ABK –SSJ Class X

Ch-13 Our Environment

CLASS X SCIENCE PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
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Q1. List two natural ecosystems. [2016]
Ans. Two natural ecosystems are: Lake and River.
Q.2. Why are green plants called producers? [2016]
Ans. Green plants are called producers because green plants synthesize their own food during photosynthesis by
taking raw materials from the earth and energy from the Sun.
Q3. What makes the earth's atmosphere a heterogeneous mixture? [2012]
Ans. Density of various components of the atmosphere is different. Therefore the earth's atmosphere is a
heterogeneous mixture, for example, the heavier gases like CO2, O2 and N2 of the atmosphere occupy the lower level
(ie., near the earth's surface) of the atmosphere whereas lighter gases like O3 occupy the higher level of the
atmosphere. So the components of atmosphere are not equally distributed.
Q4. What is an ecosystem? List its two main components. Draw a block diagram to show the flow of energy
in an ecosystem. [2013,2015,2020]]
(b) We do not clean ponds or lakes, but an aquarium needs to be cleaned regularly. Explain.
Or,
Natural water bodies are not regularly cleaned whereas an aquarium needs regular cleaning. Why? [2019]
Ans. All the interacting organisms in an area together with the non-living constituents of the environment form an
ecosystem. E.g. forest, pond etc.
Two main components :Biotic and Abiotic Components

(b)Ponds and lakes are natural ecosystems and they contain decomposers. Decomposers act as cleansing agents here,
whereas an aquarium is an artificial ecosystem, it does not contain decomposers that cleanse it.
Q5. Define, 'trophic level'. [2011]
Ans. Ans. The various steps in a food chain at which the transfer of food (or energy) takes place are called trophic
levels. In a food chain, each step representing an organism forms a trophic level.

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Q6. What will happen if we kill all the organisms in one trophic level? [2011]
Ans. It will disturb the food chains and food web, which in turn will decrease the chances of food availability to the
succeeding trophic levels and will result in instability of the ecosystem.
Q7. The first trophic level in a food chain is always a green plant. Why? [2015]
Ans. The first trophic level in a food chain is always a green plant because green plants have a mechanism for
trapping solar energy with the help of their green pigment called chlorophyll and convert it into chemical energy
which is stored as carbohydrates in the plant for the use of the next tropic level.
Q.8. Which of the following are always at the second trophic level of food chains? [2016]
Carnivores, Autotrophs, Herbivores
Ans. Herbivores are always at the second trophic level of food chains
Q.9. Name two decomposers operating in our environment. [2011]
Ans. Bacteria and fungi are the two decomposers operating in our environment .
Q.10. In a food chain of frog, grass, insect and snake, assign trophic level of frog. [2016]
Ans. Food chain. Grass → Insect → Frog → Snake
Frog belongs to 3rd trophic level.
Q11. In the following food chain, 100 J of energy is available to the lion. How much energy was available to
the producer? [2017]
Plants → Deer → Lion
Ans. As per 10% law of energy transfer, if 100 J of energy is available to the lion then deer should have 1,000 J and
producer (grass) will have 10,000 J of energy.
Q12. State with reason the consequence of decrease in number of carnivores in an ecosystem. [2020]
Ans. If the number of carnivores in an ecosystem is decreased then there will be no predator control over the
herbivores. Thus the population of herbivores will increase greatly. This will lead to excessive grazing of grass. As a
result the density of producers will be very much reduced and the lush-green forest will turn into a desert area
having no vegetation at all.
Q13. What are the various steps in a food chain called? [2011]
Ans. The various steps of a food chain are called trophic levels. These steps are:
(i) First trophic level consists of producers.
(ii) Second trophic level consists of primary consumers or herbivores.
(iii) Third trophic level consists of secondary consumers or carnivores.
(iv) Fourth trophic level consists of tertiary consumers or top carnivores.
Q14. What is meant by biological magnification? [2011]
Ans. The process by which the harmful and toxic substances enter the food chain and get concentrated in the body
of living organisms at each successive level in food chain is called Biological magnification .
Q15. What will be the amount of energy available to the organisms of the 2nd trophic level of a food chain,
if the energy available at the first trophic level is 10,000 joules? [2015]
Ans. According to 10% law, only 10% of energy entering a particular trophic level of organisms is available for
transfer to the next higher trophic level.
Energy available to 1 Trophic level 10,000 J

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Energy to 2nd Trophic level 10% of 10,000 J = 1,000 Joules
Q16. What are decomposers? List two important roles they play in the environment. [2014, 2019]
Or,
List two reasons to show that the existence of decomposers is essential in an ecosystem.
Ans. (i) Decomposers are microorganisms that break down complex organic substances (dead remains and waste
products of organisms) into simpler inorganic substances that go into the soil and are used up once more by the
plants.
(ii) Decomposers play an important role in the cycling of materials in the biosphere.
(ii) By decomposing dead bodies of plants and animals they help in cleansing the environment. Example, Bacteria
and fungi are examples of decomposers. They play an important role in the cycling of materials in the biosphere
Q17. State with reason any two possible consequences of elimination of decomposers from the Earth.
[2014,2019]
Ans. If there were no decomposers, then the dead bodies of plants and animals would keep lying as such and the
elements of which plant and animals bodies are made, would never be returned to their original pools like soil, air
and water. In that case, the cycling process of life and death would be disrupted. All the nutrients present in soil, air
and water would soon be exhausted and evolution of life would come to an end.
Q18. (a) From the following group of organisms create a food chain which is the most advantageous for
Human beings in terms of energy. [2020]
(b) State the possible disadvantage if the cereal plant is growing in soil rich in pesticides.
(c) Construct a food web using the organisms mentioned above.

Ans. (a) Food Chain: Cereal Plant → Human being Since only 10% energy is transferred to the next level thus there
is a gradual reduction in the amount of energy. So herbivores acquire the highest energy from the producers.
(b) Some harmful chemicals like pesticides, when absorbed by the plants through soil and water, get transferred from
first trophic level to the last trophic level of the food chain. As these chemicals are non- degradable, their
concentration in the bodies of living organisms at each trophic level progressively increases. This increase in the
concentration of harmful chemicals in the body of living organisms at each trophic level of a food chain is called
biological magnification. The level of concentration of chemicals is maximum for human beings as they are at the
highest trophic level.
(c) Food web

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Q19. In a food chain, if 10,000 joules of energy is available to the producer, how much energy will be
available to the secondary consumer to transfer it to the tertiary consumer? [2012]
Ans. Producer. Energy available = 10,000 J
10
Energy transfer from producer to primary consumer = 10% of 10,000 J =100 × 10,000 J = 1,000 J
Primary consumer. Energy available = 1,000 J
10
Energy transfer from primary consumer to secondary consumer = 10% of 1,000 J=100 × 1000 J=100 J
Secondary consumer. Energy available = 100 J
10
Energy transfer from secondary consumer to tertiary consumer = 10% of 100 J =100 × 100 = 10 J
Tertiary consumer. Energy available = 10 J
10,000 10% Primary 10% Secondary 10% Tertiary
consumer consumer consumer
(1,000 J) (100 J) (10 J)
Q20. Energy flow in a food chain is unidirectional." Justify this statement. Explain how the pesticides enter
a food chain and subsequently get into our body. [2014]
Ans. "Energy flow in a food chain is unidirectional." In the ecosystem energy flows from one trophic level to the
next trophic level of the food chain. Energy flows from producers i.e., green plants to the consumers. It does not
flow from the last consumer to its previous consumer and so on. Thus the energy does not flow back from
consumers to the producers. So we say that flow of energy in an ecosystem is unidirectional. Entry of pesticides in a
food chain. Some harmful chemicals like pesticides, when absorbed by the plants through soil and water, get
transferred from first trophic to the last trophic level of the food chain. As these chemicals are non-degradable, their
concentration in the bodies of living organisms at each trophic level progressively increases. Their increase in the
concentration of harmful chemicals in the body of living organisms at each trophic level of a food chain is called
biological magnification. The level of concentration of chemicals is maximum for human beings as they are at the
highest trophic level
Q21. Which compounds are responsible for the depletion of ozone layer? [2011]
Ans. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are the chemicals which are responsible for the depletion of ozone layer.
Q.22. What is the important function of presence of ozone in earth's atmosphere? [2011]
Ans. Ozone layer absorbs the harmful UV radiations of the sunlight, so this layer is very important for the survival
and existence of life on earth.
Q23. What is meant by a biodegradable waste? [2011]
Ans. Those waste materials which can be broken down to non-poisonous substances in nature in due course of time
by the action of micro-organisms like certain bacteria and fungi are called biodegradable waste. For example, peels
of fruits and vegetables, cattle dung etc.
Q24. Which class of chemicals is linked to the decrease in the amount of ozone in the upper atmosphere of
the earth? [2011]
Ans. The depletion of ozone layer is due to the use of chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons.
Q.25. Why did the amount of ozone in the atmosphere drop shraply in the 1980s? [2020]

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Ans. Depletion of ozone: Chlorofluorocarbons or the CFCs are the main cause for the depletion of ozone layer which
was first identified during 1980s (1985). The ozone layer depleted due to overuse of CFCs that are released by soaps
solvents, spray aerosols, refrigerators and air conditioners.
Q26. Depletion of ozone in the ozone layer is a cause for our worry. Why? [2012,2016]
Or
State one harmful effect of depletion of ozone layer on the living organisms of the ecosystem. [2012]
Ans. Depletion of ozone in the ozone layer is a cause for our worry because if the ozone layer in the atmosphere
disappears completely, then all the extremely harmful ultraviolet radiations coming from the Sun would reach the
earth. These ultraviolet radiations would cause skin cancer and other ailments in men and animals, and also damage
the plants.
Q.27. Why should biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes be discarded in two separate dustbins?
[2013,2015]
Ans. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes should be discarded in two separate dustbins because
biodegradable waste is decomposed by the micro-organisms to form simple harmless substances which can be used
as manures for the plants (e.g., in the potted plants in our garden/terrace garden). Non- biodegradable waste cannot
be broken down naturally.
Q.28 . What is the function of ozone in the upper atmosphere? [2015]
Ans. Ozone layer is very important for the existence of life on earth. The function of the ozone layer in the upper
atmosphere is to absorb most of the harmful ultraviolet radiations coming from the sun and prevent them from
reaching the earth's surface.
Q29. Why is excessive use of CFCs a cause of concern? [2020]
Ans. CFCs are the chemicals which are widely used in refrigeration as a coolant, when released into the air they
react with ozone gas present in the ozone layer and destroy it gradually. Due to this, the ozone layer in the upper
atmosphere becomes thinner, allowing more UV rays to pass through it to the earth. These UV rays cause skin
cancer and other ailments in humans and animals and also damage the plants. In the absence of the ozone layer, all
the life on the earth would be destroyed gradually. Thus, the production of CFCs should be stopped.
Q30. Why is it necessary to conserve our environment? [2011]
Ans. Human beings are an important part of the environment. But human activities change the environment and the
changes in the environment affect life on earth. For example: An environmental problem caused by human activities
is depletion of ozone layer. If the ozone layer in the atmosphere disappears completely, then all the extremely
harmful ultraviolet radiations coming from the Sun would reach the earth and would cause skin cancer and other
ailments. Therefore it is necessary to conserve our environment.
Q31. Distinguish between biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. [2011]
Ans. Difference between Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable wastes
Biodegradable waste Non-biodegradable waste
(1) Wastes which can be broken down into non- (i) Wastes which cannot be broken down into non-
poisonous substances in nature in due course of time by poisonous substances in nature are called - non-
the action of micro-organisms are called bio-degradable biodegradable wastes
wastes.

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 (ii) Sewage, peals of fruits and vegetables, etc (ii) Plastic, glass, etc.

Q32. How is ozone formed in the upper atmosphere? State its importance. What is responsible for its
depletion? Write one harmful effect of ozone depletion. [2019]
Ans. Ozone is formed in the upper atmosphere by the reaction of ultraviolet (UV) radiations on oxygen (O2)
molecules.
Importance. The ozone layer acts as the ozone shield over the surface of the earth and absorbs the harmful
ultraviolet radiations of the Sun and prevents them from reaching the earth's surface. The damaging effect of CFCs
(Chlorofluorocarbons) is responsible for the depletion of ozone layer.
Harmful effect. The thinning of ozone layer results in an increase of UV-B radiation reaching the earth's
surface. This increases the incidence of cataract and skin cancer diminishing the immune system's function.
Q33. What happens when higher energy ultraviolet radiations act on the oxygen at the higher level of the
atmosphere? [2012]
(a) Explain the role of UV radiation in producing ozone layer.
(b) Mention the reaction involved.
Ans. The high energy ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation) coming from the Sun splits oxygen gas into free oxygen
atoms
UV radiation
O2 O + O
(from Sun) Oxygen atom
The free oxygen atoms thus produced react with an oxygen molecule to form ozone molecule
O2 + O O3
Oxygen molecule Oxygen atom Ozone molecule
Q34. List any four disadvantages of using fossil fuels for the production of energy. [2011]
Ans. (i) Fossil fuels are non-renewable source of energy
(ii) The burning of fossil fuels produces acidic gases such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These acidic gases
cause acid rain.
(iii) The burning of fossil fuels produces smoke which pollutes the air.
(iv) The burning of fossil fuels, especially coal, leaves behind a lot of ash.
Q35. Write the harmful effects of using plastic bags on the environment. Suggest alternatives to plastic
bags. [2013]
OR
Why is Government of India imposing a ban on the use of polythene bags? Suggest two alternatives to these
bags and explain how this ban is likely to improve the environment. [2014]
Ans. Plastic bags are non-biodegradable which can not be broken down into non-poisonous substances in nature
Harmful effects of using plastic bags:
(i) Plastic is non-biodegradable so it will remain as such and pollute the environment.
(ii) Burning of plastic bags produces toxic gases.
(iii) Plastic bags can block the drainage system.
(iv) Discarded plastic bags when eaten by cows and other stray animals can block their alimentary canal and cause
harm to them.

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(v) Plastic bags when thrown in the water bodies, can cause water pollution as these do not decompose. Cloth bags
and bags made from recycled paper should be used in place of plastic bags.
Two alternatives:
(i) We should take our own jute or cloth bags while going for purchasing articles from the market.
(ii) Disposable paper cups should be used for serving tea in trains instead of plastic cups.
(ii) Shopkeepers can use paper bags instead of plastic bags.
Q.36. List two environment friendly practices or habits which need to be followed by every member of a
family/community. Explain how these practices will support the "Save the Environment" mission. [2014]
Ans. Two environment friendly practices to help save the environment are:
(i)Disposal of wastes after separating them into biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste material.
(ii) Use of unleaded petrol and alternate sources of energy, keeping the car engines properly tuned and serviced and
tyres inflated to the right pressure, so that the vehicle runs smoothly.
Q37. We often observe domestic waste decomposing in the bylanes of our homes. List four ways to make the
residents aware that the improper disposal of wastes is harmful to the environment and also for their own
health. [2013,2015]
Ans. Ways to make residents aware of the harmful effects of improper disposal of wastes:
(i) By putting posters and hoardings.
(ii) By distributing pamphlets to the residents.
(iii) By conducting meetings of residents, welfare society, etc.
(iv) By advertisements through TV/radio/cable operators, etc.
(v) There should be a strict fine imposed by the sanitary officer from the families which throw their domestic wastes
on the roads.
Through all these mediums we can make the residents aware of how such waste serves as a breeding ground for
mosquitoes, releases harmful gases, reduces soil fertility, etc.
Q38. List the products of combustion of fossil fuels. What are their adverse effects on the environment?
[2012]
Ans. When fossil fuels are burnt, the products of combustion are-carbon dioxide, water, sulphur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides. If combustion takes place in an insufficient supply of air then carbon monoxide is produced. All
these products are harmful and create some adverse effects on the environment.
(i) Sulphur dioxide dissolves in rainwater making it acidic. The acid rain thus produced damages trees plants,
buildings and metal structures.
(ii) Nitrogen oxide also causes acid rain.
(iii) Carbon monoxide is a green house gas which traps Sun's heat energy falling on the earth. The increased carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere causes increased green house effects leading to global warming.
Q39. State in brief two ways in which non-biodegradable substances would affect the environment. List two
methods of safe disposal of the non-biodegradable waste. [2013]
Ans. Non-biodegradable wastes cannot be decomposed into simpler harmless substances by the action of micro-
organisms. These substances persist in the environment and cause adverse effects on the environment
(i) The use of pesticides, insecticides has increased agricultural output but the chemicals present in them enter water
and food chains. This affects the fertility of the soil and causes water and soil pollution.

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(ii) Plastic bags have changed the modern lifestyle but cause severe problems. They cause blockages in the drainage
systems and these plastic bags when eaten by stray animals cause harm to them.
Methods of safe disposal of the non-biodegradable waste.
(i) Molten plastic waste mixed with asphalt can be used for making roads.
(ii) Solid wastes should be buried in the urban areas as land fills
Q40. "Our foodgrains such as wheat and rice, the vegetables and fruits and even meat are found to contain
varying amounts of pesticide residues." State the reason to explain how and why it happens? [2014]
Ans. Pesticides are poisonous chemical substances which are sprayed over crop plants to protect them from pests
and diseases. These pesticides mix up with soil and water and are then absorbed by growing plants along with water
and other minerals. Thus pesticides enter the food chain at the producer level (plant level) and in the process of
transfer of food through food chains these harmful chemicals get concentrated at each trophic level. These chemicals
are non-biodegradable, so they get accumulated at each trophic level. Pesticides present in wheat grains, fruits
vegetables and meat cannot always be removed by washing, etc.
Q41. Differentiate between biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances with the help of one example
each. List two changes in habit that people must adopt to dispose non-biodegradable waste, for saving the
environment. [2015]
Ans. Difference between biodegradable substances and non-biodegradable substances. Refer to Q.36 Habits for
disposing non-biodegradable waste:
(i) Disposal of wastes after separating them into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes in separate dustbins
and treating wastes properly before dumping in landfills. (ii) Encourage the use of gunny bags, jute bags and paper
bags in place of polythene/plastic bags.
(iii) Recycle the plastic and glass objects after use .
Q42. The activities of man had adverse effects on all forms of living organisms in the biosphere. Unlimited
exploitation of nature by man disturbed the delicate ecological balance between the living and non- living
components of the biosphere. The unfavourable conditions created by man himself threatened the survival
not only of himself but also the entire living organisms on the mother earth. One of your classmates is an
active member of 'Eco-club' of your school which is creating environmental awareness amongst the school
students, spreading the same in the society and also working hard for preventing environmental degradation
of the surroundings. [2016]
(a) Why is it necessary to conserve our environment?
(b) State the importance of green and blue dustbins in the safe disposal of the household waste.
Ans. (a) It is necessary to conserve our environment because of the following reasons:
(i) To save natural resources like air, water and soil from pollution which are essential for our survival.
(ii) To maintain ecological balance in nature.
(iii) The environment provides us fresh air to breathe, a number of useful products such as wood, paper, medicines,
etc. The ozone layer of the environment also protects us from harmful ultraviolet radiations from the sun.
(b) Green dustbins are used for biodegradable wastes and blue dustbins are used for non-biodegradable wastes
Importance of two types of dustbins

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(i) Disposal of wastes after separating them into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes in separate dustbins
and treating wastes properly before dumping in landfills.
(ii) Segregation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes occur without wasting time and energy
43. After the examinations Rakesh with his friends went on a picnic to a nearby park. All friends carried
cooked food packed in plastic bags or plastic cans. After eating the food some friends collected the left-
over food and plastic bags etc. and planned to dispose them off by burning. Rakesh immediately checked
them and suggested to segregate the leftover food and peels of fruits from the plastic materials and
respectively dispose them off separately in the green and red dustbins placed in the corner of the park. In
your opinion, Is burning plastic an eco-friendly method of waste disposal? Why? State the advantage of the
method suggested by Rakesh. [2015]
Ans. Burning of plastic is not an eco-friendly method of waste disposal because it produces toxic gases which cause
too much air pollution. It has an adverse effect on the health of all types of living organisms including human beings.
The method of waste disposal used by Rakesh is advantageous as the leftover food and peels of fruits are
biodegradable and can be used as manure. The plastic bags and cans should be disposed off in red dustbins from
where they can be sent for recycling, thereby keeping the environment clean.
Q.44. A team of Indian researchers went to Antarctica to study the ozone layer. They confirmed the
presence of largest ozone hole over Antarctica which was just short of 27 million sq. km. After few days of
their return, one of the scientists developed rashes, burning sensation and other skin problems which the
doctors have confirmed as skin cancer.
(a) What may be the cause of cancer just after return from Antarctica?
(b) What do we learn from this incident? [2011]
Ans. (a) The scientists were exposed to harmful UV-radiations of the sunlight as there was a big hole over
Antarctica and this might be the cause of skin cancer. The ozone layer acts as an ozone shield and absorbs the
harmful UV-radiations. The UV-radiations have extremely harmful effects on human beings, animals as well as
plants.
(b) We learn that the ozone layer is very important for the existence and survival of life on earth. Ozone layer
absorbs high energy UV-radiations causing a rise in temperature of the stratosphere. The use of chemicals like CFCs
has endangered the ozone layer. CFCs used as refrigerator coolants rise to the stratosphere where these molecules
are broken down by UV-rays resulting in attack on the ozone molecules damaging the ozone umbrella of earth. Due
to ozone layer depletion UV-rays reaching the earth cause skin cancer, cataracts, damage immune system, etc. UV-
rays also decreases crop yield and certain fish larvae which are important constituents of aquatic food chains. It may
also disturb global rainfall causing ecological disturbance. In this way all on the earth would be destroyed gradually.
Q45 Study the given figure of a Food web and identify the primary consumer in the food web: [2023]

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(a) Mice and Bear (b) Rabbit and Cat (c) Rabbit and Fox (d) Mice and Rabbit
Ans. (d) Mice and Rabbit
Q46. Read two statements - Assertion (A) and Reason (R) given below. Answer these questions by selecting
the most appropriate option: [2023]
Assertion (A): The energy which passes to the herbivores does not come back to autotrophs.
Reason (R): The flow of energy in a food chain is unidirectional.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Ans. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Q.47. Assertion (A): An ecosystem consists of biotic components and abiotic components.
Reason (R): Biotic and abiotic components play important roles for the sustenance of life and work
independently in all ecosystems.
Ans. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Q48. Choose the option giving correct matching the items given in Column-I & II. [2013]
Column-I Column-II
A. Physical environment (i) Ozone layer depletion:
B. Exposure to UV radiation (ii) Bacteria and Fungi
C. Chlorofluoro Carbon compound (iii) Abiotic components
D. Decomposers (iv) Skin Cancer

A B C D
(a) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
(b) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(c) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
(d) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv)
Ans. (b) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
Q49. Use of several pesticides which results in excessive accumulation of pesticides in rivers or ponds, is a
matter of deep concern. Justify this statement.
Ans. At present time, water pollution by pesticides is a critical issue, especially in range of extensive agriculture
where leaching of these harmful chemicals in water bodies like rivers or ponds cause toxic effects on aquatic animals
and human health. The toxic substances may run off into streams and ground water. It may cause the death of
aquatic animals.
Some harmful chemicals like pesticides, when absorbed by the plants through soil and water, get transferred from
first trophic to the last trophic level of the food chain. As these chemicals are non-degradable, their concentration in
the bodies of living organisms at each trophic level progressively increases. This increase in the concentration of
harmful chemicals in the body of living organisms at each trophic level of a food chain is called biological
magnification. The level of concentration of chemicals is maximum for human beings as they are at the highest
trophic level.

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Q.50. (i) State the essential function performed by ozone at the higher levels of the atmosphere. 2 (ii) Why
was there a sharp drop in the amount of ozone in the atmosphere in 1980s.
Ans. (i) Ozone layer is very important for the existence of life on earth because it absorbs most of the harmful
ultraviolet radiations coming from the Sun and prevents them from reaching the earth.
(ii) The depletion of ozone layer is due to the use of chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs are the
chemicals which are widely used in refrigeration (refrigerators and air conditioners) as a coolant; in fire
extinguishers and in aerosol sprayers. When CFCs is released into the air, it reacts with ozone gas present in the
ozone layer and destroys it gradually. Due to this, the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere has become thinner,
allowing more UV rays to pass through it to the earth.
Q.51. "Although gardens are created by man but they are considered to be an ecosystem." Justify this state-
ment.
Ans. An ecosystem is a self-contained unit of living things (plants, animals and decomposers) and their non-living
environment (soil, air, water). An ecosystem needs only the input of sunlight energy for its functioning. A garden
although man-made is a self sufficient or independent unit. It contains all the components of the ecosystem. In this
ecosystem, producers (plants and trees of the garden) trap the solar energy and then provide the basic food or
energy for all other life in the garden like monkeys, squirrels, birds etc. When the producers and consumers die, the
decomposers present in the garden act on their dead bodies to return the various elements back to the nutrient pool.

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