do
the drought season increase Mortality salience? ii. RQ 2: How
do people cope with Mortality salience M.S. as well as those
afflicted with PTSD in drought zone? iii. RQ 3: Has Drought-
Related Mortality Salience Stress played an important
importa role in
Risk-Taking
Taking Behavior in the drought zone in our case study
stu in
Varzaneh?
Terror Management Theory TMT
The word "Terror" in the case of studying trauma and an fear is
brought by Sheldon Solomon,
Solo Jeff Greenberg, and Tom
Pyszczynski the founder of Terror Management Theory. Theory Many
rural Iranian communities continue to endure a prolonged prol
drought. Moreover, access to mental health services is much
less in the rural area than urban which is a cause of great
concern to Iranian rural communities independent of drought
and the rate of street violent uprisings as well as damage to
state-owned
owned infrastructure for some groups. Based on Terror Terr
Management Theory when mortality is salient, individual indivi
concentratee even more on his worldview and resist or violently
violentl
attack anything perceived as a threat to his worldview
worldv and the
meaning of his life. After receiving life threatening,
threateni man tend to
reinforce his own worldview that is a set of cultural
cultur norms and
religious beliefs which all make the meaning of life6.
Meaning has a central role in human life, for example
examp water
possess a central place on the farmer's worldview.

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The sense of death can jeopardize this meaning7. When there is
a life-threatening drought in rural areas in case study here
Vrazneh we are expected to face the social protest with no way
to solve. TMT explains being aware of death and inevitable
mortality provoke anxiety that human attempts to buffer it, leads
to provocative and aggressive behaviours8. Generally speaking,
terror management is literally the way that people manage
certain behaviors about their own deaths. A vase body of
academic studies suggest that mortality salience stirs a wide
range of behaviors9-12.
Terror management theorists retrieved from Becker’s
interpretation that humans potentially debilitating terror caused
by knowledge of their own deaths. Individuals attempt to
support their worldviews at the time when reminded of
mortality, eventually, the meaning of their life upgrade their
self-esteem because human try to shield against anxiety arises
from thinking to death.TMT research has shown that mortality
salience (MS) leads more positive reactions to the one who
supports one's world views and more negative reactions to
whom shows violate or challenge it 13. Pyszynski also shown
that MS led to more positive evaluations of in-group members
(Christian) and negative ratings to the Jewish as out-group
members14. Based on Terror Management Theory, human is the
only creature that is aware of his own death and this awareness
has a great influence on behavior and decision making. Self-
esteem changes while thinking about own death are one of the
factors has been studied.
One way to increase self-esteem is to behave according to the
standards values introduced in one's worldview15. In the case of
heightened self-esteem, when exposed to the MS is to tend to
take risky behavior. Expect to increase self-esteem is the
significant advantage of taking risky behavior. Building on the
above research, in a study by Mehravipour et al. smoking
tobacco cigarettes that are known as a risk-taking behavior was
increased significantly participants’ self-esteem when they were
reminded of their mortality16.
Anxiety Buffer Disruption Theory (ABDT)
Terror Management Theory stats that when individual exposed
to the thought of death, strive to buffer the given stress is
expected so he is intended to take a risky behavior in order to
enhance his own self-esteem and defense of their own
worldview. In general speaking, Thoughts of death when is in
the level of consciousness can make debilitating anxiety until it
is buffered. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD suffers
human in vase level from the mild to the sever that make a
different reaction in each phase. Further studies have found that
this is only to be expected when the receiving stress trauma is
the mild level. Instead of when the stress of trauma is severe,
there can be a total disruption of coping mechanisms, this is so-
called Anxiety buffer disruption theory ABDT17. Understanding
better, individuals with PTSD in a severe level more vulnerable
to experiencing death anxiety because of failing in buffering
mechanism18 (Figure-1).

Figure 1. The model of the Anxiety buffer disruption theory (ABDT)18.

Death Anxiety

Suppression or rationalization of death-related cognitions

Anxiety Buffer

Cultural worldview Relationships Self-esteem

Psychological Equanimity

NO PTSD

TRAUMA
Death Anxiety
Suppression or rationalization of death-related cognitions

Anxiety Buffer
Cultural worldview Relationships Self-esteem
Anxiety
Intrusion symptoms Avoidance
Alterations in Cognitions and Mood Changes in arousal and reactivity

PTSD

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Study 1 Alpha= .989): Content-focused on human death-awareness and

RQ1: To what extent did the drought season increase Mortality
salience?
Hypotheses of the study: Drought signs evoke death thoughts
for farmers who live in drought zones and makes the mortality
more salience.
Participants, design and procedure: After taking written
informed consent, their demographic background was obtained.
In our study, participants from drought rural area (Varzaneh) are
compared to another green and blooming rural area called
Alvatan; these are divided randomly into two groups.
Participants (each MS group) were shown a set of the image on
the computer screen based on subliminal Mortality Technique
19
. Each set contains three neutral images and one image of
severe drought reminder. The effects of MS will be stronger by
giving a short period of delay to participants, therefore, we gave
them 5 minutes’ puzzle task20.
To measure "Dead Thought Accessibility" (DTA), participants
were asked to respond to the question “Please briefly describe
for us what your current concern about life is?" through a
record-voice task. Finally, participants responded to 21 items
that focused on mortality awareness.
We chose 3 sub-scales of the Multidimensional Mortality
Awareness Measure (MMA-Measure)21, which consisted of
three conceptual subscales as follows: (1) Mortality Fearfulness
(Cronbach's Alpha= .993): Content-focused on death anxiety
that is associated with the inability to escape one's end of life
and feeling weak. An exemplary item is: `I think death is a
negative thing.' (2) Mortality Disempowerment (Cronbach's
the vulnerability to death an exemplary item is: ‘Thinking about
death makes me feel that everything is pointless.' (3) Mortality
Disengagement (Cronbach's Alpha= .991): Content-focused on
the refusal of awareness of death and the possible feeling of
immortality, an example item is: `I think of death as something
that is far away and that will not happen to me.'
As we focused only on the impact of the drought seasons,
participants were made to answer seven author-generated items
called the Death Experience Questionnaire (DEQ) about if
participants have any previous experiences about death22. For
example, ‘Have you ever been emotionally close to
someone/animals who have had a serious disease
UNRELATED to the drought issue? (Yes/No) and ‘If 'Yes' to
the previous question, participants were excluded.
Participants and design: The length of the research period was
taken three months with the participants (N=30 Varzaneh N=30
Alvatan), 60 farmers in total, which consisted of 10% female in
Varzaneh and 20% female in Alvatan. The education level in
both groups was undergraduate, 80% in Varzaneh and 62% in
Alvatan. Coefficients of internal reliability were computed for
each of the five empirically derived sub-scales, resulting in
Alpha coefficients ranging from 0.989 to .993.
Information letter and a consent form were given to participants
with the knowledge of the length of study that was
approximately half an hour and assuring of being confidentiality
and anonymity. Also being informed participants are allowed to
be withdrawn with no outgrowth.

Table-1: Analyses split data for participants in Varzaneh and Alvatan separately.
Location Age Gender Education Job
Valid 30 30 30 30
N
Missing 0 0 0 0
Varzaneh Mean 2.7667 1.9000 1.3000 1.0000
Std. Deviation .89763 .30513 .65126 .00000
Sum 83.00 57.00 39.00 30.00
Valid 30 30 30 30
N
Missing 0 0 0 0
Alvatan Mean 2.4667 1.8000 1.4667 1.0000
Std. Deviation 1.04166 .40684 .68145 .00000
Sum 74.00 54.00 44.00 30.00

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Result: Primary analyses revealed that the two groups
(mortality salience in Varzaneh and Alvatan) did differ
significantly in value: Mean Varzaneh= 89.3667 vs Alvatan=
29.1667 & Std. Deviation Varzaneh= 4.12297 vs Alvatan=
2.67921 & t (30) = .000, p = 000,
Discussion: The result of the study indicates that in the water-
stressed zone such as Varzaneh death anxiety occupies in
thought because of the sign of death, therefore, draught zone
generates mortality the mortality salience (MS). In other words,
Mortality Salience can be a drought characteristic. Ernest
Becker (1973) believed that death anxiety and thought of death
is a human natural rumination when they are exposed to it
emotionally23. Moreover, death experiences are commonly filled
up in drought zones, which makes death salient.
Recent research argues that death anxiety can be highlighted
when it accompanied by another type of mental health disorder
such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, or obsessive-
compulsive disorder 24. More research about drought areas and
the link to mental health are needed, as there have been very
few if any at this one this topic.
Study 2
Receiving death anxiety to human, anxiety buffering mechanism
works unless man suffers by PTSD in sever level which
disruption in it is expected 25.
Based on terror management theory (TMT) found that strives to
paralyzing given death anxiety or in another word anxiety buffer
system is an essential psychological function for individuals;
TMT also explain how healthy people deal with death anxiety,
and how to engage their anxiety buffer system to counter the
fear of death 26. Therefore, the question is: RQ 2: How do
people cope with Mortality salience M.S. as well as those
afflicted with PTSD in drought zone?
Hypotheses of the study: Anxiety buffer system in people who
suffer from the PTSD is not functioning adequately; in contrast,
normal individual or the mild PTSD is kept defense of the
anxiety-buffering system by way of the defending their cultural
worldview.
Participants, design, and procedure: There was 40-male
farmers’ participant from Varzaneh. To have an effective
interview, all colleges were specifically trained in PTSD clinical
interviewing. In case of estimating PTSD, we used clinically-
administered PTSD Society for “DSM-5-past and worst”, from
the “PTSD: national centre for PTSD, U.S. Department of
Veterans Affair”27. Same as study 1, the letter of information
and a consent form was taken also the length of the study and
being anonymity were told. Overall, 60% of the farmers were
between 40 to 49 years old; 30% were under the junior high
school, with 35% under the high school. To have an effective
interview, all colleagues were specifically trained in PTSD
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Int. Res. J. Social Sci.
clinical interviewing. In case of estimating PTSD, we used
clinically-administered PTSD Society for “DSM-5-past and
worst month”. Next, all of the farmers were asked to judge
moral transgressions. For example, “it is all about the country
water system mismanagement, and I chose harsher
recommendations, such as the death penalty for those made my
land like this, etc.”
Result: Descriptive Statistic analysis table indicated that one-
third of the participants suffer from the extreme.In order to
compare mean the group who suffer from extreme PTSD and
choosing punitive, the results showed a significant difference in
performance between mild/lack and extreme PTSD, t (40) =
8.55 p<0.0001. That is, the average performance score of
absence PTSD (M = 0.69, SD= 0.564498) was significantly
different from that of extreme PTSD (M = 1.79, SD= 0.24).
Discussion: Normal people and those mildly afflicted by PTSD
typically supports more fervently accepted worldview, and they
choose harsh punishing for one who might destroy their
conception of the world. Surprisingly, individuals with extreme
PTSD try to avoid any re-experiencing of death and injuries.
Generally speaking, the farmer without or with mild PTSD
offered tough recommendations such as the death penalty if ask
about the judge moral transgressions and make punishing
decisions.
Study 2 supports the argument of the Anxiety Buffer Disruption
Theory ABDT stated when the anxiety buffer is not functioning
adequately, in an individual with the sever PTSD fear and
anxiety can be experienced continually lead to overwhelming
anxiety symptoms. Therefore, supporting Anxiety Buffer
Disruption Theory PTSD is a key factor in disruption anxiety-
buffering mechanisms. By receiving death anxiety continuously
these lead farmers to the maintenance of PTSD
symptomatology.
Study 3
Based on our previous sub-projects, we realized that Mortality
Salience, Death Anxiety, and PTSD are the Drought
Occurrences Characteristics. Another well-known Characteristic
of the drought area is the "risk-taking behaviors28. When an
individual is exposed to the MS situation, is associated with
raised self-esteem in taking risk activities29. General speaking,
Pyszczynski & Kesebir (2011), states there are two different
responded to mortality salience (MS), individuals with PTSD
heightened anxiety/fear of death, and people that
psychologically are healthy response less anxiety/fear of death.
So, the third research question was; Has Drought-Related
Mortality Salience Stress played an important role in Risk-
Taking Behavior in a drought zone in our case study in
Varzaneh?
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Hypotheses of the Study: Drought-Related Mortality Salience
Stress played an important role in Risk-Taking Behavior in a
drought zone
Participants, design, and Procedure: The same participants
from Study 2 were used for Study 3. Participants were then
asked to response 7 questions that appeared in the stories about
Risk-Taking Behavior They responded in Yes or No.
Cronbach’s Alpha is .979.
Result: Given the range of answers, PTSD scale, responses
were divided into two groups - below and above the (1.25 as a
mild PTSD afflicted) and take the correlation coefficient of it
from the level of risk-taking. From the Correlations table, it is
clear that the correlation coefficient (r) equals -.679, indicating a
relationship, p < 0.001 and indicates that the coefficient is
significantly different from 0. We also examined the result in
the cross-tabulation for Individual and group risk-takers and
compare to the PTSD afflicted separately.
Discussion: We can conclude that an individual suffers from the
PTSD has negative related to taking the risk the greater their
risk-taking is (r = -0.67, p <0.001). To explain to this, there is
no one interested in taking risk individually between farmers
with severe PTSD afflicted. Anxiety buffer disruption theory
justified that individual with PTSD in extreme level is incapable
of buffering the death anxiety30.

Table-2: Correlation between the PTSD afflicted and Risk taking.

Correlations PTSD ComRisk
Pearson Correlation 1 -.679**
PTSD Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 40 40
Pearson Correlation -.679** 1
ComRisk Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 40 40
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Group Risk Takers * PTSD Cross tabulation.

PTSD
Group Risk Takers Total
.00 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25
Expected Count 5.0 4.1 4.1 1.4 1.8 1.4 .5 18.0
No
% of Total 0.0% 0.0% 17.5% 7.5% 10.0% 7.5% 2.5% 45.0%
Expected Count 6.1 5.0 5.0 1.7 2.2 1.7 .6 22.0
Yes
% of Total 27.5% 22.5% 5.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 55.0%
Expected Count 11.0 9.0 9.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 1.0 40.0
Total
% of Total 27.5% 22.5% 22.5% 7.5% 10.0% 7.5% 2.5% 100.0%

Table-3: Compare the PTSD and Taking Risk individually or as Group. (Individual Risk Takers * PTSD Cross tabulation)
PTSD
Individual Risk Takers Total
.00 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25
Expected Count 10.5 8.5 8.5 2.8 3.8 2.8 1.0 38.0
No
% of Total 27.5% 20.0% 22.5% 7.5% 7.5% 7.5% 2.5% 95.0%

Expected Count .6 .5 .5 .2 .2 .2 .1 2.0

Yes
% of Total 0.0% 2.5% 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% 0.0% 0.0% 5.0%

Expected Count 11.0 9.0 9.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 1.0 40.0
Total
% of Total 27.5% 22.5% 22.5% 7.5% 10.0% 7.5% 2.5% 100.0%

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Conclusion
Decision-making is one of the most important and crucial
factors in human lifespan that include the ability to understand
opportunities and evaluate competitive opportunities even create
it and finally select an optimal choice31. Almost all behaviors
result from the decision-making process and efficient decision
making is necessary to have independence and health across the
lifespan lifespan32-33. Farmers who are subjected to Mortality
Salient given by drought in one hand, suffering by PTSD on the
other, influence on making the decision, therefore, taking the
risk is highlighted in it. Following taking conclusions having
well-being life among farmers in the drought zone are in danger,
hence, more study is required.
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